Life Sciences and Agriculture

Journal of Water and Land Development

Content

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 53

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Abstract

Realising the need for improving irrigation system management, the Bahr Sanhoor Canal (BSC) was selected as a case study, and the effect of covering a reach with a concrete box culvert where the irrigation canal passes through a crowded rural area on the efficiency of the canal system was examined. The field inspection of the canal system revealed multiple problems. Two alternatives for improving irrigation management were introduced. A local alternative was offered by applying a suitable numerical model to enhance the efficiency of the current status of the canal system, the water level upstream of the covered part reached 13.54 m, this solution will lower the water levels by approximately 2 m, which is below the bank levels at an affordable cost. Additionally, it will help to avoid the risk of inundating the adjacent residential area. A sustainable and environmental alternative was considered to offer a new path in which the covered reach passed outside the residential area. This alternative is permanent and sustainable. Although the proposed second path to the right of the residential area is the long-term recommendation and is sustainable, any path of flow to either the left or right of the BSC will be associated with initial high costs. The two proposed alternatives may help decision makers improve the performance of irrigation systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amir Sabry Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Civil Engineering Department, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Abstract

Land suitability assessment is an important stage in land use planning that guides the direction of optimal land use. The objective of this study was to select a suitable location for settlements in earthquake-prone areas using the integration of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS). In total, six maps were considered to determine a suitable location for settlements, namely topography, soil, geology, land cover/land use, a regional spatial planning pattern map, and an earthquake vulnerability map. The results showed that in medium earthquake-prone areas, the suitable land area which are available for settlement was 90.25 km2 (46.36% of the total land area available – 194.68 km2). Whereas in highly earthquake-prone areas, the suitable and available land area was 528.11 km2 (70.25% of the total land area in the high vulnerability zone – 751.81 km2). The research proved that AHP and GIS integration is very effective and robust for mapping land suitability in earthquake-prone areas. The results of the analysis can be used by planners to prioritize settlement development in the Sukabumi regency. The methodology developed is recommended to be applied in selecting locations for settlements in other parts of Indonesia.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiwin Ambarwulan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Irmadi Nahib
1
ORCID: ORCID
Widiatmaka Widiatmaka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ratna Sari Dewi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sri Lestari Munajati
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yatin Suwarno
1
Dewayany Sutrisno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Suprajaka Suprajaka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Geospatial Information Agency, Centers for Research, Promotion and Cooperation, Jl Raya Jakarta Bogor KM 46 Cibinong, Bogor, West, 16911, Bogor, Indonesia
  2. Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Bogor, Indonesia
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Abstract

One of the main causes of damage to weirs regulating the flow of water in canals is local erosion of the bottom and banks. This is mainly due to the excessive kinetic energy of the stream flow and the uneven volumetric distribution of the water flow rate at the end of the strengthening. Due to this, 35–40% of hydraulic structures fail prematurely. The aim of the research was to determine the parameters of the spatial hydraulic jump arising behind the hydrotechnical structure and the rapid expansion of the cross-section. The research showed that the hydraulic jump with a curved cylinder in the plan is a spatial form and not only dissipates the energy of the stream, but also acts as a diffuser. With the stream expansion angle values in the range of 7–10°, a highly turbulent flow remains, which still has high kinetic energy at a distance from the end of the structure. At an angle of 25–27°, the flow is smooth, the velocity distribution is uniform across the width of the channel. In some cases, the forced expansion of the cross-section at the outflow of the weir favours the energy dissipation and uniform flow velocity distribution.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhuzbay Kassymbekov
1
Abai Shinibaev
1
Galimzhan Kassymbekov
1

  1. Satbayev University, Satpayev Str., 22, Almaty, 050013, Kazakhstan
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Abstract

In Vietnam, drought has been occurring persistently and in very complicated patterns, with a great impact on the water, energy, and food security nexus and regional development sustainability. The uncertainty surrounding annual water resources in combination with the low reliability of interbasin water transfer (IBWT) operations is the key driver of water deficits in several affected regions. This study aims to assess the impacts of four big IBWT projects in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, based on a proposed matrix of five evaluation criteria to quantify related impacts and to draw out lessons learned for future development of IBWT. The proposed criteria matrix was formulated on the basis of intensive reviews of IBWT assessments worldwide and relevant Vietnamese laws in force. The impacts were analysed and quantified mainly based on assessment of their operational database and water balance simulations for donor and recipient river basins in current and future states. The results show that the studied IBWT projects did not fully satisfy the proposed criteria set, all project did not meet the criteria of benefit sharing and information transparency; noticeably the Don Duong project fulfilled only one from five. Four lessons were determined for proper planning in river basins, flexibility in system design for unknown future, inadequate environmental impact assessment and delay in enactment of policies for IBWT project management. The results provide sound knowledge to revise the existing projects in the Central Highlands and procedures for impact assessment and approval of new IBWT systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dang Thi Kim Nhung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nguyen Van Manh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nguyen Quang Kim
2

  1. Institute of Water Resources Planning, Division for Water Resources Planning for South Central and Central Highland Region, 162A Tran Quang Khai, Hoan Kiem, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
  2. Thuy Loi University (TLU), Hanoi, Vietnam
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Abstract

Quality assessment of shallow groundwater table is very important because it is the water that recharges deeper aquifers and constantly feeds the water levels of our surface streams and wetlands. Continuous monitoring of large number of quality parameters is essential for effective maintenance of water quality through appropriate control measures. However, it is very difficult and laborious task for regular monitoring of all the parameters even if adequate manpower and laboratory facilities are available. Therefore, this study presents the statistical analysis of physico- chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl, CO3, SO4, TH, B, F) using correlation and Principal Component Analysis. The statistical analysis of the groundwater quality variables indicated that most of the variables are highly correlated. The strong correlation is an opportunity to develop a regression equation and monitor using few parameters. This provides an easy and rapid method of continuous groundwater quality monitoring. Moreover, groundwater of the area showed significant compositional variation. The compositional variability has implications for the source and origin of groundwater quality in the study area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Megersa Olumana Dinka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Civil Engineering Sciences, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract

