Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2026 | vol. 26 | No 1

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Abstract

Hadfield steel exhibits high wear resistance, combined with good toughness, leading to its widespread use in excavators, mineral crushing equipment and other severe mechanical environments. In this study, the mechanical properties of a Cr-rich high manganese Hadfield steel were investigated under different solutionizing heat treatment conditions. The heat treatment consisted of heating to temperatures of 1050, 1100, and 1150 °C with two holding periods of 1.5 and 3 h, followed by the quenching in water or brine. The metallographic examination was performed on all samples and the grain size and the volume percent of carbides were determined. Mechanical properties including the yield strength, UTS, hardness, impact energy, and fracture toughness were also evaluated. It was observed that the quenching in water produced finer grains than the quenching in brine. Increasing the temperature and the holding time caused a decrease in the volume percentage of carbides, as well as the quenching in brine. Indeed, cooling in brine generally produced carbides promoted on the triple junctions of the grains. Meanwhile, blurred dendritic/cellular structures could be observed in interior grains, especially at higher temperatures. It appears that the development of this cellular structure together with the nearly uniform distribution of finely dispersed carbides, has enhanced the mechanical properties. The best hardness was obtained at an annealing temperature of 1150 °C, a holding time of 1.5 h and quenching in water. However, the best fracture toughness and impact value were also obtained at an annealing temperature of 1100 °C, a holding time of 1.5 h, and quenching in brine.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Rasti
1
ORCID: ORCID
R.M.E. Joshaghani
2
H.R. Ghazvinloo
1
A. Zahedi-Motlagh
3

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom, Iran.
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom, Iran.
  3. Manager of Steel-Rizan Casting Company, Amir-Kabir Street, Kashan Road, Qom, Iran
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Abstract

To enhance the stability of the flame structure and elevate the overall combustion temperature during the staged combustion process, this study undertakes an optimization of the technology, specifically tailoring it to the context of the steel ladle baking process. Leveraging computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation, the research conducts a thorough examination of the effects of varying ratios of primary and secondary oxygen supply on the steel ladle baking process. This examination is then juxtaposed with the conventional pure oxygen-assisted steel ladle baking process for a comparative analysis. The study reveals that, when the oxygen supply ratio for staged combustion is set at 3:7, the overall temperature within the steel ladle furnace can surpass 1500 K, aligning with the temperature achieved in the pure oxygen-assisted combustion process. This represents a notable advancement when compared to the temperatures attained with the 2:8 and 1:9 ratios. At a temperature of 1400 K, the flame exhibits a thick, rigid appearance, accompanied by a diminished area of swirling. The axial flow velocity at its core reaches 21 m/s, while the bottom impact velocity measures 8.5 m/s, both of which contribute to an enhanced convective heat transfer process. The average temperature of the steel ladle's inner wall surpasses that of the pure oxygen-assisted combustion process by 134.1 K, exhibiting a more gradual temperature gradient. Notably, the temperature discrepancy at the bottom decreases by 265.5 K, while the heating rate diminishes by 18.6%. The NOx concentration is reduced by 45%-49% compared to pure oxygen-assisted combustion. These findings provide theoretical support for energy-saving and emission reduction in the steel ladle baking process and the industrial application of staged combustion technology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Deng Gao Chen
1
Guang Qiang Liu
1
Xin Yi Cong
1
Ru Zeng
1

  1. University of Science and Technology Liaoning, School of Civil Engineering, China.
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Abstract

Aluminium casting alloys are extensively used in the automotive sector, with Al–Si–Cu systems such as A380 favoured for their excellent castability and cost-effectiveness. In contrast, Al–Cu based alloys like A206 provide superior mechanical strength but are often regarded as less corrosion resistant, restricting their use in aggressive environments. Despite their industrial relevance, a direct comparative assessment of these alloys under controlled solidification conditions remains scarce. In this study, the electrochemical behaviour of Al–5Cu (A206) and Al–8Si–3Cu (A380) alloys were systematically investigated as a function of microstructure, modified through sand and permanent mould casting. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution to evaluate corrosion potential (Ecorr vs. Ag/AgCl) and current density (Icorr). Microstructural characterization revealed significant dendrite refinement and reduced secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) in permanent mould castings compared with sand castings. Although A380 exhibited finer SDAS than A206, its corrosion resistance was consistently inferior due to the galvanic activity between eutectic Si and Al2Cu phases. By contrast, the simpler binary microstructure of A206 limited cathodic heterogeneity, allowing refinement to translate into improved electrochemical stability. The results demonstrate that corrosion resistance in aluminium casting alloys is governed not only by microstructural parameters but also by alloy chemical composition. These findings extend current understanding of the microstructure–corrosion relationship and provide practical guidance for alloy selection in automotive applications. A206 alloy, when cast under optimized conditions, emerges as a promising candidate for structural components exposed to chloride-rich service environments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eda Ergün Songül
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Engineering, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Turkey.
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Abstract

