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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Description

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications (IJET, eISSN 2300-1933, untill 2013 also print ISSN 2081-8491) is a periodical of Electronics and Telecommunications Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences and it is published by Warsaw Science Publishers of PAS. It continues tradition of the Electronics and Telecommunications Quarterly (ISSN 0867-6747) established in 1955 as the Rozprawy Elektrotechniczne. The IJET is a scientific periodical where papers present the results of original, theoretical, experimental and reviewed works. They consider widely recognized aspects of modern electronics, telecommunications, microelectronics, optoelectronics, radioelectronics and medical electronics.

The authors are outstanding scientists, well‐known experienced specialists as well as young researchers – mainly candidates for a doctor's degree. The papers present original approaches to problems, interesting research results, critical estimation of theories and methods, discuss current state or progress in a given branch of technology and describe development prospects. All the papers published in IJET are reviewed by international specialists who ensure that the publications are recognized as author's scientific output.

The printed periodical is distributed among all those who deal with electronics and telecommunications in national scientific centers as well as in numeral foreign institutions, and it is subscribed by many specialists and libraries. Its electronic version is available at http://ijet.pl.

The papers received are published within half a year if the cooperation between author and the editorial staff is efficient. The papers may be submitted to the editorial office by the journal web page http://ijet.pl.


Journal Metrics:

IMPACT FACTOR 2023: 0.5

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2023: 1.5

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.200

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.364

Citation Indicator (JCI): 0.15

ISSN
eISSN 2300-1933 (since 2013), ISSN 2081-8491 (until 2012)
Publishers
Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications

Editor-in-Chief
Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Managing Editor
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Editors
Grzegorz Borowik, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland
Maciej Linczuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Secretary in-Charge
Danuta Ojrzenska-Wojter, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland

Administrative Assistant
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Secretary
Michał Ramotowski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland


Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Victor-Valeriu Patriciu, Director Doctoral School of Electronics, Informatics and Communications for Defense and Security, Military Technical Academy Bucharest, Romania, Romania

Prof. Bart Scheers, Royal Military Academy, Belgium

Dr. Eli Winjum, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway

Wladyslaw Skarbek, Warsaw University of Technology, IRE, Poland

Christian Napoli, University of Catania, Italy

Rosario Giunta, University of Catania, Italy

Christopher Chiu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Prof. Emiliano Tramontana, University of Catania, Italy

Prof Robin Braun, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Dr David Davis, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

dr Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde, UK, United Kingdom

Grzegorz Chmaj, University of Nevada, United States

Giuseppe Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy

Michael Affenzeller, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria

Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos, Laboratory of Hearing Science Audiology Dept., University of Ferrara, Italy, Italy

Prof Nikita M Ryskin, Saratov State University, Russian Federation

Prof. Adam Wolisz, Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Telecommunication Networks

Prof. Edmundo Monteiro, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica Universidade de Coimbra Portugal, Portugal

Prof. Zoubir Mammeri, IRIT, Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 FRANCE, France

Dr Paul D Polishuk, IGI, Boston, MA, USA

Giuseppe Macchiarella, Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Italy

Prof. Bernd Steinbach, Bergakademie Freiberg Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik Institut, Germany

Jan Szmidt, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zenon Chaczko, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Józef Modelski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Wiesław Woliński, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Ryszard Klempous, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Radomir Stanković, University of Niš, Serbia

Javier Poncela, University of Malaga, Spain

Marek Turowski, CFD Research Corporation, United States

Dawid Zydek, NV Energy, United States

Wojciech Szpankowski, Purdue University, United States

Jacek Żurada, University of Louisville, United States

Tadeusz Luba, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Stefan Hahn, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Gilbert De Mey, Ghent University, Belgium

Svetlana Yanushkevich, University of Calgary, Canada

Viktor Krozer, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Adam Morawiec, European Electronic Chips & Systems Design Initiative, France

Herman Rohling, Technical University of Hamburg, Germany

Franco Davoli, University of Genowa, Italy

Michał Mrozowski, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland

Włodzimierz Janke, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland

Principal Contact
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
Professor
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, room 217, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw 00-665, Poland
Phone: +48222345110
Fax: +48228252300
Email: ryszard.romaniuk@pw.edu.pl

Support Contact
Danuta Bartosiewicz
Email: danuta.bartosiewicz@pw.edu.pl

 

 

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.


