Science and earth science

Polish Polar Research

Description

The quarterly Polish Polar Research edited by the Committee on Polar Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences is an international journal publishing original research articles presenting the results of studies carried out in polar regions.

All papers are peer-reviewed and published in English.

The Editorial Advisory Board includes renowned scientist from Poland and from abroad.

Polish Polar Research is indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Cold Regions Bibliography, Antarctic Literature, Geological Abstracts, Polish Scientific Journals Contents - Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Quarterly Review, and Zoological Record.

Journal Metrics:
Impact Factor 2022: 1.3
CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 2.4
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2022: 0.288
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.512

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ISSN

ISSN 0138-0338, eISSN 2081-8262

Publishers

Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee on Polar Research

Editorial Advisory Board

Robert BIALIK (Warszawa, Poland)

Magda BŁAŻEWICZ (Łódź, Poland)

Alistair CRAME (Cambridge, UK)

Josef ELSTER (České Budějovice, Czechia)

Jacek JANIA (Sosnowiec, Poland)

Cezary KABAŁA (Wrocław, Poland)

Jerónimo LÓPEZ-MARTINEZ (Madrid, Spain)

Krzysztof MIGAŁA (Wrocław, Poland)

Jerzy NAWROCKI (Warszawa, Poland)

Maria OLECH (Kraków, Poland)

Sergej OLENIN (Klaipeda, Litva)

Sandra PASSCHIER (Montclair, USA)

Jan PAWŁOWSKI (Sopot, Poland)

Żaneta POLKOWSKA (Gdańsk, Poland)

Gerhard SCHMIEDL (Hamburg, Germany)

Peter SCHWEITZER (Vienna, Austria)

Janne SOREIDE (UNIS, Svalbard)

Lech STEMPNIEWICZ (Gdańsk, Poland)

Mateusz STRZELECKI (Wrocław, Poland)

Witold SZCZUCIŃSKI (Poznań, Poland)

Slawek TULACZYK (Santa Cruz, USA)

Jan Marcin WĘSŁAWSKI (Sopot, Poland) - President

Editor-in-Chief

Wojciech MAJEWSKI (Geosciences), Institute of Paleobiology PAS, Poland

e-mail: wmaj@twarda.pan.pl

Co-Editors:

Monika KĘDRA (Life Sciences), Institute of Oceanology PAS, Poland
e-mail: kedra@iopan.gda.pl

Michał ŁUSZCZUK (Social Science and Humanities), UMCS, Poland
e-mail: michal.luszczuk@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl

Associate Editors

Piotr JADWISZCZAK (Białystok),

e-mail: piotrj@uwb.edu.pl

Ewa ŁUPIKASZA (Sosnowiec)

e-mail: ewa.lupikasza@us.edu.pl

Krzysztof ZAWIERUCHA (Poznań)

email: k.p.zawierucha@gmail.com

Editorial Advisory Board

Robert BIALIK (Warszawa, Poland)

Magda BŁAŻEWICZ (Łódź, Poland)

Alistair CRAME (Cambridge, UK)

Josef ELSTER (České Budějovice, Czechia)

Jacek JANIA (Sosnowiec, Poland)

Cezary KABAŁA (Wrocław, Poland)

Jerónimo LÓPEZ-MARTINEZ (Madrid, Spain)

Krzysztof MIGAŁA (Wrocław, Poland)

Jerzy NAWROCKI (Warszawa, Poland)

Maria OLECH (Kraków, Poland)

Sergej OLENIN (Klaipeda, Litva)

Sandra PASSCHIER (Montclair, USA)

Jan PAWŁOWSKI (Sopot, Poland)

Żaneta POLKOWSKA (Gdańsk, Poland)

Gerhard SCHMIEDL (Hamburg, Germany)

Peter SCHWEITZER (Vienna, Austria)

Janne SOREIDE (UNIS, Svalbard)

Lech STEMPNIEWICZ (Gdańsk, Poland)

Mateusz STRZELECKI (Wrocław, Poland)

Witold SZCZUCIŃSKI (Poznań, Poland)

Slawek TULACZYK (Santa Cruz, USA)