This study examines the impact of grain refiners on the microstructural properties of 6082 aluminum alloy, emphasizing the effect of varying addition rates on grain size and refinement efficiency. Four grain refiners (GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4) were tested at different rates, with results assessed through chemical composition analysis, microstructural examination, and grain size measurements. The findings reveal that lower addition rates proved more effective: for instance, GR3 at 0.33 kg/t achieved a grain size of 110 μm, while at 0.76 kg/t it reached 105 μm; GR4 achieved comparable grain sizes (131 μm at 0.30 kg/t) with high efficiency. In contrast, higher rates (e.g., GR1 and GR2 at 1.48-1.53 kg/t) yielded lower efficiency despite smaller grain sizes. These findings suggest that excessive addition rates are redundant, with optimized lower rates yielding finer grains and higher efficiency. Chemical analysis confirmed that changes in Ti and B concentrations aligned with addition rates, yet lower rates offered superior recovery and effectiveness. Microstructural analysis further demonstrated that GR3 and GR4 at reduced rates produced homogeneous, fine-grained structures, enhancing casting quality and cost-effectiveness. This study highlights that optimizing grain refiner addition rates enhances microstructural control and economic efficiency in 6082 alloy casting. Future research should focus on fine-tuning these rates and exploring alternative refinement techniques to further improve the mechanical properties and castability of aluminum alloys. This study uniquely demonstrates that optimized low addition rates enhance microstructural homogeneity while providing significant cost and environmental benefits, addressing a critical gap in industrial grain refinement practices.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Tunca
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Ince
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Deniz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Sistem Alüminyum San. ve Tic. A.Ş., Turkey
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Abstract

The research aims to improve the lost foam casting technology for producing steel bucket teeth for excavators. The relevance of this work lies in the need to enhance the quality of castings in challenging operating conditions, as well as to expand the application of advanced casting technologies within the domestic industry. When analysing the process of manufacturing steel bucket teeth using the lost foam technique, the presence of defects in the castings in the form of shrinkage cavities and gas porosity was detected. Using Flow-3D Cast software, computer simulations of the filling and solidification processes of metal were carried out for two variants of the gating-feeding system, the design of which significantly affects the formation of the quality of castings. The simulation results allowed us to analyse the features of the mold filling with metal for the basic version of the gating-feeding system, identify the risks of gasification products entrapment, and assess the effectiveness of the casting feeding during solidification. Based on the data obtained, an improved design of the gating-feeding system was selected to form a high-quality casting without shrinkage defects. The importance of using polystyrene foam patterns with an optimal density (within 25-30 kg/m³) to minimise the negative consequences of their gasification was also shown. The need to install risers on the patterns that perform the function of “overflows” was substantiated, helping to prevent the formation of defects in the casting. A pilot batch of castings confirmed the effectiveness of the developed technological solutions, which provided the basis for their introduction into the serial production of bucket teeth.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Kaliuzhnyi
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Doroshenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Nebozhak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Physico-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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Abstract

The presence of gravity during pouring, causes the flow of the alloy in the gating system and the mold cavity, as well as the phenomenon of natural convection at the stage of solidification of the casting. However, the developed casting technologies also use the phenomenon of forced convection, which can be generated by mechanical or electromagnetic mixers. The effect of stirring with electromagnetic coils on the microstructure of Al-Si-Mg alloys was analyzed, based on slowly solidifying small cylindrical samples. In tested Al-Si-Mg alloys, melt flow led to microstructure modification: changed amount, dimension, and location of magnesium-rich Mg2Si precipitates, secondary dendrite arm spacing SDAS, specific surface and grain size of α-Al phase and finally modified eutectic spacing for observed binary and ternary eutectics. Flow produced more and larger blocky shaped and Chinese script phases and significantly reduced amount and dimension of dispersed Mg2Si in the alloy where Mg2Si grow as first phase. By co-precipitation of α-Al and Mg2Si with a basically dendritic shape and internal form of Mg2Si, forced flow increased its SDAS, produced globular forms, whilst did not change the internal spacing. In the alloy where α-Al and Si crystals co-precipitate, stirring caused formation of characteristic eutectic-enriched regions separated from α-Al rich regions. In the alloy where Mg2Si and Si co-precipitate before eutectic growth, stirring caused distinct appearance of dendritic Mg2Si and α-Al. The observed structural modifications are new and can help in assessing of convection effect on microstructure of industrial alloys and support the design of casting processes in which mechanical or electromagnetic stirring is the main phenomena determining microstructure and mechanical properties of cast parts.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Mikolajczak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