Atmospheric precipitation is the major input to the soil water balance. Its amount, intensity, and temporal distribution have an indubitable influence on soil moisture. The aim of the study (conducted in the years 2010–2013) was to evaluate soil water balance in an apple orchard as determined by daily rainfall. The amount and intensity of rainfall and daily evapotranspiration were measured using an automatic weather station. Changes in soil water content was carried out using capacitance probes placed at a depth of 20, 40 and 60 cm. The most common were single events of rainfall of up to 0.2 mm, while 1.3–3.6 mm rains delivered the greatest amount of water. A significant correlation was found between the amount of daily rainfall and changes in water content of individual soil layers. The 15–45 cm and 15–65 cm layers accumulated the greatest amount of high rainfall. The study showed a significant influence of the initial soil moisture on changes in the water content of the analysed layers of the soil profile. The lower its initial moisture content was, the more rainwater it was able to accumulate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Treder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Klamkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Tryngiel-Gać
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The National Institute of Horticultural Research, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents an assessment of the effects of anthropogenic activities on the quality of water in four streams flowing through a camp based on a combined assessment of environmental impacts and the water quality index. The quantitative and qualitative assessment of environmental impact was made after identifying the anthropogenic activities carried out in the camp. The water quality index ( WQI) was calculated after monitoring seventeen physicochemical and microbiological variables and the Montoya index was applied. The samples were collected during 48 sampling campaigns, organised over the period of six months in eight stations. Two stations were located in each stream, one before and one after it passed through the camp. The results indicated that streams 1, 3, and 4 show a slight deterioration in water quality, affected by anthropogenic activities carried out in the said camp; meanwhile, stream 2 shows an increasing deterioration in water quality. The water quality of the streams before passing through the camp was determined to be between “uncontaminated” and “acceptable”, while after passing through the camp it was classified between “acceptable” and “slightly contaminated”. The results indicated a non-significant difference between the downstream and upstream WQI values for streams 1, 3, and 4; while stream 2 did show a significant difference in the WQI between upstream and downstream; indicating that anthropogenic activities alter the quality of the water.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fernando García-Ávila
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magaly Jiménez-Ordóñez
1
Jessica Torres-Sánchez
1
Sergio Iglesias-Abad
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rita Cabello Torres
3
ORCID: ORCID
César Zhindón-Arévalo
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universidad de Cuenca, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cuenca, 010107, Ecuador
  2. Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Carrera de Ingeniería Ambiental, Ecuador
  3. Universidad César Vallejo, Professional School of Environmental Engineering, Lima, Perú
  4. Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Unidad Académica de Salud y Bienestar, Sede Azogues, Ecuador
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Abstract

Previous researchers have been widely studied the equation for calculating the energy dissipation in USBR Type IV, applied in the stilling basin structure as an energy dissipator. However, inefficient energy dissipating basins are commonly found in the field due to the large discharge and high water head, potentially damaging the bottom of the energy dissipating basin and its downstream river. Therefore, an energy dissipator plan fulfilling the safe specifications for the flow behaviour that occurred is required. This study aimed to determine the variation of the energy dissipators and evaluate their effect on the hydraulic jump and energy dissipation. For this purpose, a physical model was undertaken on the USBR Type IV spillway system. The novelty of this experiment showed that combination and modification dissipation features, such as floor elevation, end threshold and riprap lengthening, could effectively dissipate the impact of energy downstream. The final series exhibited a significantly higher Lj/y1 ratio, a favourable condition due to the compaction of the hydraulic jump. There was also a significant increase in the downstream tailwater depth (y2) during the jump formation. Therefore, the final series energy dissipator was better in the stilling basin design for hydraulic jump stability and compaction. The increase in energy dissipation for the final series type was the highest (98.4%) in Q2 and the lowest (84.8%) in Q10 compared to the original series. Therefore, this type can better reduce the cavitation risk damaging to the structure and downstream of the river.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alfiansyah Yulianur Bantacut
1
ORCID: ORCID
Azmeri Azmeri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Faris Zahran Jemi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ziana Ziana
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muslem Muslem
1

  1. Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Syech Abdur-Rauf No 7, Darussalam, 23111, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Department, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Abstract

Water scarcity is a phenomenon that is occurring more and more frequently in larger areas of Europe. As a result of drought, there are significant drops in yields. As demand for food continues to rise, it is becoming necessary to bring about a substantial increase in crop production. The best solution to water scarcity appears to be irrigation for crops that are particularly sensitive to drought. Today, many technical solutions are used to supply and distribute water to crops. The optimal solution is drip irrigation, which makes it possible to deliver water directly to the plant root system to save melting freshwater resources. In the article special attention was paid to methods of supplying electricity to power irrigation pumps. The analysis was made for areas with a significant distance between the agricultural land and the urbanised area (which has water and electricity). The authors have selected the parameters of an off-grid photovoltaic mini-hydropower plant with energy storage (with a power of 1.36 kW). An analysis was made of the profitability of such an investment and a comparison with other types of power supply. Based on the performed calculations, a prototype power supply system equipped with photovoltaic panels was made to show the real performance of the proposed system. The tests carried out showed that the irrigation pump will be powered most of the time with a voltage whose parameters will be very close to the nominal ones.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Skibko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wacław Romaniuk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Borusiewicz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Derehajło
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wiejska 45 D, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
  2. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Insitute, Falenty, Poland
  3. The Higher School of Agribusiness in Łomża, Poland
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Abstract