Jan Marcin WĘSŁAWSKI (Sopot, Poland) - President

Geosciences
Wojciech MAJEWSKI
e-mail: wmaj@twarda.pan.pl
phone: (48 22) 697 88 53

Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
ul. Twarda 51/55
00-818 Warszawa, POLAND

Life Sciences
Monika KĘDRA
e-mail: kedra@iopan.gda.pl
phone: (48 58) 731 17 79

Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Powstańców Warszawy 55
81-712 Sopot, POLAND, P.O. Box 148

Social Science and Hummanities
Michał ŁUSZCZUK
e-mail: michal.luszczuk@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl
phone: (48 81) 537 68 99

Instytut Geografii Społeczno-Ekonomicznej i Gospodarki Przestrzennej UMCS
Al. Kraśnicka 2D
20-718 Lublin, POLAND

Polish Polar Research is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Content

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2

1 Preface

Saskia Brix , Karin Meißner , Bente Stransky , Kenneth M. Halanych , Robert M. Jennings , Kevin M. Kocot , Jörundur Svavarsson

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 141-150 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0010

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Authors and Affiliations

Saskia Brix

Karin Meißner

Bente Stransky

Kenneth M. Halanych

Robert M. Jennings

Kevin M. Kocot

Jörundur Svavarsson

2 Marine Environment Around Iceland: Hydrography, Sediments and First Predictive Models of Icelandic Deep-sea Sediment Characteristics

Alexandra Ostmann , Sarah Schnurr , Pedro Martínez Arbizu

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 151-176 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0021

Keywords: Icelandic waters MARS and randomForest models sediments IceAGE project

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Abstract

Sediment samples and hydrographic conditions were studied at 28 stations around Iceland. At these sites, Conductivity−Temperature−Depth (CTD) casts were conducted to collect hydrographic data and multicorer casts were conducted to collect data on sediment characteristics including grain size distribution, carbon and nitrogen concentration, and chloroplastic pigment concentration. A total of 14 environmental predictors were used to model sediment characteristics around Iceland on regional scale. Two approaches were used: Multivariate Adaptation Regression Splines (MARS) and randomForest regression models. RandomForest outperformed MARS in predicting grain size distribution. MARS models had a greater tendency to over− and underpredict sediment values in areas outside the environmental envelope defined by the training dataset. We provide first GIS layers on sediment characteristics around Iceland, that can be used as predictors in future models. Although models performed well, more samples, especially from the shelf areas, will be needed to improve the models in future.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alexandra Ostmann

Sarah Schnurr

Pedro Martínez Arbizu

3 Benthic Habitats Around Iceland Investigated During the IceAGE Expeditions

Karin Meißner , Nils Brenke , Jörundur Svavarsson

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 177-202 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0016

Keywords: Icelandic waters North Atlantic benthic habitat sediment characteristics visual assessment

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Abstract

During the IceAGE ( Icelandic marine Animals – Genetics and Ecology ) expeditions in waters around Iceland and the Faroe Islands in 2011 and 2013, visual assessments of habitats and the study of surface sediment characteristics were undertaken in 119–2750 m water depth. Visual inspection was realized by means of an epibenthic sled equipped with a digital underwater video camcorder and a still camera. For determination of surface sediment characteristics a subsample of sediment from box corer samples or different grabs was collected and analyzed in the lab. Muddy bottoms predominated in the deep basins (Iceland Basin, Irminger Basin, deep Norwegian and Iceland Seas), while sand and gravel dominated on the shelves and the ridges, and in areas with high currents. Organic contents were highest in the deep Norwegian and Iceland Seas and in the Iceland Basin, and at these sites dense aggregations of mobile epibenthic organisms were observed. Large dropstones were abundant in the Iceland Sea near the shelf and in the Denmark Strait. The dropstones carried diverse, sessile epibenthic fauna, which may be underestimated using traditional sampling gear. The paper supplies new background information for studies based on IceAGE material, especially studies related to ecology and taxonomy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karin Meißner

Nils Brenke

Jörundur Svavarsson

4 Field and Laboratory Methods for DNA Studies on Deep-sea Isopod Crustaceans

Torben Riehl , Nils Brenke , Saskia Brix , Amy Driskell , Stefanie Kaiser , Angelika Brandt

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 203-224 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0018