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Content

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2

1 Proposal of a Secure Modbus RTU Communication with Adi Shamir's Secret Sharing Method
Éva Ádámkó , Gábor Jakabóczki , Szemes Péter Tamás
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119357
Keywords: SCADA Modbus RTU secret sharing secure communication
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Abstract

Drinking fresh water, turning the lights on, travelling by tram, calling our family, or getting a medical treatment are usual activities, but the underlying SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems like CIS (Critical Infrastructure Systems), ICS (Industrial Control Systems) or DCS (Distributed Control Systems) were always the target of many types of attacks, endangered the above mentioned simple activities. During the last decades because of the fast spread of the internet based services and the continuous technical development these systems become more vulnerable than ever. Full reconstruction and innovative changes in older SCADA systems has high cost, and it is not always rewarding. Communication protocols as Modbus (1979) serve as a main basis for SCADA systems, so security of Modbus has a major impact of the security of SCADA systems. Our paper raises and answers questions about the security of the Modbus RTU protocol. We focus on the serial Modbus protocol, because in that method we found many unsolved problems, like lack of authentication of the participants, lack of secure channel and so on. The aim of this paper to propose a secure communication alternative for Modbus RTU @ RS485 wire. The main advantage of the proposed method is the coexistence with traditional slaves and bus systems and only software update is necessary
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Authors and Affiliations

Éva Ádámkó
Gábor Jakabóczki
Szemes Péter Tamás
2 Benchmark Tests on Heuristic Methods in the Darts Game
Kamil Książek , Dawid Połap , Marcin Woźniak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119358
Keywords: metaheuristics optimization computational intelligence
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Abstract

Games are among problems that can be reduced to optimization, for which one of the most universal and productive solving method is a heuristic approach. In this article we present results of benchmark tests on using 5 heuristic methods to solve a physical model of the darts game. Discussion of the scores and conclusions from the research have shown that application of heuristic methods can simulate artificial intelligence as a regular player with very good results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kamil Książek
Dawid Połap
Marcin Woźniak
3 Pure Infinitely Self-Modifying Code is Realizable and Turing-complete
Gregory Morse
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119359
Keywords: x86 x86-64 assembly language self-modifyingcode Turing-completeness code obfuscation
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Abstract

Although self-modifying code has been shyed away from due to its complexity and discouragement due to safety issues, it nevertheless provides for a very unique obfuscation method and a different perspective on the relationship between data and code. The generality of the von Neumann architecture is hardly realized by today’s processor models. A code-only model is shown where every instruction merely modifies other instructions yet achieves the ability to compute and Turing machine operation is easily possible.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gregory Morse
4 Phase-shift Fault Analysis of Grain v1
Viliam Hromada , Pethő Tibor
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119360
Keywords: stream ciphers Grain v1 fault analysis phase-shift attack desynchronization attack
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Abstract

This paper deals with the phase-shift fault analysis of stream cipher Grain v1. We assume that the attacker is able to desynchronize the linear and nonlinear registers of the cipher during the keystream generation phase by either forcing one of the registers to clock one more time, while the other register is not clocked, or by preventing one of the registers from clocking, while the other register is clocked. Using this technique, we are able to obtain the full inner state of the cipher in reasonable time (under 12 hours on a single PC) by using 150 bits of unfaulted keystream, 600 bits of faulted keystreams and by correctly guessing 28 bits of the linear register.
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Authors and Affiliations