The purpose of the research is to summarise quantitative characteristics and to analyse the spatial distribution of artificial water bodies as anthropogenic fragmentation elements of medium and small rivers within the Dnipropetrovsk Region, Ukraine. The paper uses current data pertaining to existing reservoirs and mineralisation of water in rivers. Comparison included quantitative characteristics, water surface area, and the volume water in ponds and reservoirs. It has been established that although the total ratio was 97% for ponds to 3% for reservoirs, whereas their water surface area 48%, and the volume of water stored only 23% of the total resources. The paper shows the inexpediency and low efficiency of using ponds as water reservoirs feeding small rivers. Increasing the number of ponds in the river basin has a negative impact on the quality of water resources, in particular, by increasing water mineralisation – total dissolved solids ( TDS). Depending on the river, the following indicator of river basin fragmentation has been determined: 6–20 reservoirs per 100 km2 of the river catchment area, and on average 18–36 ponds and reservoirs are built for every 100 km of the river in relation to the length of the hydrographic network. It has shown the regularity of growing water mineralisation due to the fragmentation of rivers by a large number of artificial reservoirs. A strong correlation between regulation and fragmentation of river basins has been established (coefficient of determination R 2 ranges from 0.72 to 0.91). It proves the possibility to estimate the degree of change (increase) of water mineralisation based on the water flow coefficient K w and the river fragmentation coefficient K s fr in the Dnipropetrovsk Region. The paper offers ways of further research for planning and implementation of a water management strategy concerning ecologically safe levels of water use in small and medium-sized river basins.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hennadii Hapich
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vasyly Andrieiev
2
ORCID: ORCID
Volodymyr Kovalenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tatiana Makarova
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Faculty of Water Management Engineering and Ecology, Serhiia Yefremova St, 25, Dnipro, Dnipropetrovs’ka oblast, 49600, Ukraine
  2. Institute for Nature Management Problems and Ecology, Dnipro, Ukraine
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Abstract

Soil erosion has been severely affecting soil and water resources in semi-arid areas like the Mediterranean. In Morocco, this natural process is accelerated by anthropogenic activities, such as unsustainable soil management, overgrazing, and deforestation. With a drainage area of 395,600 ha, the Bouregreg River Watershed extends from the Middle Atlas Range (Jebel Mtourzgane) to the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (SMBA) dam reservoir south-east of Rabat. Its contrasted eco-geomorphological landscapes make it susceptible to unprecedented soil erosion due to climate change. Resulting changes in erosive dynamics led to huge amounts of solid loads transported to the catchment outlet and, thus, jeopardised the SMBA dam lifespan due to siltation.
The research aims to quantify the average annual soil losses in this watershed using the Revised Universal Equation of Soil Losses (RUSLE) within a GIS environment. To highlight shifts in land use/land cover patterns and their effects on erosional severity, we have resorted to remote sensing through two Landsat 8 satellite images captured in 2004 and 2019. The C factor was combined with readily available local data regarding major erosion factors, e.g. rainfall aggressiveness ( R), soil erodibility ( K), topography ( LS), and conservation practices ( P). The helped to map the erosion hazard and determine erosion prone areas within the watershed where appropriate water and conservation measures are to be considered. Accordingly, from 2004 to 2019, average annual soil losses increased from 11.78 to 18.38 t∙ha –1∙y –1, as the watershed area affected by strong erosion (>30 t∙ha –1∙y –1) evolved from 13.57 to 39.39%.

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Authors and Affiliations

Fouad Moudden
1
Mohammed El Hafyani
1
Anas El Ouali
2
Allal Roubil
1
Abdelhadi El Ouali
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ali Essahlaoui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Youssef Brouziyne
3

  1. Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Laboratory of Geoengineering and Environment, Research Group “Water Sciences and Environment Engineering, Zitoune, Meknes BP11201, Morocco
  2. Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Fez, Morocco
  3. Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, International Water Research Institute, Ben Guerir, Morocco
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Abstract

Rainfall forecast information is important for the planning and management of water resources and agricultural activities. Turksvygbult rainfall near the Magoebaskloof Dam (South Africa) has never been modelled and forecasted. Hence, the objective of this study was to forecast its monthly rainfall using the SARIMA model. GReTL and automatic XLSTAT software were used for forecasting. The trend of the long-term rainfall time series (TS) was tested by Mann–Kendall and its stationarity was proved by various unit root tests. The TS data from Oct 1976 to Sept 2015 were used for model training and the remaining data (Oct 2015 to Sept 2018) for validation. Then, all TS (Oct 1976 to Sept 2018) were used for out of sample forecasting. Several SARIMA models were identified using correlograms that were derived from seasonally differentiated TS. Model parameters were derived by the maximum likelihood method. Residual correlogram and Ljung–Box Q tests were used to check the forecast accuracy. Based on minimum Akaike information criteria (AI) value of 5642.69, SARIMA (2, 0, 3) (3, 1, 3) 12 model was developed using GReTL as the best of all models. SARIMA (1, 0, 1) (3, 1, 3) 12, with minimum AI value of 5647.79, was the second-best model among GReTl models. This second model was also the first best automatically selected model by XLSTAT. In conclusion, these two best models can be used by managers for rainfall forecasting and management of water resources and agriculture, and thereby it can contribute to economic growth in the study area. Hence, the developed SARIMA forecasting procedure can be used for forecasting of rainfall and other time series in different areas.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kassahun Birhanu Tadesse
1
ORCID: ORCID
Megersa Olumana Dinka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Civil Engineering Sciences, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract

