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Impact of point source pollutants on the distribution of selected water parameters in the Vistula River in Puławy, Poland

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 50-55 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139014

Keywords point source pollutants “Rozlewisko” reservoir urban pollutants wastewater discharge water quality water monitoring watercourses

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Abstract

Human activities have a complex and multidimensional impact on water quality. The concentration of inhabitants, production and services intensifies influence of urban agglomerations on water in rivers. Among many sources of surface water pollution, the most important are sewage discharges.
The aim of the research was to determine the effect of point discharge of treated industrial and municipal wastewater on the distribution of selected water chemical parameters in the Vistula River in Puławy. The studies were carried out in 2018–2019. Samplings were collected in five sampling points and tested in the hydrochemical laboratory. The obtained data were statistically analysed to investigate differences between the sampling points. The negative impact of wastewater discharge on the water quality in the Vistula was found. However, the pollution level decreased with the flow of the river. The parameters tested at measurement point located 1200 m below the discharge approached the values recorded above the sewage outfall. The presented observations of changes in the concentration of pollutants indicate the self-purification capacity of a river. However, for each watercourse flowing through urbanized areas, it is an individual feature. It depends on a number of factors and requires regular monitoring studies taking into account hydrochemical analysis of watercourses.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Jakubiak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bartosz Bojarski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Poland

Physico-chemical and biological water quality of Warna and Pengilon Lakes, Dieng, Central Java

Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati Nurul Layalil Addadiyah Riche Hariyati Jumari Jumari

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 38-49 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139013

Keywords Dieng Lake Warna Lake Pengilon phytoplankton pollution index saprobic index STORET method water quality

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Abstract

Warna and Pengilon Lakes are very close to each other and connected with the sill, a famous tourist destination in the Dieng Plateau Java. Land-use changes are the main problem that affected the lakes. The conversion of forest into an agricultural area had induced erosion and increased the volume of nutrients discharged to the lake due to high use of fertilisers in potatoes farms. In the dry seasons, water from those lakes was pumped to irrigate agricultural land. This study aimed to determine the water quality of Warna and Pengilon Lakes based on physical, chemical parameters, and phytoplankton communities. Water samples were collected from 4 sites at each lake to analyse biological oxygen demand ( BOD), chemical oxygen demand ( COD), ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and total nitrogen ( TN). Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen ( DO), turbidity, and conductivity ( EC) were measured in-situ. During this research, turbidity and BOD in Warna and Pengilon Lakes exceeded the Indonesian water quality standard. Based on the STORET method, the water quality of Lake Warna was assessed as highly polluted for all classes. However, based on the pollution index (PI), Lake Warna was slightly to moderately polluted, as well as the saprobic index was in the β-mesosaprobic phase. Based on the species diversity index of phytoplankton, both Warna and Pengilon Lakes were moderately polluted. The long-term monitoring studies are necessary as an early warning sign of water quality degradation. Therefore, they provide insight into the overall ecological condition of the lake and can be used as a basis for developing suitable lake management.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Nurul Layalil Addadiyah

1

Riche Hariyati

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jumari Jumari

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Diponegoro University, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH. Street, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
Universitas Diponegoro, School of Postgraduate Studies, Imam Bardjo Street Number 3-5, Semarang, 50241, Indonesia

The benefits of synthetic or natural hydrogels application in agriculture: An overview article

Beata Grabowska-Polanowska Tomasz Garbowski Dominika Bar-Michalczyk Agnieszka Kowalczyk

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 208-224 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139032

Keywords biopolymers hydrogels infiltration polyacrylamide polyacrylic polymers superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) surface runoff

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Abstract

In recent years, a growing problem of water deficit has been observed, which is particularly acute for agriculture. To alleviate the effects of drought, hydrogel soil additives – superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) – can be helpful.
The primary objective of this article was to present a comparison of the advantages resulting from the application of synthetic or natural hydrogels in agriculture. The analysis of the subject was carried out based on 129 articles published between 1992 and 2020. In the article, the advantages of the application of hydrogel products in order to improve soil quality, and crop growth.
Both kinds of soil amendments (synthetic and natural) similarly improve the yield of crops. In the case of natural origin polymers, a lower cost of preparation and a shorter time of biodegradation are indicated as the main advantage in comparison to synthetic polymers, and greater security for the environment.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Grabowska-Polanowska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Garbowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dominika Bar-Michalczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Agnieszka Kowalczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 09-090 Raszyn, Poland

Impact of the projected climate change on soybean water needs in the Kuyavia region in Poland

Wiesława Kasperska-Wołowicz Stanisław Rolbiecki Hicran A. Sadan Roman Rolbiecki Barbara Jagosz Piotr Stachowski Daniel Liberacki Tymoteusz Bolewski Piotr Prus Ferenc Pal-Fam

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 199-207 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139031

Keywords climate change scenario crop water needs evapotranspiration Glycine max (L.) Merr. irrigation precipitation protein crops

