@ARTICLE{Guzik_Katarzyna_The_2022,
 author={Guzik, Katarzyna and Burkowicz, Anna and Szlugaj, Jarosław},
 volume={vol. 38},
 number={No 2},
 journal={Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management},
 pages={31-59},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2022},
 publisher={Komitet Zrównoważonej Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi PAN},
 publisher={Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN},
 abstract={This paper presents the results of analyses of structure, volume and trends of demand for selected major critical raw materials (CRMs) suitable for the EU’s photovoltaic industry (PV). In order to achieve the EU’s goals in terms of the reduction of greenhouse gas emission and climate neutrality by 2050, the deployment of energy from renewable sources is of key importance. As a result, a substantial development of wind and solar technologies is expected. It is forecasted that increasing the production of PV panels will cause a significant growth in the demand for raw materials, including CRMs. Among these, silicon metal, gallium, germanium and indium were selected for detailed analyses while boron and phosphorus were excluded owing to small quantities being utilized in the PV sector. The estimated volume of the apparent consumption in the EU does not usually exceed 0.1 million tonnes for high purity silicon metal, a hundred tonnes for gallium and indium and several dozen tonnes for germanium. The major net-importers of analyzed CRMs were Germany, France, Spain, Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Italy. The largest quantities of these metals have been utilized by Germany, France, Belgium, Slovakia and Italy. The PV applications constitute a marginal share in the total volume of analyzed metal total end-uses in the EU (10% for silicon metal, 5% for gallium, 13% for germanium and 9% for indium). As a result, there is a number of applications that compete for the same raw materials, particularly including the production of electronic equipment. The volume of the future demand for individual CRMs in PV sector will be strictly related to trends in the development of PV-panel production with crystalline silicon technology currently strongly dominating the global market.},
 type={Article},
 title={The EU’s demand for selected critical raw materials used in the photovoltaic industry},
 URL={http://ochroma.man.poznan.pl/Content/123713/PDF/Guzik%20i%20inni.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/gsm.2022.141666},
 keywords={critical raw materials (CRMs), renewable energy, photovoltaic (PV) power sector, raw materials demand},
}