The pot experiment was conducted to access the soil microorganisms biomass (physiological method – Substrate Induced Respiration) and emissions of N2O, CO2 and CH4 (photoacoustic infrared detection method), and grasses biomass (weight method). The obtained results of analysed gases were converted to CO2 equivalent. There was no effect of the microorganisms biomass on the N2O emissions. The increase in CO2 emissions was accompanied by an increase in the microorganisms biomass (r = 0.48) under the conditions of the I swath and acid soil reaction, as well as the II swath and neutral reaction ( r = 0.94). On the other hand, in the case of CH4 emission, such a relationship was noted both swaths under the conditions of neutral reaction ( r = 0.51), but a negative correlation ( r = –0.71) was noted for the acid reaction only at the II swath. The increase in the grasses biomass with the increase in the microorganisms biomass was recorded only at the II swath in neutral reaction ( r = 0.91). In a short period of time, with the neutral soil reaction with the increase in the soil microorganisms biomass, an increase in CO2 sequestration and biomass of cultivated grasses was noted. Information on the determination of the microorganisms groups responsible mainly for the transformation of carbon compounds and CO2 and CH4 emissions from the soils of grasslands would be valuable scientifically.
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Authors and Affiliations

Renata Gamrat
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Gałczyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Brysiewicz
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piastów 17, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
  2. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
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Abstract

In the present study, the removal capacity of Pb(II) ions was investigated using the biomass of dried cattle manure in an aqueous solution. The biomaterials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The results reveal that the adsorption mechanism may be associated with the interaction between Pb(II) ions and functional groups through aggregation, coordination, ion exchange, microprecipitation, oxidation, and hydrophobicity. The bio-adsorption of the metal was analysed in discontinuous tests; the effect of temperature, pH, agitation, and adsorbent dose was evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined at pH 7.5, 18°C and 200 rpm. The bio-adsorption of Pb(II) was best fitted to the pseudo-second order model. The experimental data of the isotherm were adjusted to the models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich; while Langmuir’s model related better to the experimental data forming a single layer at saturation. The rate of adsorption was rapid, reaching equilibrium after 25 min and removal of 96.8%. Thermodynamic parameters determined that the process was viable, spontaneous, and exothermic. The present study contributes mainly to demonstrating that a biomaterial prepared from bovine manure is a promising adsorbent for heavy metals such as Pb(II). It also reduces the environmental impact of this waste through the generation of greenhouse gases in countries that maintain intensive livestock. Another important aspect is the reduction of the micro- and macronutrients accumulation in soil and contamination of surface waters and aquifers by runoff and seepage during rainy periods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Humberto Bonilla-Mancilla
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rodrigo Ortega Toro
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Manuel Díaz-Illanes
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  2. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Huancayo, Peru
  3. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Food Engineering, Av. del Consulado St. 30 No. 48-152, 130001, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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Abstract

This study aimed at evaluating water quality of groundwater wells (GWWs) in Wadi Shati, Libya, and assessing its suitability for drinking. Water samples were collected from 17 GWWs and subjected to laboratory testing for 24 physical and chemical water quality parameters (WQPs). Analysis uncovered that the recorded values of 11 WQPs were consistent with the Libyan drinking water quality standard (DWQS). These parameters were pH, temperature (T), acidity, alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and cadmium. However, values of colour and turbidity exceeded the maximum levels set by the Libyan DWQS at five out of the 17 study wells. Likewise, concentrations of chloride (Cl ), sulphate (SO 4 2−), and ammonia (NH3) violated the local DWQS in three locations, each. Additionally, concentrations of phosphate (PO 4 3−), iron, manganese, chromium, and nickel exceeded their maximum allowable concentrations according to the Libyan DWQS. The levels of these five parameters are alarming. Overall, the 17 studied GWWs suffer from varying levels of pollution that, mostly, arise from domestic and agricultural sources, e.g., septic tank seepage and agricultural drainage of agro-chemicals like fertilisers and pesticides. The results of this study emphasise that routine monitoring of groundwater resources plays a vital role in their sustainable management and stresses that water quality data are critical for characterisation of pollution, if any, and for protection of human health and ecosystem safety. Our results serve as guideline for sustainable management of water quality in the Wadi Shati District.
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Authors and Affiliations

Omar Asad Ahmad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nabeel M. Gazzaz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Amnah Khair Alshebani
3

  1. Amman Arab University, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan Street, 11953, Amman, Jordan
  2. Jarash University, Faculty of Agriculture and Science, Jordan
  3. Sebha University, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Libya
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Abstract

Surface and groundwater resources are two important sources in meeting agricultural, urban, and industrial needs. Random supply of surface water resources has prevented these resources from being a reliable source of water supply at all times. Therefore, groundwater acts as insurance in case of water shortage, and maintaining the quality of these resources is very important. On the other hand, studying vulnerability and identifying areas prone to aquifer pollution seems necessary for the development and optimal management of these valuable resources. Identifying the vulnerabilities of the aquifer areas to pollution will lead to a greater focus on preserving those areas. Therefore, groundwater quality assessment was performed in this study using the groundwater quality index (GQI), and groundwater vulnerability to pollution was assessed using the DRASTIC index. GQI is developed based on the values of six quality parameters (Na +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, SO 42–, Cl, and TDS). The DRASTIC index is developed based on the values of seven parameters (depth to the water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity). The zoning of both indexes has been done using geographic information system (GIS) software. The results show that the GQI of the region was about 93, and its DRASTIC index was about 86. Therefore, the quality of aquifer groundwater is excellent, and its vulnerability to pollution is low.
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Authors and Affiliations