High pressure die casting technology is characterised by the production of high quality, complex shaped casts with good mechanical properties. However, die casts have a certain amount of porosity which can reduce their quality and mechanical properties. Mechanical properties are determined not only by the percentage of pores in the volume of the casting, but also by their geometric shape, taking into account the possibility of crack initiation at the edge of the pore. The shape and geometry of the pores are characterised by the roundness factor, which can be used to predict the mechanical properties of the castings. This paper addresses the problem of evaluating pore geometry with a view to automating the determination of the roundness factor and, at the same time, the percentage evaluation of the proportion of pores in the area of the metallographic section of the specimen. Metallographic sections are prepared from selected sets of casts, in which pore shape and quantity are automatically evaluated using selected image processing techniques. The roundness factor is defined, and the pores are classified into different categories based on this factor.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Majerník
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Bumbálek
1
T. Zoubek
1
P. Hanzal
1
K. Šramhauser
1
F. Špalek
1

  1. University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Czech Republic.
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Abstract

This paper investigates hybrid aluminum castings produced by the overcasting method, targeting lightweight solutions for the engineering industry. The novelty of this work lies in the systematic evaluation of how foaming pressure parameters and subsequent core surface treatments influence the final mechanical properties of these complex components. The principle of this innovative technique is to overcast a porous cellular core, which is created by foaming a molten aluminum alloy. Porous cores were fabricated using various foaming pressures, and their influence on mechanical performance was assessed through uniaxial compression and impact tests. The results demonstrate that controlled foaming pressures, specifically starting pressures of 0.1–0.2 MPa and stabilizing pressures of 0.05 MPa and 0.101 MPa, yield porous cores with the most consistent and highest compressive strength. Crucially, the integrity of the final hybrid casting is highly dependent on the surface treatment of the core prior to overcasting. X-ray tomography revealed that treating the core with 10% H3PO4 acid effectively prevents molten metal penetration, resulting in a compressive strength three times higher than that of untreated or improperly treated castings. Furthermore, impact testing showed that the porous cores exhibit an average impact toughness 3.4 times higher than solid specimens of the same dimensions, highlighting their superior energy absorption capabilities.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Bruna
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Medňanský
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kuriš
2
ORCID: ORCID
J. Španielka
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia.
  2. Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Inoval - Innovation center, Priemyselná 525 Ladomerská Vieska, 965 01 Žiar nad Hronom, Slovakia.
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Abstract

In the modern steelmaking, the impact behaviour of supersonic oxygen jet on the molten bath is vital importance for the refining process. The impact characteristics and flow field distribution of molten bath for swirl-type oxygen lance in 260 Mg converter were analyzed by physical experiments and numerical simulations, and industrial test research was conducted. These results demonstrate that compared to the traditional oxygen lance, the cavity depth, cavity width and mixing time of swirl-type oxygen lance decrease, increase and decrease, respectively. The mixing efficiency of molten bath for swirl-type oxygen lance is improved by 5.5% to 16.8%. The optimal operation parameters of swirl-type oxygen lance for 260 Mg converter are H=40de and Q=80 Nm3·h-1. When the swirl angle is 10 °, the molten bath obtains the maximum volume-average velocity, the minimum dead zone volume and the shortest mixing time. Industrial test shown that compared with traditional oxygen lance, the swirl-type oxygen lance increased the dephosphorization rate by 2.3%, decreased the final carbon content by 0.005%, and decreased the iron content of final slag by 0.11%. The findings of this work can provide a basic reference for the industrial application of swirl-type oxygen lance in large-scale converter.
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Authors and Affiliations