Viliam Hromada
Pethő Tibor
5 Tabu Search Against Permutation Based Stream Ciphers
Iwona Polak , Marcin Boryczka
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119361
Keywords: tabu search TS cryptanalysis RC4 VMPC stream cipher state recovery attack
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Abstract

Encryption is one of the most effective methods of securing data confidentiality, whether stored on hard drives or transferred (e.g. by e-mail or phone call). In this paper a new state recovery attack with tabu search is introduced. Based on research and theoretical approximation it is shown that the internal state can be recovered after checking 252 internal states for RC4 and 2180 for VMPC.
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Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Polak
Marcin Boryczka
6 Finding Differential Paths in ARX Ciphers through Nested Monte-Carlo Search
Dwivedi Ashutosh Dhar , Paweł Morawiecki , Sebastian Wójtowicz
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119362
Keywords: ARX ciphers SPECK Cipher Nested Monte-Carlo Search differential cryptanalysis
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Abstract

We propose the adaptation of Nested Monte-Carlo Search algorithm for finding differential trails in the class of ARX ciphers. The practical application of the algorithm is demonstrated on round-reduced variants of block ciphers from the SPECK family. More specifically, we report the best differential trails,up to 9 rounds, for SPECK32.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dwivedi Ashutosh Dhar
Paweł Morawiecki
Sebastian Wójtowicz
7 PixSel: Images as Book Cipher Keys. An Efficient Implementation Using Partial Homophonic Substitution Ciphers
Shumay Mykel , Srivastava Gautam
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119363
Keywords: book ciphers ciphertext enlargement ciphertext expansion
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Abstract

In this paper we introduce a novel encryption technique, which we call PixSel. This technique uses images in place of literature as the book cipher’s key. Conventional book ciphers possess an unwieldy ciphertext enlargement, creating ciphertexts multiple times the length of the plaintext. As well, there is often the issue of a given book not containing the necessary material for the encipherment of some plaintexts. Wesought to rectify these nuisances with PixSel, possessing a typical ciphertext enlargement of merely 1% to 20% for text. UsingPixSel, there are also no limitations on encipherable data type, given a suitable image.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shumay Mykel
Srivastava Gautam
8 Improving security of lightweith SHA-3 against preimage attacks
Serhii Onopa , Zbigniew Kotulski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119364
Keywords: hash function SHA-3 Keccak preimage attack lightweight cryptography
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Abstract

In this article we describe the SHA-3 algorithm and its internal permutation in which potential weaknesses are hidden. The hash algorithm can be used for different purposes, such aspseudo-random bit sequences generator, key wrapping or one pass authentication, especially in weak devices (WSN, IoT, etc.). Analysis of the function showed that successful preimage attacksare possible for low round hashes, protection from which only works with increasing the number of rounds inside the function.When the hash function is used for building lightweight applications, it is necessary to apply a small number of rounds,which requires additional security measures. This article proposes a variant improved hash function protecting against preimage attacks, which occur on SHA-3. We suggest using an additional external randomness sources obtained from a lightweight PRNG or from application of the source data permutation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Serhii Onopa
Zbigniew Kotulski
9 Scalable Method of Searching for Full-period Nonlinear Feedback Shift Registers with GPGPU. New List of Maximum Period NLFSRs.
Paweł Augustynowicz , Krzysztof Kanciak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119365
Keywords: NLFSR GPGPU CUDA Nonlinear Feedback Shift Registers de Bruijn sequences
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Abstract

This paper addresses the problem of efficient searchingfor Nonlinear Feedback Shift Registers (NLFSRs) with a guaranteed full period. The maximum possible period for an n-bit NLFSR is 2n􀀀1 (an all-zero state is omitted). A multi-stages hybrid algorithm which utilizes Graphics Processor Units (GPU) power was developed for processing data-parallel throughput computation. Usage of the abovementioned algorithm allows giving an extended list of n-bit NLFSR with maximum period for 7 cryptographically applicable types of feedback functions
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Augustynowicz
Krzysztof Kanciak
10 Block Cipher Based Public Key Encryption via Indistinguishability Obfuscation
Aleksandra Horubała , Daniel Waszkiewicz , Michał Andrzejczak , Piotr Sapiecha
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119366
Keywords: indistinguishability obfuscation public key cryptosystems homomorphic encryption cloud-computing information protection
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Abstract