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Abstract

According to the SRES A1B climate change scenario, by the end of the 21st century temperature in Poland will increase by 2–4°C, no increase in precipitation totals is predicted. This will rise crop irrigation needs and necessity to develop irrigation systems. Due to increase in temperature and needs of sustainable agriculture development some changes in crop growing structure will occur. An increase interest in high protein crops cultivation has been noted last years and further extension of these acreage is foreseen. Identifying the future water needs of these plants is crucial for planning and implementing sustainable agricultural production. In the study, the impact of projected air temperature changes on soybean water needs, one of the most valuable high-protein crops, in 2021–2050 in the Kuyavia region in Poland was analysed. The calculations based on meteorological data collected in 1981–2010 were considered as the reference period. Potential evapotranspiration was adopted as a measure of crop water requirements. The potential evapotranspiration was estimated using the Penman–Monteith method and crop coefficient. Based on these estimations, it was found that in the forecast years the soybean water needs will increase by 5% in the growing period (from 21 April to 10 September), and by 8% in June–August. The highest monthly soybean water needs increase (by 15%) may occur in August. The predicted climate changes and the increase in the arable crops water requirements, may contribute to an increase in the irrigated area in the Kuyavia region and necessity of rational management of water resources.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesława Kasperska-Wołowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Stanisław Rolbiecki

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hicran A. Sadan

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Roman Rolbiecki

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Barbara Jagosz

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Stachowski

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Daniel Liberacki

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tymoteusz Bolewski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Prus

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ferenc Pal-Fam

6

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Hrabska Av. 3, Falenty, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Agrometeorology, Plant Irrigation and Horticulture, Bydgoszcz, Poland
University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Department of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Spatial Management, Poznań, Poland
Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Economics and Agribusiness Advisory, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Kaposvár, Hungary

Mathematical models use to yield prognosis of perennials on marginal land according to fertilisers doses

Marek Hryniewicz Maria Strzelczyk Marek Helis Anna Paszkiewicz-Jasińska Aleksandra Steinhoff-Wrzesniewska Kamil Roman

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 233-242 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139034

Keywords biomass cup plant fertiliser Jerusalem artichoke mathematical modelling nitrogen willowleaf sunflower yield

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Abstract

Models describe our beliefs about how the world functions. In mathematical modelling, we translate those beliefs into the language of mathematics. Mathematical models can yield prognose on the base of applied fertiliser dose. In this work results of finding yield mathematical model according to fertiliser (nitrogen) dose for perennials (willowleaf sunflower Helianthus salicifolious, cup plant Silphium perfoliatum and Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus) on marginal land are presented. Models were described as normalised square equations for dependence between yield and fertiliser doses. Experiments were conducted in lisymeters and vases for willowleaf sunflower and cup plant. For Jerusalem artichoke experiments were done in vases only. All experiments have been doing during two years (2018 and 2019) for different fertilisers doses (45, 90 and 135 kg N∙ha–1) in three repetitions. From simulations maximal yield could be achieved for following fertiliser doses – willowleaf sunflower 104 kg N∙ha–1, cup plant 85 kg N∙ha–1 and Jerusalem artichoke 126 kg N∙ha–1.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Hryniewicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maria Strzelczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marek Helis

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Anna Paszkiewicz-Jasińska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra Steinhoff-Wrzesniewska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kamil Roman

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 09-090 Raszyn, Poland

Modelling of long term low water level in the mountain river catchments area

Marek T. Kopacz Zbigniew Kowalewski Luis Santos Robert Mazur Vasco Lopes Agnieszka Kowalczyk Dominika Bar-Michalczyk

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 225-232 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139033

Keywords land use changes low water level nitrogen load phosphorus load small mountain catchments

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Abstract

Changing atmospheric conditions, including above all the deepening extreme weather phenomena, are increasing from year to year. This, in consequence, causes an increase in the incidence of low outflows.
The study compares low water levels for two catchments: Biała Woda and Czarna Woda, and phosphorus and nitrogen load using the Nutrient Delivery Ratio (NDR) model in InVEST software. The objective of the NDR is to map nutrient sources from catchment area and transfer to the river bed. The nutrient loads (nitrogen and phosphorus) spread across the landscape are determined based on a land use (LULC) map and associated loading rates described in literature. The studies have shown that low water levels have been more common recently and pose the greatest threat to the biological life in the aquatic ecosystems. The structure of land use is also of great importance, with a significant impact on the runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus load. Phosphorus and runoff from surface sources to the water of Biała Woda and Czarna Woda catchments area has been reduced in forested areas. Only higher run-offs are observed in the residential buildings zone. The nitrogen load was also greater in the lower (estuary) parts of both catchments, where residential buildings dominate.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek T. Kopacz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zbigniew Kowalewski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Luis Santos

2

Robert Mazur

1

e-mail: mazur@agh.edu.pl

ORCID:

Vasco Lopes

3

Agnieszka Kowalczyk

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dominika Bar-Michalczyk

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Departamento Arqueologia, Conservação e Restauro e Património, Portugal
Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, School of Technology, Portugal
Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 09-090 Raszyn, Poland

Differentiation in the value of drained land in view of variable conditions of its use

Anatoliy Rokochinskiy Pavlo Volk Nadia Frolenkova Olha Tykhenko Sergiy Shalai Ruslan Tykhenko Ivan Openko

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 174-180 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139028

Keywords agricultural land cost of land drained lands land resources monetary valuation of land soil assessment rational use of land

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Abstract

The article is devoted to a topical scientific problem in modern conditions – valuation of land in Ukraine. The imperfection of the existing approaches requires further research on the changing conditions of land use and their impact on land pricing.
A methodology for determining the market value of reclaimed land based on a differentiated assessment of its productivity through crop yields is proposed, taking into account natural and climatic zones and other conditions of a particular region. The basis of the methodology is the application of long-term forecast and a set of forecast and simulation models, in particular the model of area climatic conditions and the model of water regime and water regulation technologies on reclaimed land. At that the crop yield model as a complex multiplicative type model takes into account all main factors influencing crop yield formation: weather, climatic and soil conditions, cultivation techniques, water regime of reclaimed land, etc.
The proposed approaches were tested by the method of large – scale machine experiment using a land plot in the zone of Western Polissya of Ukraine as the example. The obtained results indicate that there is a differentiation in land value, which is a proportional derivative of the yield of cultivated crops depending on the conditions of their cultivation. The variation range of the studied indicators in relative form by the ratio of maximum and minimum values to the weighted average value is for cultivated crops – 393%, and for the above soils – 44.6%. Thus, within one object, the estimated value of land in view of available soils and cultivated crops varies from USD2456∙ha–1 to USD4005 ∙ ha–1, averaging USD3522 ∙ ha–1.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anatoliy Rokochinskiy

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Pavlo Volk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Nadia Frolenkova

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Olha Tykhenko

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sergiy Shalai

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ruslan Tykhenko

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ivan Openko

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Str. Vasylkivska, 17, 03040, Kyiv, Ukraine

A study of the climate and human impact on the future survival of the Al-Sannya marsh in Iraq

Amal Jabbar Hatem Ali Adnan N. Al-Jasim Hameed Majeed Abduljabbar

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 168-173 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139027

Keywords climate change human impact Landsat 5 Landsat 8 maximum likelihood classification south of Iraq

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Abstract

The marshes are the most abundant water sources and ecological rich communities. They have a significant impact on the ecological and economic well-being of the communities surrounding them. However, climatic changes directly impact these bodies of water, especially those marshes which depend on rainwater and flooding for their survival. The Al-Sannya marsh is used as the example of marshes in Southern Iraq for this study between 1987–2017. The research takes place throughout the winter season due to the revival of marshes in southern Iraq at this time of year. The years 1987, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2007, 2014, 2017 are the focus of this study. Satellite imagery from the Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat 8 (OLI) and the meteorological parameters affecting the marsh were acquired from NASA. The calculation of the areas of water bodies after classification using satellite imagery is done using the maximum likelihood method and comparing it with meteorological parameters. These results showed that these marshes are facing extinction due to the general change of climate and the interference of humans in utilising the drylands of the marsh for agricultural purposes. The vegetation area can be seen to have decreased from 51.15 km2 in 2000 to 8.77 km2 in 2017.

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Authors and Affiliations

Amal Jabbar Hatem

1

Ali Adnan N. Al-Jasim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hameed Majeed Abduljabbar

1

University of Baghdad, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn-Al-Haitham), Department of Physics, Baghdad, Iraq

Phosphate and ammonia concentrations in waters from a meadow complex located on peat soils in various range of groundwater level

Andrzej Sapek Stefan Pietrzak Dominika Juszkowska Marek Urbaniak

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 188-198 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139030

Keywords grassland groundwater level peat soils inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentration soil phosphorus cycle

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Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the P-PO4 and N-NH4 pollution of water in grasslands located on peat soils and to identify the impact of groundwater level on this pollution formation. The research was conducted in 2000– 2010 on grounds of ITP-PIB in Biebrza village (Poland). Within lowland fen a total of 18 monitoring points of groundwater and watercourses were established in 6 separate test stands. The subject of the research was water collected from drainage ditches/channels and groundwater, which was taken from wells installed in organic-soil layer and wells whose bottom was 15–20 cm below this layer. Water samples were collected several times a year, and in the case of groundwater, its level was also measured. It was found that: 1) due to concentration level of P-PO4 and N-NH4, about 46 and 39% of water samples from organic-soil layer and more than 40 and 37% of water samples from mineral- organic-soil layer respectively, were characterized by poor chemical status; 2) due to the exceeding of the limit values of P-PO4 and N-NH4 concentration, water samples from watercourses in over 30 and 27% respectively were not within 1st and 2nd class of surface water quality; 3) P-PO4 and N-NH4 concentrations in each water type were statistically significant and positively correlated with each other; 4) in organic-soil layer the groundwater level changing every 10 cm was a statistically significant factor differentiating the average P-PO4 concentration in groundwater associated with mineral-organic layer of peat soil and average N-NH4 concentration in each type of water.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Sapek