Q. Fu
1
X. Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
G.Q. Liu
2
K. Liu
3

  1. Beiying Steelmaking Plant, Benxi Steel Group, China.
  2. College of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, China.
  3. School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, China.
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Abstract

The subject of the research were castings made of GX120Mn13 manganese steel, zone-reinforced with electrocorundum. The study determined the effect of the type of electrocorundum (ordinary Al₂O₃ and zirconium Al₂O₃+ZrO₂) on the degree of infiltration and abrasive wear of the reinforced areas of the castings. Computed tomography showed that the use of zirconium electrocorundum for strengthening, compared to ordinary corundum, resulted in a higher degree of infiltration of the reinforced zones of the castings and lower porosity in these areas. This was probably due to the better wettability of Al₂O₃+ZrO₂ particles by the liquid alloy, caused by the zirconium content in the electrocorundum. Lower porosity of the reinforced zones resulted in a lower abrasive wear rate of the samples, but the differences were small. Therefore, the resulting defects did not have a significant impact on the wear rate of the reinforced zones of the casting. The key factor in this respect was the introduction of electrocorundum into cast steel, which, regardless of its type, increased resistance to abrasive wear by approximately 70%. This is very important for the operational durability of this type of castings, taking into account the economic aspect.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Medyński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Witelon Collegium State University, Poland.
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Abstract

This study discusses the accuracy of manufacturing honeycomb-based cellular structures cast from Mg alloy (AZ91) by rapid ceramic method using 3D printed models. 3D scanning was used to assess the processing shrinkage occurring during both stages of the manufacturing process (3D printing in fused deposition modelling (FDM) or digital light processing (DLP) technologies and rapid ceramic method). Bioresorbable scaffolds made of Mg alloys can be used, for example, in the construction of bone implants. A method of controlling the biodegradation rate of these materials by applying protective plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings was also presented. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution was applied as a measure to evaluate the corrosion resistance of produced structures in physiological conditions. Samples with a PEO oxide coating were proved to be the most promising ones, because the pH and mass change observed for them was the lowest among all tested materials (as cast, sand-blasted, PEO-coated).
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Dmitruk
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Naplocha
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Łobacz-Raźny
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Lightweight Elements Engineering, Foundry and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland.
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Abstract

Al-Si-Cu-Mg-based alloys are key materials for applications in the automotive and aerospace industries, mainly due to their low density, excellent castability, and high specific strength. However, their mechanical properties are often negatively affected by the presence of brittle, acicular eutectic silicon particles and long intermetallic phases with a high iron content, which have a negative impact on the overall toughness and strength of the material. This study systematically focuses on evaluating the individual and combined effects of microalloying with varying amounts of tungsten and T7 heat treatment on the microstructure of the hypoeutectic AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy. The results obtained showed that the addition of tungsten significantly refines the microstructure of the alloy already in the cast state. There is a reduction in the coarse-grained morphology of the primary α-Al phase and a significant refinement of the eutectic silicon, which changes its original shape to a finer and more compact one. At higher tungsten concentrations, extensive clusters of fine grains were observed, indicating its effective role in the heterogeneous nucleation of the eutectic phase. Another key finding is its ability to suppress undesirable iron-rich intermetallic phases, particularly β−Al5FeSi acicular structures, which are transformed into shorter and more compact shapes. The combination of tungsten and T7 heat treatment further enhanced the synergistic effect and accelerated the spheroidization of eutectic silicon, promoting the formation of an almost perfect spheroidal morphology. At the same time, a significant modification of the Fe-phase shape to a less critical morphology was achieved.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Sýkorová
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bolibruchová
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, Slovak Republic.
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Abstract

The presence of iron (Fe) in foundry Al-Si alloys significantly impacts the properties of the final castings. Iron tends to form hard, brittle, needle-like β-Al₅FeSi phases that act as stress concentrators, leading to reduced ductility and toughness. Transforming the morphology of Fe phases is essential, especially for aluminum alloys intended for large-scale castings where structural integrity is crucial. Niobium acts as a potential inoculating element and modifier that favorably influences the morphology and size of Fe phases. This study focuses on the effect of niobium (Nb) on the morphology and size of iron (Fe) phases. The study showed that adding Nb resulted in favorable fragmentation and size reduction of the needle-like β-Al₅FeSi phases. Changes in the morphology of Fe-rich phases can positively impact the foundry, mechanical, and physical properties of the alloy under investigation. From this perspective, niobium appears to be a promising inoculating element for aluminum alloys.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Sýkorová
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bolibruchova
1
M. Matejka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Žilina, Slovak Republic.
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Abstract