The article is devoted to generation techniques of the new public key crypto-systems, which are based on application of indistinguishability obfuscation methods to selected private key crypto-systems. The techniques are applied to symmetric key crypto-system and the target system is asymmetric one. As an input for our approach an implementation of symmetric block cipher with a given private-key is considered. Different obfuscation methods are subjected to processing. The targetsystem would be treated as a public-key for newly created public crypto-system. The approach seems to be interesting from theoretical point of view. Moreover, it can be useful for information protection in a cloud-computing model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Horubała
Daniel Waszkiewicz
Michał Andrzejczak
Piotr Sapiecha
11 Confidential Greedy Graph Algorithm
Daniel Waszkiewicz , Aleksandra Horubała , Piotr Sapiecha , Michał Andrzejczak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119367
Keywords: cryptography fully homomorphic encryption confidential graph algorithm cloud computing
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Abstract

Confidential algorithm for the approximate graph vertex covering problem is presented in this article. It can preserve privacy of data at every stage of the computation, which is very important in context of cloud computing. Security of our solution is based on fully homomorphic encryption scheme. The time complexity and the security aspects of considered algorithm are described.
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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Waszkiewicz
Aleksandra Horubała
Piotr Sapiecha
Michał Andrzejczak
12 A first Catalgorithm?
Jean-François Geneste
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119368
Keywords: Non commutative rings Zero-knowledge proofs finite type module
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Abstract

We propose building a new PKC in a ring structure, the classification of rings being an open problem. The difficulty of the scheme is based on retrieving the eigenvalues of endomorphism on a finite type module over a non-commutative ring. It is resistant to a chosen cipher text attack. Working in the fraction ring of a non-commutative ring makes our scheme a zero-knowledge proof of knowledge, result indistinguishable, in the Naor-Yung model. Finally, a dramatic improvement in security is obtained through the drawing with uniform probability of the working ring at high frequency.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jean-François Geneste
13 Efficiency Evaluation Method for the Devices with Infrasound Impact on Functioning of Computer Equipment
Waldemar Wójcik , Alexander Korchenko , Igor Tereykovsky , Evgenia Aytkhozhaevа , Seilova Nurgul , Yevgeny Kosyuk , Paweł Komada , Jan Sikora
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119369
Keywords: information security computer hardware protection infrasound infrasound damage efficiency evaluation method
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Abstract

A significant threat to critical infrastructure of computer systems has a destructive impact caused by infrasound waves. It is shown that the known infrasound generations are based on using the following devices: a Helmholtz Resonator, Generation by using a Pulsating Sphere such as Monopolies, Rotor-type Radiator, Resonating Cylinder, VLF Speaker, Method of Paired Ultrasound Radiator, and airscrew. Research of these devices was made in this paper by revealing their characteristics, main advantages and disadvantages. A directional pattern of infrasound radiation and a graph of dependence of infrasound radiation from the consumed power was constructed. Also, during the analysis of these devices, there was proven a set of basic parameters, the values of which make it possible to characterize their structural and operational characteristics. Then approximate values of the proposed parameters of each those considered devices, were calculated. A new method was developed for evaluating the effectiveness of infrasound generation devices based on the definition of the integral efficiency index, which is calculated using the designed parameters. An example of practical application of the derived method, was shown. The use of the method makes it possible, taking into account the conditions and requirements of the infrasound generation devices construction, to choose from them the most efficient one.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Wójcik
Alexander Korchenko
Igor Tereykovsky
Evgenia Aytkhozhaevа
Seilova Nurgul
Yevgeny Kosyuk
Paweł Komada
Jan Sikora
14 Context Data Acquisition Using Adaptive Non-repudiation Model
Marcin Alan Tunia
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119370
Keywords: non-repudiation contextual security adaptive security non-repudiation model
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Abstract