Keywords: Icelandic waters PCR DNA sequencing barcoding Janiroidea benthos bathyal abyssal

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Abstract

Field and laboratory protocols that originally led to the success of published studies have previously been only briefly laid out in the methods sections of scientific publications. For the sake of repeatability, we regard the details of the methodology that allowed broad−range DNA studies on deep−sea isopods too valuable to be neglected. Here, a com− prehensive summary of protocols for the retrieval of the samples, fixation on board research vessels, PCR amplification and cycle sequencing of altogether six loci (three mitochondrial and three nuclear) is provided. These were adapted from previous protocols and developed especially for asellote Isopoda from deep−sea samples but have been successfully used in some other peracarids as well. In total, about 2300 specimens of isopods, 100 amphipods and 300 tanaids were sequenced mainly for COI and 16S and partly for the other markers. Although we did not set up an experimental design, we were able to analyze amplification and sequencing success of different methods on 16S and compare success rates for COI and 16S. The primer pair 16S SF/SR was generally reliable and led to better results than universal primers in all studied Janiroidea, except Munnopsidae and Dendrotionidae. The widely applied universal primers for the barcoding region of COI are problematic to use in deep−sea isopods with a success rate of 45–79% varying with family. To improve this, we recommend the development of taxon−specific primers.

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Authors and Affiliations

Torben Riehl

Nils Brenke

Saskia Brix

Amy Driskell

Stefanie Kaiser

Angelika Brandt

5 A Multi-gene Analysis Reveals Multiple Highly Divergent Lineages of The Isopod Chelator Insignis (Hansen, 1916) South of Iceland

Saskia Brix , Jörundur Svavarsson , Florian Leese

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 225-242 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0015

Keywords: Icelandic waters Desmosomatidae distribution phylogeography genetic diversity DNA barcoding

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Abstract

The eurybathic isopod species Chelator insignis shows a wide distribution south of Iceland. We analysed 51 specimens from shelf (213–305 m depth), slope (885–891 m and 1380–1390 m depth) and deep−sea habitats (2750 m) south of Iceland with different DNA markers. A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was studied for 47 specimens, 16S was studied for 36 specimens, and a fragment for the 18S rRNA gene could be amplified for 11 specimens. For the COI data, specimens clustered into five distinct lineages each separated by ³ 20% uncorrected pairwise distances. Both the mitochondrial 16S and the nuclear 18S sequence data further support this deep divergence, suggesting the presence of overlooked species inside the nominal C. insignis . Populations on the shelf occurring east and west of the Reykjanes Ridge were genetically identical suggesting that this ridge is not a barrier to gene flow. However, populations from different depth ranges differed substantially. Our multi−gene analysis suggests that the newly found species likely have more narrow vertical distribution ranges and highlights a possible role of bathymetry in speciation processes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Saskia Brix

Jörundur Svavarsson

Florian Leese

6 Molecular Species Delimitation of Icelandic Brittle Stars (Ophiuroidea)

Pedro Martínez Arbizu , Sahar Khodami , Sabine Stöhr , Silke Laakmann

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 243-260 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0011

Keywords: Icelandic waters ophiuroids echinoderms ABGD COI GMYC SSU

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Abstract

Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) comprise over 2,000 species, all of which inhabit marine environments and can be abundant in the deep sea. Morphological plasticity in number and shape of skeletal parts, as well as variable colors, can complicate correct species identification. Consequently, DNA sequence analysis can play an important role in species identification. In this study we compared the genetic variability of the mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit I gene (COI) and the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU, 18S rDNA) to morphological identification of 66 specimens of 11 species collected from the North Atlantic in Icelandic waters. Also two species delimitation tools, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and General Mixed Yule Coalescence Method (GMYC) were performed to test species hypotheses. The analysis of both gene fragments was successful to discriminate between species and provided new insights into some morphological species hypothesis. Although less divergent than COI, it is helpful to use the SSU region as a complementary fragment to the barcoding gene.

