@ARTICLE{Stala-Szlugaj_Katarzyna_Households_2023,
 author={Stala-Szlugaj, Katarzyna},
 volume={vol. 26},
 number={No 4},
 journal={Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal},
 pages={5-18},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2023},
 publisher={Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN},
 abstract={Russia’s use of one of its energy resources as a tool of political pressure in 2021 destabilized the economies of many European countries. The energy crisis was exacerbated by the outbreak of Russia’s war with Ukraine in February 2022, when many countries, including those of the EU, responded by imposing sanctions on energy resources from Russia. The situation also affected Polish households. Until then, Russia had been Poland’s main supplier of coal and natural gas. It is estimated that 3.8 million households were threatened by the uncertainty of hard-coal supplies for the 2022/2023 heating season. The article presents an analysis of the supply and demand of the main fossil energy resources consumed by Polish households for heating purposes. Discussing the supply of a given raw material, both domestic production and imports are presented. The inability to increase domestic coal production for households in the short term (it is a long-term process) resulted in the introduction of intervention imports. In the case of imports, attention was paid to the need to change suppliers as well as import routes. The article also analyzes the prices of major energy carriers for domestic households from January 2018 to March 2023. Rapidly rising prices of hard coal at fuel depots in the third and fourth quarters of 2022 were higher than natural gas prices for households by PLN 13–16/GJ and amounted to PLN 81–101/GJ. By comparison, natural gas prices were then in the range of 65–88 PLN/GJ. In the first quarter of 2023, the prices of these two energy carriers had already reached a similar level (in the order of 80 PLN/GJ).},
 type={Article},
 title={Households in Poland vs. energy carriers: one year after Russia’s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine},
 URL={http://ochroma.man.poznan.pl/Content/129828/PDF-MASTER/01-Stala-Szlugaj.pdf},
 keywords={households, coal, natural gas, Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, Poland},
}