@ARTICLE{Romaniuk_Ryszard_S._Space_2025,
 author={Romaniuk, Ryszard S. and Orleański, Piotr},
 volume={vol. 71},
 number={No 2},
 journal={International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications},
 pages={561-568},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2025},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications},
 abstract={One of the dominant common denominators of the Space 4.0 idea in the domain of space technologies are small satellites. The characteristic features of this group of technologies are relatively low costs, the possibility of very rapid hardware prototyping and modularization, the construction of hardware and software libraries for quick reuse, a significant number of manufactured and orbited satellites, incomparably easier ability to test numerous varieties of new technologies, while maintaining high reliability in a relatively short period of their orbital operation. It is small satellites that have become a solid foundation for the rapid development of the Space 4.0 idea. They require a completely different, much simpler ecosystem to maintain and safely, efficiently operate, especially large, highly functional microsatellites constellations throughout their life span between orbit and deorbit. The year 2012 can be considered the beginning of the development of the small satellite industry, a few years before the formal definition of the idea of Space 4.0. Small satellites and the involvement of the private sector in their production and operation were the engines thanks to which the technological and economic components of the Space 4.0 idea were defined. From the perspective and experience of over a decade of development of the small satellite industry, we look into the future and analyse trends also in terms of the situation of the space sector in Poland. A version of this paper in Polish was published in Elektronika Monthly by SEP.},
 type={Article},
 title={Space 4.0 – a common, democratic European space, part 4},
 URL={http://ochroma.man.poznan.pl/Content/135251/28-4970-Romaniuk-sk.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/ijet.2025.153605},
 keywords={space policies, Space 4.0 project, European Space Agency, space democratization, space and satellite engineering},
}