This study investigates the mechanical behaviour of the AlSi9Cu1 alloy after T6 heat treatment, with a focus on its strain hardening response. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on heat-treated specimens to determine the strain hardening exponent n and the strength coefficient K. These parameters were subsequently used to assess the alloy’s potential for strain strengthening during mechanical surface treatments such as roller burnishing, shot peening, and grit blasting. The results indicate that specimens subjected to artificial aging within the peak-aged condition exhibited the highest values of strain hardening exponent n and strength coefficient K, implying the greatest capacity for strain hardening under plastic deformation. Conversely, the lowest hardening potential was observed in specimens exposed to overaged conditions, where both n and K were significantly reduced. These findings underscore the strong dependence of strain hardening behaviour on the thermal exposure parameters applied during aging.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Frátrik
1
ORCID: ORCID
E. Kantoríková
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Žilina, Slovak Republic.
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Abstract

The melting of lanthanum, a rare metal, requires a temperature of around 920 °C, which is relatively low compared to the melting points of other rare earth metals. Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metal that has wide industrial applications, particularly in the production of hydrogen fuel cells and other technologies. Lanthanum and its alloys, especially those combined with other rare earth elements like cerium and neodymium, exhibit excellent hydrogen absorption capabilities. This makes them ideal materials for use in hydrogen storage systems. Lanthanum alloys can efficiently store hydrogen at high pressures and low temperatures, enabling hydrogen storage for later use in energy applications. Given the growing demand for materials used in hydrogen technologies, there is an increasing focus on the recycling of these metals. Recycling lanthanum and its alloys is crucial for sustainability, as rare earth elements are limited, and their mining can have negative environmental impacts. Effective recycling not only conserves natural resources but also reduces the environmental burden associated with the extraction and production of these materials. Rare metal recycling technologies can significantly contribute to the development of sustainable energy, which is vital for the future of clean and renewable energy.
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Authors and Affiliations

F. Radkovský
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Smetana
1
M. Kawuloková
1

  1. VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Abstract

The article presents the results of hot rolling tests on a feedstock composed of S355J2 and NANOS-BA® steel layers into flat bars. The study was carried out to assess the susceptibility of the materials to create S355J2/NANOS-BA clad plates in the hot rolled bonding process. The subject of the article are the phenomena occurring during the connection of well-weldable S355J2 structural steel with ferritic-pearlitic microstructure with nano-structured, non-weldable NANOS-BA® steel with nanobainitic microstructure in the process of hot rolling and heat treatment. The microstructure and selected strength properties of high-strength clad plates are described after hot rolling with integrated inter-operational annealing at 690°C for 4 h and after additional isothermal annealing at 210°C for 120 h. As a result of hot rolled bonding process with two-stage heat treatment process a durable combination of S355J2 and NANOS-BA® steels with high mechanical properties was obtained, including: Rm>1199 MPa and A=14%, without microscopically visible cracks in the joined plane. High-strength laminated flat bars combining the features of the component layers such as high strength, ballistic and abrasive resistance, while maintaining good plasticity, weldability and relatively low production costs may be the answer to the current industry demand.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Walnik
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Woźniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Adamczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Bagińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Żak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Poland.
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Abstract

This paper presents a novel method for producing aluminium matrix composites reinforced with short carbon fibers. The composite casting process was preceded by studies on the determination of heat treatment parameters of gypsum molds. Taking into account the decomposition temperature of carbon fibers of 396˚C in an oxygen atmosphere, tests were carried out to verify the possibility of casting in a mold annealed at 380˚C. For this purpose, the moisture content of the gypsum mass was annealed at 730˚C and 380˚C was compared. The effect of a lower annealing temperature on the roughness of the aluminium matrix was also investigated, and a composite casting was made by saturating the CF preform with an aluminium alloy. The obtained castings were subjected to metallographic analysis. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that it is possible to obtain an Al/CF composite without the use of additional protective coatings and high saturation pressures, which increase production costs.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Szymańska
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Szymański
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Szymański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Material Technology, Piotrowo 3 Street, Poznań, 61-138, Poland.
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Abstract