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Authors and Affiliations

Pedro Martínez Arbizu

Sahar Khodami

Sabine Stöhr

Silke Laakmann

7 Phylogeographic Estimates of Colonization of The Deep Atlantic by The Protobranch Bivalve Nucula Atacellana

Robert M. Jennings , Ron J. Etter

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 261-278 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0017

Keywords: Icelandic waters Protobranchia population genetics species origin North Atlantic demographics

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Abstract

The Pleistocene and post−Pleistocene evolutionary history of many North Atlantic intertidal invertebrate species is well known, but the evolutionary history of the deep North Atlantic fauna is poorly understood, specifically whether colonization of the deep North Atlantic paralleled the patterns observed in shallow water. Contemporary pan−Atlantic species distributions could result from several colonization pathways that connected different regions of the Atlantic at different times ( e.g. Arctic, Antarctic or Panamanian path− ways). To test potential colonization pathways we quantified geographic variation in nu− clear and mitochondrial markers from Atlantic samples of Nucula atacellana, a pan−Atlantic deep−sea protobranch bivalve, using N. profundorum in the eastern central Pacific as an outgroup. We combined existing 16S data from North and South Atlantic populations of N. atacellana with new sequences of 16S, COI, and an intron of calmodulin from those populations, and newly sampled populations near Iceland. Population genetic analyses indicated a subtropical expansion via the Central American Seaway. We found no evidence for Transarctic migration to the Atlantic in N. atacellana , which suggests that colonization pathways may differ significantly between shallow− and deep−water fauna.

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Authors and Affiliations

Robert M. Jennings

Ron J. Etter

8 Diversity of Caudofoveata (Mollusca) Around Iceland and Description of Psilodens Balduri sp. n.

Nina T. Mikkelsen , Christiane Todt

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 279-290 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0014

Keywords: Icelandic waters Aplacophora Chaetodermomorpha Psilodens taxonomy biogeography

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Abstract

The first records from samples from the IceAGE cruise ME85/3 in 2011 include seven species of Caudofoveata with a distribution range in Icelandic waters. From this first cruise of the project, two new records for Iceland have been registered. Psilodens balduri sp. n. is new to science and Falcidens halanychi , with a known distribution in the American North−Atlantic, is new to Iceland. The current study thus increases the number of known caudofoveate species around Iceland to nine.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nina T. Mikkelsen

Christiane Todt

9 New Records for The Solenogaster Proneomenia Sluiteri (Mollusca) from Icelandic Waters and Description of Proneomenia Custodiens sp. n.

Christiane Todt , Kevin M. Kocot

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 291-310 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0012

Keywords: Icelandic waters Aplacophora Neomeniomorpha brooding taxonomy

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Abstract

During August–September 2011, scientists aboard the R/V Meteor sampled marine animals around Iceland for the IceAGE project (Icelandic marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology). The last sample was taken at a site known as “The Rose Garden” off north− eastern Iceland and yielded a large number of two species of Proneomenia (Mollusca, Aplacophora, Solenogastres, Cavibelonia, Proneomeniidae). We examined isolated sclerites, radulae, and histological section series for both species. The first, Proneomenia sluiteri Hubrecht, 1880, was originally described from the Barents Sea. This is the first record of this species in Icelandic waters. However, examination of aplacophoran lots collected during the earlier BIOICE campaign revealed additional Icelandic localities from which this species was collected previously. The second represents a new species of Proneomenia, which, unlike other known representatives of the genus, broods juveniles in the mantle cavity. We provide a formal description, proposing the name Proneomenia custodiens sp. n. Interestingly, the sclerites of brooded juveniles are scales like those found in the putatively plesiomorphic order Pholidoskepia rather than hollow needles like those of the adults of this species. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA barcode sequences are provided for both species of Proneomenia .

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Authors and Affiliations

Christiane Todt

Kevin M. Kocot

10 Diversity and Taxonomy of Ampharetidae (Polychaeta) from Icelandic Waters

Julio Parapar , Gudmundur V. Helgason , Igor Jirkov , Juan Moreira

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 311-340 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0019

Keywords: Icelandic waters Polychaeta Ampharetidae diversity distribution BIOICE

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Abstract

Based on material collected during the BIOICE project off Iceland, the taxonomy and distribution of seventeen species (11 genera) of polychaetous annelids belonging to the family Ampharetidae (Annelida; Polychaeta) is reviewed. Eleven of these species were previously reported in the area or nearby areas: Amage auricula , Anobothrus gracilis , Glyp− hanostomum pallescens , Grubianella klugei , Lysippe fragilis , L. labiata , L. sexcirrata , L. vanelli , Samythella elongata, Sosane bathyalis and S. wireni . Five species, Amage benhami, Melinnampharete eoa, Noanelia hartmanae , Ymerana pteropoda and Zatsepinia rittichae , either never or only once reported after original description, are redescribed or discussed. A potentially new species, Amage sp., is described but not named because only one specimen is present. Several body characters of high taxonomic relevance in Ampharetidae are reviewed using SEM. The distribution of each species off Iceland is provided.