1

Stefan Pietrzak

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dominika Juszkowska

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marek Urbaniak

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Retired researcher
Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, 3 Hrabska Avenue, 05-090, Falenty, Poland

Development of pedotransfer functions for predicting soil bulk density: A case study in Indonesian small island

Evi Dwi Yanti Asep Mulyono Muhamad Rahman Djuwansah Ida Narulita Risandi Dwirama Putra Dewi Surinati

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 181-187 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139029

Keywords bulk density multiple linear regression pedotransfer function soil property

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Abstract

Unlike many other countries, tropical regions such as Indonesia still lack publications on pedotransfer functions (PTFs), particularly ones dedicated to the predicting of soil bulk density. Soil bulk density affects soil density, porosity, water holding capacity, drainage, and the stock and flux of nutrients in the soil. However, obtaining access to a laboratory is difficult, time-consuming, and costly. Therefore, it is necessary to utilise PTFs to estimate soil bulk density. This study aims to define soil properties related to soil bulk density, develop new PTFs using multiple linear regression (MLR), and evaluate the performance and accuracy of PTFs (new and existing). Seven existing PTFs were applied in this study. For the purposes of evaluation, Pearson’s correlation (r), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), and modelling efficiency (EF) were used. The study was conducted in five soil types on Bintan Island, Indonesia. Soil depth and organic carbon (SOC) are soil properties potentially relevant for soil bulk density prediction. The ME, RMSE, and EF values were lower for the newly developed PTFs than for existing PTFs. In summary, we concluded that the newly developed PTFs have higher accuracy than existing PTFs derived from literature. The prediction of soil bulk density will be more accurate if PTFs are applied directly in the area that is to be studied.

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Authors and Affiliations

Evi Dwi Yanti

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Asep Mulyono

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Muhamad Rahman Djuwansah

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ida Narulita

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Risandi Dwirama Putra

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dewi Surinati

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
Maritim Raja Ali Haji University, Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia
Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia

Contextual nature of sustainable development in the activity of an enterprise, on the example of a municipal enterprise

Piotr Bartkowiak Anna M. Bartkowiak

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 279-284 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139936

Keywords activity of an enterprise local government municipal enterprise sustainable development

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Abstract

Nowadays, in order to ensure high quality of municipal services, and thus a high quality of life for the local community, the authorities of both the basic local government unit and managers of municipal enterprises must strive to maintain high standards of sustainable development. The level of quality of life and services provided can be determined by various dimensions, such as: ecological environment, housing conditions, ecological production in the field of consumer goods, balance between built-up areas and green areas, care for agricultural areas, limiting the deepening social stratification, rational economy water or rational waste management. Therefore, the paper presents a theoretical analysis of the main directions of sustainable development in the activities of municipal enterprises.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Bartkowiak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Anna M. Bartkowiak

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Economics and Business, Department of Investments and Real Estate, Niepodległości Av. 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland
Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 05-090 Raszyn

Energy-saving and low-emission livestock buildings in the concept of a smart farming

Anna M. Bartkowiak

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 272-278 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139935

Keywords energy-saving and low-emission livestock building smart agriculture sustainable development

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Abstract

Smart farming is about managing a farm using modern information and communication techniques in order to increase the efficiency and quality of plant and animal production and to optimise human labour inputs. It is an inseparable part of a sustainable agricultural economy, where energy-saving and low-emission solutions are of particular importance, e.g. in livestock construction. Animal buildings are one of the main building elements of a farm. The paper presents the use of modern solutions that may result in lower energy consumption, and thus lower operating costs of the building. They also reduce the consumption of natural resources and the emission of pollutants, and ensure animal welfare and safety of the operators’ work. Rational use of energy depends, among others, on from the used insulation materials for the construction of livestock buildings, technical equipment, i.e. lighting, heating, ventilation, as well as zootechnical devices. The profitability of livestock production can also be supported by the use of solar, wind, water and biomass energy. Photovoltaic cells, solar collectors, wind turbines, heat pumps and agricultural biogas plants are used for this purpose.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna M. Bartkowiak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 05-090 Raszyn

Simulations of fuels consumption in the CHP system based on modernised GTD-350 turbine engine

Marek Hryniewicz Kamil Roman

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 250-255 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139036

Keywords biomass cogeneration electricity production from biomass heat production from biomass mathematical modelling turbine engine