Siti Mardiana
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rabeya Anzum
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmad Azhar Mansoor Al Sarraf
4
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Timoshin
5
ORCID: ORCID
Elena Sergushina
6
ORCID: ORCID
Iskandar Muda
7
ORCID: ORCID
Natalia Zhilnikova
8
ORCID: ORCID
Yasser Fakri Mustafa
9
ORCID: ORCID
Evgeny Tikhomirov
10
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Medan Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Medan, 20223, North Sumatera, Indonesia
  2. International Islamic University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  3. Udayana University, Faculty of Engineering, Bali, Indonesia
  4. Sawah University, College of Health and Medical Technology, Department of Medical Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Al-Muthanna, Samawa, Iraq
  5. I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Department of Propaedeutics of Dental Diseases, Russia
  6. National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Russia
  7. Universitas Sumatera Utara, Faculty Economic and Business, Department of Doctoral Program, Medan, Indonesia
  8. Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (SUAI), Institute of Fundamental Training and Technological Innovations, Russia
  9. University of Mosul, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Iraq
  10. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Department of Economics and Management, Russia
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Abstract

Today, the uncontrolled abstraction of surface water and groundwater resources has created adverse consequences, which include: extinction of living organisms, land subsidence, salinity of coastal aquifers, increased pumping energy. Therefore, the need to manage available water resources is felt more than ever. Among the various water uses (agriculture, drinking, and industry), agriculture accounts for the bulk of water consumption. Due to the climate change and the growing population, determining the appropriate strategy and technology for irrigation is necessary. In the current study, a simulation model is used to numerically simulate the dynamics of daily soil moisture during the potato crop growing season and to estimate crop production and economic benefits. For climatic data, daily observations of a meteorological station have been used. Results and analyses have been presented for all cases of micro and traditional irrigation methods and agricultural management strategies of non-stress irrigation, low irrigation, and rainfed cultivation. The results showed that in the non-stress irrigation method, crop production and net profit are almost equal in both traditional and micro methods. In the low irrigation method, microtechnology has made crop production and net profit 1.75 times more than traditional technology, which indicates the impact of irrigation technology on crop production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mahmood Salih Salih
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Jade Catalan Opulencia
3
ORCID: ORCID
Larisa Morozova
4
Elena S. Sergushina
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Noor Asnan
6
ORCID: ORCID
Mustafa Mohammed Kadhim
7 8
ORCID: ORCID
Manoharan Kavitha
9
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Udayana University, Faculty of Engineering, Kampus Bukit, Jl. Raya Kampus Unud Jimbaran, Kec. Kuta Sel., Kabupaten Badung, Bali 80361, Indonesia
  2. University of Anbar, Upper Euphrates Basin Developing Center, Ramadi, Iraq
  3. College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  4. Kurgan State Agricultural Academy by T.S. Maltsev, Faculty of Biotechnology, Lesnikovo village, Russia
  5. National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Russia
  6. Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Samarinda, Indonesia
  7. Al-Kut University College, Kut, Iraq
  8. The Islamic University, College of Technical Engineering, Najaf, Iraq
  9. Saveetha University, Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of ECE, Chennai, India
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Abstract

Challenges with respect to potable water supply in Vhembe District threaten the health and welfare of local community. This paper is aimed at assessing the challenges and residents’ coping strategies to improve the potable water supply systems in rural areas in Vhembe District Municipality (VDM). Data for this paper was collected from households, councillors, traditional leaders and municipal officials through questionnaires, interviews and focus-group discussions. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used and thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. The results showed that the main sources of water are ground water from boreholes which are used by about 45.3% of the communities, followed by tap water from the dams, by 35.3%, then rivers by 4.0%, fountains by 5.4% and water tankers by 10.0%. Among the identified challenges are: aged water infrastructure, system breakdowns, lack of funding, vandalism of infrastructure and lack of maintenance, operation of infrastructure by unskilled technicians, theft, and non-payment of water services, among others. To cope with water supply challenges, the study recommended that communities play active role in water projects which would include paying of water supply service for its sustainability. They should also play active roles in water committees that will manage, operate and maintain the water supply with the assistance of VDM officials. It was concluded that the rural water supply situation can be improved when communities, government and other relevant stakeholders cooperate and provide solutions and resources.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tuwani Petrus Malima
1
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Kilonzo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jethro Zuwarimwe
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Venda, Institute of Rural Development, School of Agriculture, P.O. Box x5050 Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
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Abstract

At present, Pakistan has been facing acute shortage of irrigation water and farmers have been using conventional irrigation methods for orchards, such as flood and basin irrigation, thus wasting huge amount of fresh water. Therefore, it is necessary to find efficient irrigation methods to cope with this major burning issue. The micro drip irrigation method is considered efficient but in the case of mango orchards there is a problem of irrigation frequency, number of emitters, and duration of flow from emitters to meet water demand. Considering the above, an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, by installing the drip system with two circular peripheries of lateral lines in clay loam soil covering the entire canopy of a mature mango tree. The radius of the first and second periphery around the tree trunk was 100 cm and 150 cm, respectively. Four emitters with 4 dm3∙h –1 discharge of individual dipper were fixed in each periphery. Emitters were tested for six different irrigation times, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h, to observe the moisture distribution pattern. Hydraulic characteristics, such as density, field capacity, porosity, infiltration rate, available water and permanent wilting point (PWP), were determined using standard methods (1.4 g∙cm –3, 33%, 49%, 8 mm∙h –1, 12.41% and 20% respectively). The texture class of the soil profile was determined as clay loam at the soil depth 0–120 cm. Fifty soil samples were collected at 0–10, 10– 30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm depths and at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80 and 80–100 cm distances on two opposite sides of emitters. The emitters provided sufficient moisture up to field capacity in clay loam soil with flow duration of 4 h. The maximum moisture distribution efficiency was 77.89% with flow duration of 4 h at vertical depth of 0–120 cm and 0–100 cm distance horizontally among four emitters as compared to 1, 2, 3 h flow duration which under irrigated the canopy area and 5, 6 h flow duration which excessively irrigated the canopy area of the mango tree. The water demand of the mango tree was met by 4 h flow duration which provided adequate moisture to the entire canopy up to 120 cm depth in the root zone and water saving was calculated as 15.91% under the installed drip irrigation system as compared with the conventional (basin) irrigation method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shoukat Ali Soomro
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Saffar Mirjat
1
Munir Ahmed Mangrio
1
Mashooque Ali Talpur
1