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Authors and Affiliations

Julio Parapar

Gudmundur V. Helgason

Igor Jirkov

Juan Moreira

11 Deep-sea Benthic Ostracodes from Multiple Core and Epibenthic Sledge Samples in Icelandic Waters

Moriaki Yasuhara , Maria Grimm , Simone N. Brandão , Anna Jöst , Hisayo Okahashi , Hokuto Iwatani , Alexandra Ostmann , Pedro Martínez Arbizu

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 341-360 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0001

Keywords: Icelandic Ostracoda shelf−edge lower−bathyal IceAGE biogeography

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Abstract

Deep−sea benthic Ostracoda (Crustacea) in Icelandic waters are poorly known. Here we report deep−sea ostracode assemblages from the multiple core (MUC) and the epibenthic sledge (EBS) samples collected from Icelandic waters by the first cruise of the IceAGE (Icelandic Marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology) project. Samples from shelf − −edge and lower−bathyal working areas are examined. The results show (1) distinct MUC and EBS faunas due to the large difference in mesh size of MUC and EBS; and (2) distinct shelf−edge and lower−bathyal ostracode faunas. Such remarkable faunal turnover from shelf to bathyal depths is similar to the faunal turnovers reported from depth transects in the adjacent regions of the western North Atlantic Ocean, the Greenland Sea, and the North Sea, but, at the same time, there are certain differences in the faunal composition between the Icelandic waters and these adjacent regions. In addition, we illustrate many Icelandic deep−sea ostracode species with high−resolution scanning electron microscopy and composite all−in−focus stereomicroscopic images for the first time. These results provide important basic information on deep−sea ostracode research and biogeography of this important region connecting North Atlantic proper and Nordic Seas.

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Authors and Affiliations

Moriaki Yasuhara

Maria Grimm

Simone N. Brandão

Anna Jöst

Hisayo Okahashi

Hokuto Iwatani

Alexandra Ostmann

Pedro Martínez Arbizu

12 Two New Species of The Genus Eurycope (Isopoda, Munnopsidae) from Icelandic Waters

Sarah Schnurr , Marina V. Malyutina

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 361-388 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0013

Keywords: Icelandic waters Eurycope elianae Eurycope aculeata BIOICE IceAGE

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Abstract

Collections of munnopsid isopods of the BIOICE (Benthic Invertebrates of Icelandic Waters; 1991–2004) and the IceAGE1 (Icelandic Marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology; since 2011) expeditions included ten species of the genus Eurycope G.O. Sars, 1864, thereof are two species new to science. Thus, the descriptions of the two new species are presented herein. Eurycope elianae sp. n. is distinguished from the other species of the genus mainly by two long, slightly robust, simple setae on the tip of the rostrum in combination with the size and shape of the rostrum itself. E elianae sp. n. shares the presence of two long, slightly robust, simple seta on the tip of the rostrum with E. tumidicarpus . The shape of the rostrum itself is more similar to E. inermis and species of the E. complanata complex. E. aculeata sp. n. is characterized by possessing dorsomedial acute projections on pereonites 5–7, which is unusual for the genus. E. aculeata sp. n. is most similar to E. cornuta . Both new species are, so far, known only from localities south of the Greenland−Scotland Ridge.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sarah Schnurr

Marina V. Malyutina

13 Zoidbergus, A New Genus of Apseudidae (Tanaidacea) with Remarks on Apseudes Siegi and Apseudes Vitjazi

Piotr Jóźwiak

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 389-414 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0020

