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ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences

ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Opis

The „Academia” magazine was founded on the initiative of Professor Andrzej B. Legocki, a President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 2003 – 2006. In the beginning it was published only in English as a reply to the growing demand for a current information on the Polish Academy of Sciences` activities, expressed by foreign scientists and Poles living abroad and interested in Polish science.

Since 2005 the magazine is published both in Polish and English.

The „Academia” is an exceptional - on the Polish market - scientific magazine for the general public, propagating achievements of Polish scientists here and abroad. Authors of articles in „Academia” explain their subject in a way that is accessible not only for all sorts of academics but also for students, pupils and all other readers interested in scientific topics for the general public.

ISSN
1731-7401
Wydawcy
Polish Academy of Sciences

Editorial Staff

Jolanta Iwańczuk (Editor-in-Chief, Earth Sciences)

Daniel Sax (Editor, English-Language Version)

Marcin Pietras (Biological & Agricultural Sciences)

Justyna Orłowska (Journalist)

Andrzej Figatowski (Graphic Designer)

Anna Bielec (Project Coordinator)


Scientific Council

Marek Konarzewski, President of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Chairman)

Dariusz Jemielniak (Deputy Chairman)

Andrzej Buko

Katarzyna Czarnecka

Patrycja Dołowy

Paweł Golik

Janusz Jurczak

Tomasz Kapitaniak

Marek Krawczyk

Krzysztof Nowak

Anna Zawadzka

Publisher:


Polish Academy of Sciences

Communication and Science Information Department

Defilad sq. 1,

00-901 Warsaw, Poland

e-mail: academia@pan.pl



The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
ttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.



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Zawartość

ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries

1 Contents
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries
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2 From the Editors
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries
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3 The Limits of Science
Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 4-9 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139440
Słowa kluczowe: the frontiers of knowledge physical universe limits of human mind
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Abstrakt

Does science have outer limits? Where are the boundaries of the universe, and what lies beyond them? What will the end of science entail?
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski
1
  1. Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, (prof. em.)
4 The State and Its Citizens: The Limits on State Authority
Mirosław Wyrzykowski
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 10-15 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139441
Słowa kluczowe: human rights constitution interpretation of law beyond the law
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Abstrakt

Human rights provide the rationale behind the functioning of the state, while at the same time imposing certain limits on its actions. How does Poland’s Constitution protect the rights of individuals, and what limitations come into play in the state–citizen relationship?
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mirosław Wyrzykowski
1
  1. Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warsaw
5 The Boundaries of Humanity
Joanna Hańderek
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 16-19 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139442
Słowa kluczowe: human boundary tolerance
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Abstrakt

The boundaries of humanity are the ideas that trace out the very limits of what we call human, together with the attendant values, duties, and categories. To understand these better, we first need to scrutinize the two underlying concepts: the notion of boundary and the notion of a human being.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Joanna Hańderek
1
  1. Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University
6 Exploring One of the Biggest Mysteries of Martian Geology
Krzysztof Gaidzik , Justyna Ciesielczuk , Monika Fabiańska , Magdalena Misz-Kennan , Pádhraig S . Kennan
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 20-23 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139443
Słowa kluczowe: Mars spherules of hematite martian blueberries
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Abstrakt

Modern technologies have helped us push the boundaries of geology and begin exploration of other planets. Great strides have been made in the study of Mars, which is slowly yielding up its secrets.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Gaidzik
1
Justyna Ciesielczuk
1
Monika Fabiańska
1
Magdalena Misz-Kennan
1
Pádhraig S . Kennan
2
  1. University of Silesia in Katowice
  2. University College Dublin, Ireland
7 Interspecies Boundaries in Orchids
Marta Kolanowska
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 24-27 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139444
Słowa kluczowe: orchid biodiversity species
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Abstrakt

Orchids are a fascinating world unto themselves, featuring incredible diversity of species, myriad forms and dazzling colors. At the same time, orchids are among the least explored groups of plants, with much work left to be done on their careful classification and study. How should different orchid species be distinguished, and how should the boundaries between different genera be delineated?
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marta Kolanowska
1 2
  1. Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Poland
  2. Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Brno, Czechia
8 Mobility in Response to Environmental Change
Justyna Orłowska , Karolina Sobczak-Szelc
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 28-33 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139445
Słowa kluczowe: environmental migrations migrants North Africa the Maldives
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Abstrakt

On the difference between environmental and climate migration and the reasons why migrants should be treated as active agents, rather than passive victims.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Justyna Orłowska
1
Karolina Sobczak-Szelc
2
  1. Unit of Socioeconomic Effects of Climate Change, National Center for Climate Change
  2. Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw
9 Neuroboundaries
Piotr Durka , Krystian Dereziński
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 34-37 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139446
Słowa kluczowe: brain brain-computer interface exoskeleton neural prostheses
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Abstrakt