  1. Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, 70060, Hyderabad, Pakistan
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Abstract

The 15th of United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aims to protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. This paper investigates the approach adopted by indigenous peoples for conservation of woody plant species diversity in some selected spots in Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria.
Relying on mixed method approach to research, data collection comprising field observation, ground truthing, plant species inventory, and key-informant interviews and analysis of data, two spots were purposively sampled, one from each of the two LGAs; Mbom in Bende LGA and Amangwu in Ohafia Local Government Area (LGA). A 50 × 20 m quadrat was sampled from each site, from where plant species inventory was undertaken. Shannon– Wiener diversity index (H’) was used to analyse the data.
The result of Shannon–Wiener diversity index, shows that the diversity indices of the plant species for the two sites were 3.20 (Mbom) and 3.95 (Amangwu) respectively. The people of Bende and Ohafia LGAs employ some traditional laws to ensure conservation of woody plant species so as to achieve goal 15th of the SDGs. This paper advocates sustenance of those traditional laws that encourage conservation of woody plant species in the study area with enforceable sanctions to deter defaulters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Godson Chinonyerem Asuoha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Uchenna Paulinus Okafor
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chukwuemeka Anthony Onyekwelu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romanus Udegbunam Ayadiuno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Philip Ogbonnia Phil-Eze
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Nigeria, Department of Geography, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Nsukka Road, 410001 Nsukka, Nigeria
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Abstract

The mean flow characteristics in a curved channel are really different from those in a straight channel. The main cause is the existence of secondary flow within the flow in the curved channel. This paper will discuss the differences in mean flow characteristics due to changes in the bed topography in the curved channel. Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) measurements have helped to analyse characteristics of the mean flow on flat and eroded beds in a 180° curved channel. Sand (mean diameter d 50 = 0.001 m and specific gravity Gs = 2.65) was selected as the bed material. The condition of flow in the approach section was steady and uniform with 0.159 m depth. One of the mean flow characteristics in the curved channel is the free surface superelevation due to the presence of centrifugal force. The second is the circular motion toward the inner-bank region at the lower layer and toward the upper layer outer-bank region. The cause of the circulation is the difference in centrifugal forces between the two layers. The magnitude of velocity near the bed surface is more significant than the flow near the water surface. This causes erosion in the outer bank region and deposition in the inner bank region. In general, tangential velocity vθ in flat bed is greater than its tangential velocity in eroded bed. The maximum velocity path in a flat and eroded bed of the curved channel resembles a sinusoidal curve, where the minimum value is located at 90° and 120° of the curve.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sumiadi Sumiadi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Moh Abduh
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Ketawanggede, Malang 65145, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Indonesia
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Abstract

Iraq has been suffering from decreasing Euphrates discharge due to the construction of dams within upstream countries and the use of surface irrigation systems. The country is facing a problem with meeting the increasing demand for water as a result of population growth and development in the industrial and agricultural sectors. Therefore, a simulation modelling was applied for western Iraq (Ramadi city as a case study) using the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) for the period 2018–2035. This research follows a four-step approach that involves: (i) evaluating the available water of the Euphrates River under declined water imports caused by the construction of dams in Turkey and Syria, (ii) assessing present and future water demands of the domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors, (iii) improving water productivity (WP) by means of saving more water, (iv) estimating the economic returns under improved water use. The results showed that Iraq would face a serious problem in the coming years, represented by the limited storage of Haditha Dam, which is considered the strategic water storage site for the central and southern regions of Iraq. The study indicated the necessity of finding alternative sources of water supply by adopting new water management strategies to reduce the water deficit.
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Authors and Affiliations

Isam Mohammed Abdulhameed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sadeq Oleiwi Sulaiman
2
ORCID: ORCID
Abu Baker Ahmed Najm
2
ORCID: ORCID
Nadhir Al-Ansari
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Anbar, College of Engineering, Upper Euphrates Basin Developing Centre, Ramadi, Iraq
  2. University of Anbar, College of Engineering, Dams and Water Resources Department, Ramadi, Iraq
  3. Lulea University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Porsön, 97187 Lulea, Sweden
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Abstract

With the emergence of climate change and the increasing human intervention in the global climate, floods have affected different parts of the world. In practice, floods are the most terrible natural disaster in the world, both in terms of casualties and financial losses. To reduce the adverse effects of this phenomenon, it is necessary to use structural and non-structural methods of flood risk management. One of the structural methods of flood control is to allocate a certain part of reservoir dams to flood control. In order to safely exit the flood from the dam reservoir, the spillway structure should be used. One of the important issues in designing a spillway structure is reducing its construction costs. In order to safely exit the flood with a specified return period from the dam reservoir, as the length of the spillway decreases, the height of the water blade on the spillway increases. In other words, decreasing the spillway length increases the height of the dam and its construction and design costs. In this study, the design and comparison of the performance of two glory spillways and lateral spillways have been considered. The results showed that for a given length for the drain edge of both types of spillways, the height of the water blade on the glory spillway is always higher than the lateral spillway. For example, when a 10,000-year-old flood occurs, it is about 8 m.
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Authors and Affiliations