This study examines the influence of plaster-based flask mould cooling conditions on the as cast structure and properties of AlSi10Mg alloy. The aim was to describe how different combinations of pouring and mould temperatures affect the alloy’s behaviour during solidification. While the effect of pouring temperature on casting properties is well known, this study extends the analysis to explore the impact of mould preheating, providing a broader understanding of how cooling rates influence microstructure, fluidity, linear thermal expansion, and mechanical properties such as tensile and compressive strength. These parameters were assessed under different casting conditions. Microstructure analysis combined optical observation and quantitative SDAS measurement. The results confirmed that lower mould temperatures (25 °C) produced finer-grained structures with fewer shrinkage cavities and porosities, resulting in higher mechanical properties. However, these conditions reduced fluidity and increased thermal expansion. In contrast, moulds preheated to 580 °C improved fluidity and reduced thermal expansion but led to coarser microstructures and lower mechanical properties. The study identified the optimal casting conditions for balancing fluidity, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. Lower mould temperatures (25 °C) combined with higher pouring temperatures (680 °C or 730 °C) helped offset the reduced fluidity caused by rapid cooling, while still maintaining acceptable mechanical properties and relatively low thermal expansion. The results also showed that using extremely high mould temperatures significantly reduces mechanical performance. For practical applications, preheating moulds to more moderate temperatures would provide a better balance across all measured properties. Future research could further refine these temperature ranges to optimize process parameters for geometrically complex and thin-walled castings, as well as other demanding applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Miczková
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Lichý
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Abstract

In the article, changes in the total volume of casting production over the past 60 years are discussed, both on a global scale and in Poland. It was found, among others, that while in Poland the maximum volume of this type of production, at the level of approximately 2.5 million tons, occurred in the mid-1970s, in the case of global production the maximum output (about 120 million tons) was recorded in 2023. The study compares the shares of different types of cast iron and steel castings in the total production of ferrous alloy castings, both worldwide and in Poland, during the considered period of approximately 60 years. It was found, among others, that spheroidal graphite cast iron has been gaining increasing interest as a foundry material, whereas in the production of ferrous alloy castings, the share of grey cast iron and steel castings has been decreasing. Among non-ferrous metals, aluminium alloys have been clearly gaining in importance. Based on the collected data, it was observed that casting production, particularly in the last 20 years, has “shifted” from Europe and the USA to Asian countries, mainly China and India. The article characterises in more detail the changes in the volume of casting production from the basic foundry alloys, both on a global scale and in Poland, as well as in several selected countries belonging to the group of leaders. It was found, among others, that while currently the largest casting production is characteristic of the Chinese industry, the highest average annual growth rate of ferrous alloy casting production in the years 2001–2023 was recorded by the Indian industry. In the past period of over 20 years in Poland, the fastest growth was observed in the production of aluminium alloy castings.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Soiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Jakubus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jakub from Paradyz Academy in Gorzow Wielkopolski, 52 Fryderyk Chopin Street, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
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Abstract

The early detection and classification of surface defects in metallic materials is essential for ensuring product quality and reliability in industrial production. In this study, we evaluated and compared five recent versions of the YOLO convolutional neural network architecture (YOLOv8x, YOLOv9e, YOLOv10x, YOLOv11x, and YOLOv12x) applied to five publicly available datasets specialized in metallic defect detection (AlcastXray, Castings, GC10-DET, NEU-SEG, and Severstal SDD). All models were trained under uniform conditions and assessed using Precision, Recall, mAP50, mAP50–95, and deployment-oriented efficiency metrics, including inference speed, throughput, GPU memory usage, and power draw. The results show that YOLOv9e consistently achieved the highest detection accuracy (mAP50 up to 0.982), while YOLOv8x provided the fastest inference (>47 FPS), making it suitable for real-time applications. YOLOv10x, the most lightweight model, delivered a favorable trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency, suggesting strong potential for edge deployment. These findings provide practical insights for selecting YOLO-based architectures according to specific industrial requirements in metallic surface defect inspection.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Bumbálek
1
T. Zoubek
1
J. Majerník
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. de Dieu Marcel Ufitikirezi
1
S.N. Umurungi
1
K. Šramhauser
1
F. Špalek
1

  1. University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Czech Republic.

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Publication Ethics Policy


Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

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6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

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2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure


Review Procedure


The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.


The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject


5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors


Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject


The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland


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