@ARTICLE{Budkowski_Szczepan_Technical_2025,
 author={Budkowski, Szczepan},
 volume={vol. 71},
 number={No 1},
 pages={489–505},
 journal={Archives of Civil Engineering},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2025},
 publisher={WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING and COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES},
 abstract={The real estate cadastre is currently available as the core of the land management system. Cadastral maps resulting from the presentation of complete and comprehensive information about the purpose of presenting the rights and rights of their owners and rulers. The scope of this research, both in Poland and abroad, shows that the legal projection carried out on two-dimensional maps cannot be integrated, overlapping properties, therefore it is extended to three-dimensional space. The purpose of the publication is to provide technical and legal analyzes that may cover the introduction of layered products in Poland. The main research includes: understanding the concept of layering, including defining what is a consequence of layering and diagnosing the scope of changes within legal provisions; research on legal provisions and regulations regarding recommendations regarding changes in legal provisions and technical procedures. Scientific research methods concern a holistic product, legal and technical aspects, a review of the subject literature, legal regulations and a case study. Using a manuscript available on the technical and legal platform, in the context of the possibility of implementing a multidimensional cadastre in the Polish legal system. The author’s note also concerns the conceptual model of spatial subject data, the registration unit, the extension of the warranty for specific plots, and the setting of milestones for the integration of Ladm, Ifc and CityGml solutions. A new term has been introduced for multi-dimensional, multi-task, relational and synergistic systems, included in integration units with other standards: Smart Cadastre},
 title={Technical and legal aspects of introducing strata ownership in Poland},
 type={Article},
 URL={http://ochroma.man.poznan.pl/Content/134517/PDF-MASTER/30_2k.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/ace.2025.153346},
 keywords={CityGml, spatial plot, land and building records, 3D cadastre, Smart Cadastre, property},
}