@ARTICLE{Bodzek_Michał_Application_2014,
 author={Bodzek, Michał and Tomaszewska, Barbara and Pająk, Leszek},
 volume={vol. 40},
 number={No 3},
 journal={Archives of Environmental Protection},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2014},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences},
 abstract={M embrane-based water desalination processes and hybrid technologies are often considered as a technologically and economically viable alternative for desalination of geothermal waters. This has been confirmed by the results of pilot studies concerning the UF-RO desalination of geothermal waters extracted from various geological structures in Poland. The assessment of the feasibility of implementing the water desalination process analysed on an industrial scale is largely dependent on the method and possibility of disposing or utilising the concentrate. The analyses conducted in this respect have demonstrated that it is possible to use the solution obtained as a balneological product owing to its elevated metasilicic acid, fluorides and iodides ions content. Due to environmental considerations, injecting the concentrate back into the formation is the preferable solution. The energy efficiency and economic analysis conducted demonstrated that the cost effectiveness of implementing the UF-RO process in a geothermal system on an industrial scale largely depends on the factors related to its operation, including without limitation the amount of geothermal water extracted, water salinity, the absorption parameters of the wells used to inject water back into the formation, the scale of problems related to the disposal of cooled water, local demand for drinking and household water, etc. The decrease in the pressure required to inject water into the formation as well as the reduction in the stream of the water injected are among the key cost-effectiveness factors. Ensuring favourable desalinated water sale terms (price/quantity) is also a very important consideration owing to the electrical power required to conduct the UF-RO process.},
 type={Artykuły / Articles},
 title={Application of a Hybrid Uf-Ro Process to Geothermal Water Desalination. Concentrate Disposal and Cost Analysis},
 URL={http://ochroma.man.poznan.pl/Content/85970/PDF/10265-Volume40-Issue3-paper_11.pdf},
 doi={10.2478/aep-2014-0033},
 keywords={desalination, Geothermal water, reverse osmosis, Costs Analysis, concentrate disposal},
}