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Abstract

There were done simulations of fuels consumption in the system of electrical energy and heat production based on modernised GTD-350 turbine engine with the use of OGLST programme. In intention the system based on GTD-350 engine could be multifuel system which utilise post-fying vegetable oil, micronised biomass, sludge, RDF and fossil fuels as backup fuels. These fuels have broad spectrum of LHV fuel value from 6 (106 J·kg-1) (e.g. for sludge) to 46 (106 J·kg-1) (for a fuel equivalent with similar LHV as propan) and were simulations scope. Simulation results showed non linear dependence in the form of power function between unitary fuel mass consumption of simulated engine GTD-350 needed to production of 1 kWh electrical energy and LHV fuel value (106 J·kg-1). In this dependence a constant 14.648 found in simulations was multiplied by LHV raised to power –0.875. The R2 determination coefficient between data and determined function was 0.9985. Unitary fuel mass consumption varied from 2.911 (kg·10–3·W–1·h–1) for 6 (106 J·kg-1) LHV to 0.502 (kg·10–3·W–1·h–1) for 46 (106 J·kg-1) LHV. There was assumed 7,000 (h) work time per year and calculated fuels consumption for this time. Results varied from 4,311.19 (103 kg) for a fuel with 6 (106 J·kg-1) LHV to 743.46 (103 kg) for a fuel with 46 (106 J·kg-1) LHV. The system could use fuels mix and could be placed in containers and moved between biomass wastes storages placed in many different places located on rural areas or local communities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Hryniewicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kamil Roman

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 09-090 Raszyn, Poland

Characteristics of grasslands and their use in Poland

Mirosław Gabryszuk Jerzy Barszczewski Barbara Wróbel

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 243–249 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139035

Keywords meadows pastures permanent grasslands Poland small water retention

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Abstract

Permanent grasslands are the most environment-friendly way of using agricultural lands. Apart from producing fodder, grasslands play many other important non-productive functions. Biodiversity is the key factor decisive for their high natural and productive values. Grasslands play an important role in water retention. Not all types of grasslands may be used agriculturally. Out of 16 types of habitats, 10 may be used for production, the others are biologically valuable. The surface area of permanent grasslands in Poland has markedly decreased during the last decade. Now, they constitute slightly more than 20% of agricultural lands occupying 3127.8 thous. ha (in 2019) including 2764 thous. ha of meadows and 363.8 thous. ha of pastures.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Gabryszuk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jerzy Barszczewski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Barbara Wróbel

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland

Extraction and application of bottom sediments in a closed cycle

Kamila Mazur Andrzej Eymontt Krzysztof Wierzbicki

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 265-271 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139934

Keywords circular economy cyanobacterial toxins fishponds organic fertiliser prevention of water eutrophication sediments

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Abstract

Human activities in relation to aquatic ecosystems result in significant economic losses in the form of contamination of water sources, deteriorating its quality and therefore its availability in lakes, water bodies and even in soil. Hence the need for systematic revitalisation or reclamation of water ecosystems. Such actions, in order to be rational, require a detailed understanding of the causes, and then the use of appropriate technology. The need for the above-mentioned actions result from the weather changes that have been noticeable in recent years, as well as environmental pollutants increasing water eutrophication in reservoirs and stimulating the development of some species of cyanobacteria. These cyanobacteria can cause serious water poisoning, especially in water supply systems. Therefore, a rational, comprehensive technology for the removal of bottom sediments and their processing into organic and mineral fertiliser has been developed with properties similar to manure. It also creates opportunities to improve the structure of soils thanks to the supply of organic carbon, the loss of which was found, among others, in also in soils of Poland and EU. These new possibilities of revitalisation hitherto unknown make it possible to a large extent, compliance with environmental requirements when revitalising water reservoirs and soil.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kamila Mazur

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrzej Eymontt

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Wierzbicki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland

Concept and implementation of the Polish innovative agro-hydro-meteorological monitoring (AgHMM) in INOMEL Project

Ewa Kanecka-Geszke Bogdan Bąk Tymoteusz Bolewski Edmund Kaca

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 256-264 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139037

Keywords adaptation agro-hydro-meteorological monitoring system climate change controlled drainage decision support system short-term forecast subirrigation water management water resources

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Abstract

The paper presents the concept and deployment of the agro-hydro-meteorological monitoring system (abbrev. AgHMM) created for the purposes of operational planning of regulated drainage and irrigation on the scale of a drainage/irrigation system (INOMEL project). Monitoring system involved regular daily (weekly readings) measurements of agrometeorological and hydrological parameters in water courses at melioration object during vegetation seasons. The measurement results enable an assessment of the meteorological conditions, moisture changes in the 0-60 cm soil profile, fluctuations of groundwater levels at quarters and testing points, also water levels in ditches and at dam structures, and water flow in water courses. These data were supplemended by 7-day meteorological forecast parameter predictions, served as input data for a model of operational planning of drainage and subirrigation at the six melioration systems in Poland. In addition, it was carried out irregular remote sensing observations of plant condition, water consumption by plants and soil moisture levels using imagery taken by unmanned aerial vehicles and Sentinel’s satellites. All the collected data was used for support operational activities aimed at maintaining optimal soil moisture for plant growth and should to provide farmers with high and stable yields. An example of the practical operations using the AgHMM system in 2019 is shown on the basis of the subirrigation object at permanent grasslands located in central Poland called “Czarny Rów B1”.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Kanecka-Geszke