I Made Sukerta
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tzu-Chia Chen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jonni Mardizal
3
Mahmood Salih Salih
4
ORCID: ORCID
Isnaini Zulkarnain
5
ORCID: ORCID
Md Zahidul Islam
6
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammed Sabeeh Majeed
7
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmed Baseem Mahdi
8
ORCID: ORCID
Dhameer Ali Mutlak
9
ORCID: ORCID
Surendar Aravindhan
10
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Agriculture and Business Faculty, JL. Kamboja 11A, Denpasar, Bali, 80361, Indonesia
  2. Ming Chi University of Technology, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
  3. Universitas Negeri Padang, Faculty of Engineering, Padang, Indonesia
  4. University of Anbar, Upper Euphrates Basin Developing Center, Ramadi, Iraq
  5. Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Samarinda, Indonesia
  6. International Islamic University Malaysia, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, Civil Law Department, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  7. Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Maysan, Iraq
  8. Al-Mustaqbal University College, Anesthesia Techniques Department, Babylon, Iraq
  9. Al-Nisour University College, Radiology and Sonar Techniques Department, Baghdad, Iraq
  10. Saveetha University, Department of Pharmocology, Chennai, India
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Abstract

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the hydrodynamic behaviour of a stratified bed filtration column consisting of 4 cm of sand and 2 cm of limestone to remove turbidity and measuring the head loss through the filter in several runs. In this study, two types of sand were used as filtering bed material, one fine and one medium. Crushed limestone was also available. These materials were characterized to determine the average particle diameter, porosity, and permeability coefficient. These were respectively 1.7∙10 –4 m, 336.96 and 0.68 m∙day –1 for fine sand, 3.3∙10 –4 m, 654.24 and 2.59 m∙day –1 for the medium sand and 1.26∙10–3 m, 388.8 and 8.64 m∙day–1 for crushed limestone. Using these materials, hydrodynamic analyses were carried out using clean water under rapid filtration conditions. In these analyses, different filtration rates were determined to be used in each experiment. Once the filtration rates were determined, the filtration analysis was performed with synthetic turbid water prepared at 8 NTU using tap water and bentonite. From the results obtained, a predictive model was developed based on total head losses for the evaluated filter, maintaining the rapid filtration condition. As a result, a turbidity removal efficiency of 97.7% was obtained with a total head loss of 17.8 cm at a filtration rate of 153 m·day –1. The developed model predicted head loss as a function of operating time, filtration rate, and filter depth to maximise turbidity removal. The model showed excellent prediction accuracy with R2 of 0.9999, which indicates that the model predictions are not biased. It was concluded that, due to the porosity of these materials, a stratified bed of sedimentary rocks has a great potential to be used in surface water filtration processes, which implies that it could be used at the rural community level as a form of water treatment, since the
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Authors and Affiliations

Candelaria N. Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
David López-Barbosa
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida del Consulado St. #30 No. 48 152, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia
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Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the yam peel in a bed column packaged as a chromium(VI) ion adsorbent in an aqueous solution. Yam peel was used as adsorbent, prior washing, drying, size reduction, and selection. The experimental work consisted in determining the effect of bed depth, particle size, and temperature, keeping inlet flow = 0.75 cm 3∙s –1, pH = 2 and initial concentration of 100 mg∙dm –3. The Adsorption Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis on yam ( Dioscorea rotundata) peel showed a heterogeneous, porous structure, with functional groups characteristic in lignocellulosic materials. It was analysed regarding the influence of temperature, bed height, and adsorbent particle size on the removal efficiency; it was found that the decrease of particle size and the increase of the bed height favour the elimination of the metallic ion, with removal rates between 92.4 and 98.3%. The bed maximum adsorption capacity was 61.75 mg∙g –1, and break time of 360 min. The break curve’s adjustment to the Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, Dose–Response and Adams–Bohart models was evaluated, concluding that the Yoon–Nelson and Dose–Response models best described the behaviour of the break curve with a coefficient of determination ( R2) of 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. The results show that the bio-adsorbent studied can be used to eliminate Cr(VI) in a continuous system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rodrigo Ortega Toro
2
ORCID: ORCID
Keily Peña-Romero
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ciro Botello-Urbiñez
1

  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  2. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Food Engineering, Av. del Consulado # 30 St., No. 48 152 Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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Abstract

The scarcity of annual rainfall, which sometimes spreads over successive years, causes persistent droughts. In order to study the drought severity on the Algerian steppe, we analysed precipitation data (1985–2015) from the weather stations of Ain Sefra, El Bayadh, Tiaret and Djelfa, using drought meteorological indices: the mean deviation, the standardised precipitation index, the rainfall index and the frequency analysis of the rainfall series. Thus, we adopted the diachronic study by satellite remote sensing for the years 2002 (the driest year) and 2009 (the wettest year), which allowed us to better understand the evolution of the steppe rangelands surface and to better interpret their spatial-temporal changes. Drought, as determined by the mean deviation index, occurred during two periods (in sequence and corresponds to 55% the sequences of deficit years), one over 12 years (from 1994/1993 to 2006/2005) and the other over 5 years (1985–1990) and with isolated years. The results of the diachronic study of the vegetation change demonstrate the obvious divergence of the vegetation cover between 2002 and 2009. Drought has impacts on vegetation composition, growth, productivity, structure and functioning of ecosystems, which limits regeneration of vegetation cover.
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Authors and Affiliations

Said Bouarfa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yassine Farhi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Okkacha Youb
1
ORCID: ORCID
Meriem Boultf
1
ORCID: ORCID
Warda Djoudi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammed Faci
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Centre for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions Omar El Bernaoui – CRSTRA, Campus Universitaire, Med Kheider, BP 1682 R.P Biskra 07000, Algeria
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Abstract