The subject of this study is the non-repudiation security service for network communication using TCP/IP stack. Generated evidence, as well as decision-making process of registering a given event, are context-aware. Non-repudiation is equipped with context-awareness by using widely utilized network tools. The aim of this paper is to present timing results for selected tools execution and to complete the evidence generation time. In some applications it is crucial to gather evidence data as fast as possible because of the rapidly changing network environment. For such situations, in case of prolonged execution time, an output from a tool might imprecisely describe the contextual situation from the time of the occurrence of an event.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Alan Tunia
15 Application of Neural Network for Testing Selected Specification Parameters of Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
Damian Grzechca , Sebastian Temich
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119371
Keywords: specification driven testing voltage-controlled oscillator ring oscillator artificial neural network
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Abstract

In this paper, the application of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm has been used for testing selected specification parameters of voltage-controlled oscillator. Today, mixed electronic circuits specification time is an issue. An analog part of Phase Locked Loopis a voltage-controlled oscillator, which is very sensitive to variation of the technology process. Fault model for the integrated circuit voltage control oscillator (VCO) in ring topology is introduced and the before test stage classificatory is designed. In order to reduce testing time and keep the specification accuracy (approximation) on the high level, an artificial neural network has been applied. The features selection process and output coding for specification parameters are described. A number of different ANN have been designed and then compared with real specification of the VCO. The results obtained gives response in short time with high enough accuracy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Grzechca
Sebastian Temich
16 A Novel Software-Defined Networking Controller: the Distributed Active Information Model (DAIM)
Pupatwibul Pakawat , Banjar Ameen , Hossain Md. Imam , Robin Braun , Bruce Moulton
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119372
Keywords: Distributed Networks OpenFlow DAIM Model Software Defined Networking Next Generation Networks
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Abstract

This paper presents a new OpenFlow controller: the Distributed Active Information Model (DAIM). The DAIM controller was developed to explore the viability of a logically distributed control plane. It is implemented in a distributed way throughout a software-defined network, at the level of the switches. The method enables local process flows, by way of local packet switching, to be controlled by the distributed DAIM controller (as opposed to a centralised OpenFlow controller). The DAIM ecosystem is discussed with some sample code, together with flowcharts of the implemented algorithms. We present implementation details, a testing methodology, and an experimental evaluation. A performance analysis was conducted using the Cbench open benchmarking tool. Comparisons were drawn with respect to throughput and latency. It is concluded that the DAIM controller can handle a high throughput, while keeping the latency relatively low. We believe the results to date are potentially very interesting, especially in light of the fact that a key feature of the DAIM controller is that it is designed to enable the future development of autonomous local flow process and management strategies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pupatwibul Pakawat
Banjar Ameen
Hossain Md. Imam
Robin Braun
Bruce Moulton
17 Detailed Consideration of Graphical Calculation of Min-Plus Convolution in Deterministic Network Calculus
Andrzej Borys
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119373
Keywords: convolution network calculus min-plus algebra graphical construction of min-plus convolution
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Abstract

The convolution operation used in deterministic network calculus differs from its counterpart known from the classic systems theory. A reason for this lies in the fact that the former is defined in terms of the so-called min-plus algebra. Therefore, it is oft difficult to realize how it really works. In these cases, its graphical interpretation can be very helpful. This paper is devoted to a topic of construction of the min-plus convolution curve. This is done here in a systematic way to avoid arriving at non-transparent figures that are presented in publications. Contrary to this, our procedure is very transparent and removes shortcomings of constructions known in the literature. Some examples illustrate its usefulness.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Borys
18 Remote System for Reading Traffic Signs and Information
Konrad Janisz , Jacek Stępień , Szczepan Odrobina
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119374
Keywords: systems automotive electronics telecommunications traffic signs reading Internet of Things
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Abstract