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bogdan Bąk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tymoteusz Bolewski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Edmund Kaca

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Hrabska Av. 3, Falenty, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Institute of Environmental Engineering, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland

Investigation and calibration of thermal and salinity layering in surface water resources using Ce-Qual-W2 model

Tzu-Chia Chen Shu-Yan Yu Chang-Ming Wang Sen Xie Hanif Barazandeh

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 117-123 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139021

Keywords Ce-Qual-W2 model salinity surface water thermal layering water quality modelling water resources

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Abstract

In the discussion of water quality control, the first and most effective parameter that affects other variables and water quality parameters is the temperature situation and water temperature parameters that control many ecological and chemical processes in reservoirs. Additionally, one of the most important quality parameters studied in the quality of water resources of dams and reservoirs is the study of water quality in terms of salinity. The salinity of the reservoirs is primarily due to the rivers leading into them. The control of error in the reservoirs is always considered because the outlet water of the reservoirs, depending on the type of consumption, should always be standard in terms of salinity. Therefore, in this study, using the available statistics, the Ce-Qual-W2 two-dimensional model was used to simulate the heat and salinity layering of the Latyan Dam reservoir. The results showed that with warming and shifting from spring to late summer, the slope of temperature changes at depth increases and thermal layering intensifies, and a severe temperature difference occurs at depth. The results of sensitivity analysis also showed that by decreasing the wind shear coefficient (WSC), the reservoir water temperature increases, so that by increasing or decreasing the value of this coefficient by 0.4, the average water temperature by 0.56°C changes inversely, and the results also show that by increasing or decreasing the value of the shade coefficient by 0.85, the average water temperature changes by about 7.62°C, directly.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tzu-Chia Chen

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shu-Yan Yu

1

Chang-Ming Wang

1

Sen Xie

1

Hanif Barazandeh

2

International College, Krirk University, Bangkok, 3 Ram Inthra Rd, Khwaeng Anusawari, Khet Bang Khen, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon 10220, Thailand
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

Ecotoxicological effect of heavy metals in free-living ciliate protozoa of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela

Fernando Luis Castro Echavez Julio César Marín Leal

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 102-116 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139020

Keywords contamination ecotoxicological tests lethal concentration LC50 microbiological indicators of early warning toxicity

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Abstract

Multiple anthropogenic agents have turned Lake Maracaibo into a hypereutrophic environment. Heavy metals resulting from the steel and oil industry augment pollution in the lake. There is a lack of research on the ecotoxicological effect of heavy metals in protozoa. To evaluate the ecotoxicological effect of Cr3+, Cr6+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Ni2+ on free-living ciliated protozoa and to identify suitable ciliated protozoa candidates for bioindicators of water quality; we estimated the lethal concentration for 50% of the protozoa population (LC50) in samples from two stations (S1: narrow of Maracaibo and S2: South of the lake) using ecotoxicological tests in the Sedgewick–Rafter chamber and Probit analysis. The general toxicity patterns obtained for S1 protozoa (Euplotes sp. and Oxytricha sp.) were Cr3+ > Cd2+ > Pb2+ > Cr6+ > Ni2+; and those corresponding to S2 (Coleps sp. and Chilodonella sp.) were Cr6+ > Cr3+ > Cd2+ > Pb2+ > Ni2+. We found statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the LC50 of protozoa exposed to Cr3+, Cr6+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ when comparing the two sampling stations. The differences observed in toxicity patterns are probably the result of various kinds of protozoa adaptation, possibly induced by various sources, levels and incidents of exposure to heavy metals contamination of the protozoa studied and to the physicochemical conditions prevailing in the two selected stations. The levels of tolerance observed in the present study, allow us to infer that S2 ciliates are the most susceptible to the contaminants studied and can be used as possible microbiological indicators that provide early warning in studies of contamination by heavy metals in Lake Maracaibo.

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Authors and Affiliations

Fernando Luis Castro Echavez

1

Julio César Marín Leal

2

University of La Guajira, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, PICHIHÜEL Research group, km 5 vía a Maicao, 440002, Riohacha, Colombia
University of Zulia, Faculty of Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DISA), Maracaibo, Venezuela

Use of pellets from agricultural biogas plants in fertilisation of oxytrees in Podlasie, Poland

Zbigniew Skibko Waclaw Romaniuk Andrzej Borusiewicz Henryk Porwisiak Janusz Lisowski

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 124-128 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139022