Brain research is enabling us to stretch the very limits of human cognition. However, exploring the mysteries of the brain has limits of its own, many of which we are still struggling to overcome.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Durka
1
Krystian Dereziński
2
  1. Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw
  2. Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
10 To the Limits of Human Endurance – and Beyond?
Andrzej W. Ziemba
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 38-43 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139447
Słowa kluczowe: human endurance sports records chance of survival
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Abstrakt

We are setting new sports records and conquering space, but are helpless against climate change and new viruses. Prof. Andrzej W. Ziemba talks about the human body’s abilities.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej W. Ziemba
1
  1. Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences
11 Crossing Boundaries in Culture
Kazimiera Szczuka
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 44-49 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139448
Słowa kluczowe: Maria Janion romantism identity visionary
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Abstrakt

Kazimiera Szczuka talks about the late Prof. Maria Janion – a humanistic visionary, a revolutionary scholar of Romanticism, and a modest “maestra” in the eyes of her students.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Kazimiera Szczuka
1
  1. Institute of Literary Research, Polish Academy of Sciences
12 Microscopic Boundaries in Rock: Deformation Bands
Piotr Strzelecki
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 50-53 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139449
Słowa kluczowe: deformation bands geology
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Abstrakt

Small as they are, such deformation structures occur in extensive clusters. They can provide valuable geological information and may pose a challenge for prospecting engineers.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Strzelecki
1
  1. Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
13 Theater Pushed to the Limits by the Pandemic
Maria Babicka , Justyna Czarnota-Misztal
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 54-59 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139450
Słowa kluczowe: COVID-19 pandemic SARS-CoV-2 theatre sociological research “New Forms of Existence”
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Abstrakt

The pandemic has exposed the precarious employment situation of artists, but also created a chance for truly equal access to theater. Maria Babicka and Justyna Czarnota-Misztal discuss the findings of a set of studies on how Polish theaters have coped in these trying times.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maria Babicka
1 2
Justyna Czarnota-Misztal
3
  1. Department of Culture Research, Methods at the Institute of Applied Social Sciences, University of Warsaw
  2. Department of Theater Pedagogy, Zbigniew Raszewski Theater Institute
  3. Department of Theatre Pedagogy, Zbigniew Raszewski Theatre Institute
14 Migration and Migrants in Today’s World
Józef M. Fiszer
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 60-65 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139451
Słowa kluczowe: migration migrants Europe effects of migration help
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Abstrakt

What is migration? Who are the people that migrate, and what drives them to do so?
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Józef M. Fiszer
1 2
  1. Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences
  2. Lazarski University
15 Limits and Bounds – Boundaries in Mathematics
Agnieszka Jurlewicz
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 66-69 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139452
Słowa kluczowe: mathematics mathematical sequence theory of series limits of functions derivatives integrals
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Abstrakt

On the one hand, mathematics draws inspiration from everyday life and has the ambition to model it through a precise logical system, while on the other, it contributes new, sometimes very abstract ideas which expand our imagination and broaden our understanding of the surrounding reality. This is clearly illustrated when we scrutinize various mathematical concepts centered around the notion of “boundary.”
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Agnieszka Jurlewicz
1
  1. Chair of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology
16 Connected by Origin
Paweł Urbański , Jacek Kasiński
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 70-75 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139453
Słowa kluczowe: tectonic boundaries lignite deposits saline deposits
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Abstrakt

The distribution of lignite deposits in Poland turns out to be closely related to tectonic boundaries and the occurrence of salt deposits. What mechanism underlies the connection between these elements?
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Paweł Urbański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Kasiński
1
  1. Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute
17 The Limits of Species Distribution
Adam Boratyński
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 76-79 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139454
Słowa kluczowe: biogeography areas of distribution range limits
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Abstrakt

What are the limits of species distribution in biogeography? How do we reconstruct them for organisms that lived in the past, and how do we study them today? How have the ranges of species changed, and why is this knowledge so important to us?
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Adam Boratyński
1
  1. Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences in Kórnik
18 Pinpointing a Stratigraphic Boundary
Andrzej Wierzbowski
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 80-83 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139455
Słowa kluczowe: stratigraphy geological systems GSSP Kimmeridgian Stage Jurassic system
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Abstrakt

What is a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) benchmark, and what role does it play in delineating geological boundaries?
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Wierzbowski
1
  1. Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw
19 Awareness of Boundaries
Katarzyna Kasia
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 84-85 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139456
Słowa kluczowe: transgression infinity boundary-crossing philosophy
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Katarzyna Kasia
1
  1. Department of Culture Theory, Faculty of Management of Visual Culture, Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw
20 Frontex at a Glance
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 86-90
Słowa kluczowe: Frontex EU boundaries European Border and Coast Guard Agency terrorism cross-border crime
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21 Boundaries as Norms
Katarzyna Kłosińska
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2021 | No 2 (70) Boundaries | 91-92 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2021.139457
Słowa kluczowe: order norm boundary language
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Katarzyna Kłosińska
1
  1. Faculty of Polish Studies, University of Warsaw

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