Keywords: Icelandic waters Apseudomorpha Apseudes Zoidbergus deep−sea

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Abstract

Zoidbergus , a new genus of Apseudidae, is described for deep−water Tanaidacea classified previously in the genus Apseudes : A. abyssalis , A. lagenirostris , A. paragracilis , A. tenuimanus , A. tenuis and A. vicinus . The new genus differs from Apseudes s. str. by having acute eyelobes without visual elements, elongated second article of mandibular palp, and carpus of pereopods 2–3 longer than or as long as propodus. Zoidbergus gen. n. can also be distinguished from Apseudes s. str. by the lack of large bases of pereopods 5–6 covered by numerous plumose setae as well as the lack of dense plumose setation on lateral margins of pereonites and pleonites. By general body habitus and structure of pereopods Zoidbergus gen. n. resembles the apseudid genus Leviapseudes , although the genera can be distinguished by the presence of leaf−shaped seta and elongated pereonites 3–6 in Leviapseudes . Based on specimens collected during the IceAGE1 Cruise in September 2011, Zoidbergus tenuis is redescribed and morphology of an undescribed species Zoidbergus sp. A is provided. Supplementary description for Zoidbergus vicinus is given based on type material from Statens Naturhistoriske Museum, University of Copenhagen. Additionally comments on the other deep water Apseudes species: A. siegi and A. vitjazi , are given.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Jóźwiak

14 Discovery of Swimming Males of Paratanaoidea (Tanaidacea)

Magdalena Błażewicz-Paszkowycz , Robert M. Jennings , Karen Jeskulke , Saskia Brix

Polish Polar Research | 2014 | No 2 | 415-453 | DOI: 10.2478/popore−2014−0022

Keywords: Icelandic waters IceAGE Crustacea sexual dimorphism biodiversity barcoding

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Abstract

In Tanaidacea morphological identification of male individuals to the species level is complicated by two factors: the presence of multiple male stages/instars confuse the assessment of sexual stage while strong sexual dimorphism within several families obscures the morphological affinities of undescribed males to described females. Males of Paratanaoidea are often morphologically quite different from females and have not been discovered for most genera so far, which has led to the assumption that some tanaidaceans might have parthenogenetic reproduction or simply have undeveloped secondary sex traits. As a part of the IceAGE project (Icelandic marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology), with the support of molecular methods, the first evidence for the existence of highly dimorphic (swimming) males in four families of the superfamily Paratanaoidea (Agathotanaidae, Cryptocopidae, Akanthophoreidae, and Typhlotanaidae) is presented. This study suggests that these males might be the next instars after juvenile or preparatory males, which are morphologically similar to females. It has been assumed that “juvenile” males with a restricted ability for swimming ( e.g. , undeveloped pleopods) have matured testes, are capable of reproduction, and mate with females nearby, while swimming males can mate with distant females. Our explanation of the dimorphism in Tanaidomorpha lies in the fact that males of some species ( e.g. , Nototanais ) retain the same lifestyle or niche as the females, so secondary traits improve their ability to guard females and successfully mate. Males of other species that have moved into a regime (niche) different than that of the female have acquired complex morphological changes ( e.g. , Typhlotanais ).

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Błażewicz-Paszkowycz

Robert M. Jennings

Karen Jeskulke

Saskia Brix

Instructions for authors

The quarterly Polish Polar Research invites original scientific papers dealing with all aspects of polar research. The journal aims to provide a forum for publication of high-quality research papers, which are of international interest.

We warmly welcome review papers and proposals for thematic Special Issues.

Articles must be written in English. Authors are requested to have their manuscript read by a person fluent in English before submission. They should not be longer than 30 typescript pages, including tables, figures and references. However, upon request, longer manuscripts may be considered for publication. All papers are peer-reviewed. With a submitted manuscript, authors should provide e-mail addresses of at least three suggested reviewers.

Submission of the manuscript should be supported with a declaration that the work described has not been published previously nor is under consideration by another journal.

For text submission, Word file format is preferred. Please use the PPRes style template when preparing the final version of your paper. Pay special attention to writing correctly the list of references with doi. Manuscripts which are not prepared in line with the template will be returned to the authors. Please submit your manuscripts using our online submission system.

The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges. No honorarium will be paid to authors for publishing papers.