Keywords biomass fertilisation oxytree (Paulownia Clon in Vitro 112) pellet

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Abstract

Agricultural biogas plants are not only a place for processing waste resulting from animal husbandry, but also for generating electricity and heat as well as organic fertiliser. In a four-year experiment, pellets were used as organic fertiliser in the establishment of an experiment with fast-growing oxytrees. The study aimed to investigate the growth and stem thickness increment, overwintering in the first and subsequent years of cultivation under the conditions of north-eastern Poland.
The dried digestate and the pellets made from it were characterised by a high content of macroelements (N – 1,95%, P2O5 – 1,1%, K2O – 1,3%). The applied pellet from an agricultural biogas plant under oxytree seedlings due to its slow decomposition had a good effect on the growth of oxytrees in the second and third years. The average growth of oxytrees in the second year was 209.7 cm, and in the third year, 246.8 cm. The growth of oxytrees fertilised with pellets made from the digestate of an agricultural biogas plant was 13% higher than that of trees growing on the control strip.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Skibko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Waclaw Romaniuk

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrzej Borusiewicz

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Henryk Porwisiak

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Janusz Lisowski

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wiejska 45 D, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Insitute, Falenty, Poland
The Higher School of Agribusiness in Lomza, Poland

A survey of farmer approach to grazing: A case study of the Curvature Subcarpathians, Romania

Gianina Neculau Gabriel Minea Nicu Ciobotaru Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac Sevastel Mircea Oana Mititelu-Ionuș Jesús Rodrigo-Comino

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 144-151 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139024

Keywords Curvature Subcarpathians grazing human perception hydrology regional studies small ruminants

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Abstract

This study aims to investigate how grazing is perceived across the Curvature Subcarpathians (Romania) by farmers. We investigate farmers’ attitudes toward and understanding of grazing practice and associated processes involving small ruminants (sheep and goats). Additionally, we review the scientific literature and new discussions about grazing vs overgrazing terms and changes in the Romanian small ruminant livestock. Results of the survey on the total of 101 case studies from villages in 3 counties (Damboviţa, Buzau, and Vrancea) show that: (i) grazing is differently perceived; (ii) most of the areas designated for grazing are located near riverbanks (over 55%); most of the respondents reported that the areas intended for grazing are quite close to the inhabited areas; distances are less than 2.5 km; and over 60% of respondents believe that the areas are continuously subject to soil degradation processes; (iii) answers given in connection with the issues addressed provide both relevance to the Curvature Subcarpathians (6792 km2) and the potential impact of higher pressure of grazing on local areas due to the discouragement of specific transhumance policies (more than 60% required subsidies). The average stocking density is about 4.7 head per ha. In general, beyond different farmers’ perceptions, a scientific question remains open regarding the quantitative impact of grazing on hydrological processes. Hence, a field survey (e.g., rainfall-runoff experiments) to assess grazing pressure on water and soil resources will be performed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Gianina Neculau

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gabriel Minea

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Nicu Ciobotaru

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sevastel Mircea

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Oana Mititelu-Ionuș

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jesús Rodrigo-Comino

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Bucharest, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, Sector 5, 050107, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 97 E Bucureşti – Ploieşti Road, Sector 1, 013686, Bucharest, Romania
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Bucharest, Romania
University of Craiova, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geography, Craiova, Romania
University of Granada, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Department of Regional Geographic Analysis and Physical Geography, Granada, Spain

Predicting the impact of climate change and the hydrological response within the Gurara reservoir catchment, Nigeria

Francis Ifie-emi Oseke Geophery Kwame Anornu Kwaku Amaning Adjei Martin Obada Eduvie

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 129-143 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139023

Keywords climate change Gurara reservoir catchment hydrology modelling water availability

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Abstract

The 2150 km2 transboundary Gurara Reservoir Catchment in Nigeria was modelled using the Water Evaluation and Planning tool to assess the hydro-climatic variability resulting from climate change and human-induced activities from 1989 to 2019 and projected to the future till 2050. Specifically, the model simulated the historic dataset and predicted the future runoff. The initial results revealed that monthly calibration/validation of the model yielded acceptable results with Nash–Sutcliff efficiency ( NSE), percent bias ( PBIAS), and coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.72/0.69, 0.72/0.67 and 4.0%/1.0% respectively. Uncertainty was moderately adequate as the model enveloped about 70% of the observed runoff. Future predicted runoffs were modelled for climate ensembles under three different representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5, RCP6.5 and RCP8.5). The RCP projections for all the climate change scenarios showed increasing runoff trends. The model proved efficient in determining the hydrological response of the catchment to potential impacts from climate change and human-induced activities. The model has the potential to be used for further analysis to aid effective water resources planning and management at catchment scale.