This paper presents an experimental system for remote communication between road users and traffic signs. Implemented solution consists of two modules: a transmitter (traffic sign), including novel system for remote waking-up by the passing vehicle with use of the quasi-passive (biased) diode detector circuit, and a receiver (vehicle), which is responsible for wake-up signaling and interpreting received messages. Both modules use Wi-Fi protocol operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band for sending data, and OOK signaling in 868 MHZ ISM band for sending wake-up signals. The paper provides theoretical analysis, description of design challenges and chosen solutions, and finally, laboratory measurements as well as the results of tests conducted in the systems’ target environment with a moving vehicle, confirming correct operation of the system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Konrad Janisz
Jacek Stępień
Szczepan Odrobina
19 When Can a Narrowband Power Amplifier BeConsidered to Be Memoryless and when Not?
Andrzej Borys
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119393
Keywords: Narrowband power amplifiers (PAs) modelling memory in PAs conditions for PA to be memoryless
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Abstract

This paper tries to get a response to the following question: When can a narrowband power amplifier (PA) be considered to be memoryless and when can it not be considered memoryless? To this end, a thorough and consistent analysis of the notions and definitions related with the above topic is carried out. In the considerations presented, two models of the narrowband PA are exploited interchangeably: the black box model widely used in the literature and a model developed here, which is based on the Volterra series. These two models complement each other. In this paper, the conditions for a linear or nonlinear narrowband PA to be memoryless or approximately memoryless or possessing memory are derived and illustrated. They are formulated in terms of the signal delay as well as in terms of the amplitude-to-phase (AM/PM) conversion of the amplifier. Furthermore, the two possible interpretations of the amplitude-to-amplitude (AM/AM) and AM/PM conversions are given a mathematical framework. That is these conversions are presented through some operations. One set of these operations allows to treat the AM/AM and AM/PM conversions as distortions of the modulating signals. Or equivalently as distortions of a given signal constellation when it passes through the PA. Finally, it is proved that the Saleh’s and Ghorbani’s models of the AM/AM and AM/PM conversions occurring in the PAs, which were published in the literature, are not memoryless ones.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Borys
20 Inertial Navigation Static Calibration
Sławomir Niespodziany
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119518
Keywords: inertial navigation imu calibration
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Abstract

Inertial navigation is a device, which estimates its position, based on sensing external conditions (such as acceleration or angular velocity). It is widely used in variuos applications. Its presence in a drone vehicle for example, allows flight stabilization, by position estimation and feedback-based regulation algorithm execution. A smartphone makes a use of inertial navigation by detecting movement and flipping screen orientation. It is a ubiquitous part of many devices of everyday use, but before using filters and algorithms allowing to calculate the position, a calibration must first be applied to the device. This paper focuses on a separate calibration of each of the sensors - an accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. The further step requires a cross–sensor calibration, and the third step is implementation of data filtration algotithm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Niespodziany
21 Modelling of Parameterized Discrete Control Algorithms With Use of Finite State Machinesin TIA Portal Environment
Grzegorz Andrzejewski , Wojciech Zając
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119584
Keywords: Finite State Machine parameterised discrete control process modelling Ladder Diagram TIA Portal
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Abstract

There exist numerous modelling techniques and representation methods for digital control algorithms, aimed to achieve required system or process parameters, e.g. precision of process modelling, control quality, fulfilling the time constrains, optimisation of consumption of system resources, or achieving a trade-off between number of parameters. This work illustrates usage of Finite State Machines (FSM) modelling technique to solve a control problem with parameterized external variables. The structure of this work comprises six elements. The FSM is presented in brief and discrete control algorithm modelling is discussed. The modelled object and control problem is described and variables are identified. The FSM model is presented and control algorithm is described. The parameterization problem is identified and addressed, and the implementation in PLC programming LAD language is presented. Finally, the conclusion is given and future work areas are identified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Andrzejewski
Wojciech Zając

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