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Authors and Affiliations

Francis Ifie-emi Oseke

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Geophery Kwame Anornu

1

Kwaku Amaning Adjei

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Martin Obada Eduvie

1

National Water Resources Institute, Mando, P.MB 2309, Kaduna, Nigeria

Vegetable oil plant wastewater treatment by bacterial isolates: A study in the city of Hila, Iraq

Hanan Kareem Salim Suad Ghali Kadhim Al-Ahmed

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 163-167 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139026

Keywords biotreatment polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sewage vegetable oil plant wastewater

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Abstract

The present study was to reflect the use of some bacteria in the treatment and removal of pollutants in three selected wastewater sites, including a vegetable oil plant (viz. Al-Etihad Food Industries), the main wastewater treatment station in the city of Hila, and Al-Hila River water from October 2019 to January 2020. The bacterial isolates identified in these three sites were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteria cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Thalasobacillus devorans, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Bacillus subtilis. The molecular study of the bacterial isolates involved the detection of bacterial genera using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that water had a variable nature, depending on the substances in it. It recorded varying chemical and physical property values, ranging between 6.36 and 7.82 for pH and from 2500 to 7100 mg∙dm–3 for total alkalinity. Additional values were 713–2051 μS∙cm–1 for electrical conductivity (EC), 5.90–9.80 mg∙dm–3 for chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 480–960 mg∙dm–3 for total hardness. The given values were also 0.20–0.65 μg∙dm–3, 0.03-0.23 μg∙dm–3, and 0–107 mg∙dm–3 for nitrite (NO2), phosphate (PO4) oils, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hanan Kareem Salim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Suad Ghali Kadhim Al-Ahmed

1

Babylon University, College of Sciences, Department of Biology, PO Box: 4 Iraq - Babylon - Hilla, Iraq

Forest cover change detection in relation to climate variability and LULC changes using GIS and RS techniques. A case of the Kafa zone, southwest Ethiopia

Dejene Beyene Lemma Kinde Teshome Gebretsadik Seifu Kebede Debela

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 152-162 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139025

Keywords change detection climate variability forest cover change GIS Kafa zone land use and land cover (LULC) remote sensing

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Abstract

Ethiopia has lost sizable forest resources due to rapid population growth and subsequent increase in the demand for agricultural land and fuel woods. In this study, GIS and remote sensing techniques were used to detect forest cover changes in relation to climate variability in the Kafa zone, southwest Ethiopia. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of 1986 and 1990, Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) image of 2010 and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI-8) image of 2018 were acquired at a resolution of 30 m to investigate spatial-temporal forest cover and land use changes. A supervised image classification was made using a maximum likelihood method in ERDAS imagine V9.2 to identify the various land use and land cover classes. Both spectral (normalised difference vegetation index – NDVI) and post classification change detection methods were used to determine the forest cover changes. To examine the extent and rate of forest cover changes, post classification comparisons were made using ArcGIS V 10.4.1. A net forest cover change of 1168.65 ha (12%) was detected during the study period from 1986 to 2018. The drop in the NDVI from 0.06–0.64 in 1986 to (–0.08)–0.12 in 2018 indicated a marked forest cover change in the study area. The correlation of NDVI values with climate data indicated the forest was not in a stable condition. The declining of the forest cover was most likely caused by climate variability in the study area.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dejene Beyene Lemma

1

Kinde Teshome Gebretsadik

1

Seifu Kebede Debela

1

Jimma Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, P.O.Box: 378, Ethiopia

A comparative assessment of meteorological drought in the Tafna basin, Northwestern Algeria

Hanane Bougara Kamila Baba Hamed Christian Borgemeister Bernhard Tischbein Navneet Kumar

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 51 | 78-93 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139018

Keywords drought meteorological drought indices Tafna basin trend analysis

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Abstract

The drought ranked first in terms the natural hazard characteristics and impacts followed by tropical cyclones, regional floods, earthquakes, and volcanoes. Drought monitoring is an important aspect of drought risk management and the assessment of drought is usually done through using various drought indices. The western region in Algeria is the most affected by the drought since the middle of the 70s.The current research focuses on the analysis and comparison of four meteorological drought indices (standardized precipitation index – SPI, percent of normal index – PN, decile index – DI, and rainfall anomaly index – RAI) in the Tafna basin for different time scales (annual, seasonal, and monthly) during 1979–2011. The results showed that the SPI and DI have similar frequencies for dry and wet categories. The RAI and PN were able to detect more drought categories. Meanwhile, all indices have strong positive correlations between each other, especially with Spearman correlation tests (0.99; 1.0), the meteorological drought indices almost showed consistent and similar results in the study area. It was determined in 1982 as the driest year and 2008 as the wettest year in the period of the study. The analysis of the trend was based on the test of Mann– Kendall (MK), a positive trend of the indices were detected on a monthly scale, this increasing of indices trend represent the increasing of the wet categories which explains the increasing trend of the rainfall in the last 2000s. These results overview of the understanding of drought trends in the region is crucial for making strategies and assist in decision making for water resources management and reducing vulnerability to drought.

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Hanane Bougara

1 2

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Kamila Baba Hamed

1

Christian Borgemeister

3

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Bernhard Tischbein

3

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ORCID:

Navneet Kumar

3

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University of Abou Bekr Belkaid, Faculty of Technology, Tlemcen BP 230 - 13000, Chetouane Tlemcen, Algeria
Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (PAUWES), Tlemcen, Algeria
University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany

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