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is booming in almost every sector of the economy, especially in the agricultural industry. According to some reports, the agricultural UAV market is expected to increase from USD 2.6 billion in 2020 to USD 9.5 billion in 2030. In this paper a brief overview devoted to the use of UAVs in the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RSAU-MTAA), including the results of studying the equipment use effectiveness for automatic driving of tractor equipment when sowing grain crops and planting potatoes. In the course of studying the equipment use effectiveness for automatic driving of tractor equipment, the deviations of the guess row spacing from the standard row spacing provided for by the seeder design were established; in the case of sowing barley using a marker, it was up to 4.3 cm, and in the case of winter wheat it was up to 5 cm. When using the autopilot system, these values were no more than 1.5 and 2.3 cm, respectively, which indicates the high accuracy and efficiency of the automatic driving systems. The autopilot system use provided a deviation of adjacent rows from the straightness when planting potatoes from 2.8 to 3.0 cm. The paper concludes that the use of unmanned robotic systems in agriculture, in conjunction with modern means of receiving and processing information, opens up new opportunities for increasing agriculture efficiency.
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Authors and Affiliations

Victor I. Balabanov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dmitriy M. Benin
2
ORCID: ORCID
Natalya A. Mochunova
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy”, Reclamation and Construction Machines Department, Timiryazevskaya street, 49, Moscow, 127550, Russia
  2. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy”, A.N. Kostyakov Institute of Land Reclamation, Water Management and Construction, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract

At present, a deep transformation of the agrobiocenose organisation under the intense anthropogenic factors’ influence is of particular importance. Thus, a significant increase in the number and harmfulness of pests’, phytopathogens’ and weeds species was noted due to the prevailing favourable conditions for their mass reproduction, expansion of habitats, and harmfulness, which inevitably leads to a significant deterioration in the phytosanitary state of cultivated crops. The phytosanitary trouble of agrobiocenoses allows us to say that today plant protection, being the final link in the cultivating technology for agricultural crops, is one of the most important stages in preserving the harvest improving the quality of the products obtained, and reducing their cost. In the current study it was tried to review the modern paradigm of the agricultural technological process efficiency. The relevance of this research is due to the fact that modern technological processes in agriculture cannot be implemented without the practical use of plant protection measures, in particular, the chemical method, which consists in the use of chemical compounds against pathogens of plants, pests, weeds, and is the most common, contributing to a significant increase in the yield of cultivated crops and labour productivity in agricultural production. All this, in our opinion, indicates the high practical significance of the results obtained.
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Authors and Affiliations

Konstantin E. Tyupakov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andzor K. Dikinov
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maryam A. Ortskhanova
3
ORCID: ORCID
Kheda M. Musayeva
4
ORCID: ORCID
Evgeniya A. Bolotina
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin”, Department of Economics and Foreign Economic Activity, Krasnodar, st. Kalinina 13, 350044, Russia
  2. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov”, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia
  3. Ingush State University, Department of Economics, Magas, The Republic of Ingushetia, Russia
  4. The Chechen State University named after A.A. Kadyrov, Department of Economics and Economic Security of Industries and Enterprises, Grozny city, Chechen Republic, Russia
  5. The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Department of Economics and Finance, Institute of Public Service and Management, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract

In addition to unthinking anthropogenic meddling with the subtle ecological balance, the territories of Al-Aba Oasis are witnessing various Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes. Comprehending LULC is a central facet of upholding a sustainable, friendly, and fit environment. This paper presents a spatiotemporal study of land use and land cover trends in the wetlands of Al-Aba Oasis, an ecologically sensitive area in the west of Ras Tanura in the east of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study area faces several environmental problems, including the rise in groundwater levels, expansion of agricultural land, urban expansion, and anthropogenic interference with the ecological balance. In this paper, a verified representation of the changes in each LULC class has been made using satellite images. Remote sensing imagery is helpful for studying temporal changes in LULC and providing environmental monitoring data. We analysed Landsat-5 and Sentinel-2 imagery for 1985, 2000, and 2021. The overall precision besides the kappa coefficient for precision assessment indicates the relevance of the LULC classification. LULC map products were overlaid and interpreted based on post-classification change detection methods. The LULC aspects were classified into six classes: water body, waterlogged area, sabkha soil, sandy area, cultivated area, and built- up area. The results prove that from 2001 to 2021, the extension of the built-up area (2.6%) and agricultural land (6.85%) is directly proportional to the population growth (36.5% between 1992 and 2004) and the sabkhas are subject to constant metamorphosis under the joint influence of urban and agricultural land expansion. 100 samples were collected for the years 1986, 2001, and 2021 to assess the accuracy. We reviewed the outcomes of this study by evaluating the accuracy (77, 81, and 84% for 1986, 2001, and 2021 respectively) and comparing the field truth using a GPS (Global Positioning System) sensor. The results of this study are useful in the development of environmental policies during the development of sustainable territorial development programmes of the oasis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Walid Chouari
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. King Faisal University, College of Arts, Social Studies Department, Al-Ahsa, 36441, Saudi Arabia University of Sfax, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, Tunisia
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Abstract

In the present work, bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus native to the Ecuadorian Amazon with the capacity to treat contaminated water and soils were selected. For this purpose, 20 soil samples from Amazon region with evidence of contamination were analysed. For identification, each sample was assigned a code according to the sampling area: Joya de los Sachas (S), Minga (M) and Siete de Julio-Shushufindi (SH). The cultures were performed in the combination of Bushnell Hass (BH) + Luria Bertani (LB) and Müeller-Hinton (MH) + Brucella agar (BA) media, all with the addition of diesel to verify their efficacy in the growth of bacteria capable of surviving in contaminated media. The combination with ideal results was that of BH + LB, by means of Gram-staining it was determined that 19 of the samples had interest microorganisms. To characterize the isolates at the species level, biochemical tests of: catalase, citrate, glucose, hemolytic activity and urease were applied, which allowed to confirm the existence of the Pseudomonas of interest. The results indicated that P. stutzeri (in samples S1 and M1), P. aeruginosa (in SH2 and SH5) and P. putida (in S7, S8, S10 and SH4) obtaining a total of 8 isolates (40%) of interest from the initial 19. With the results obtained from this work, an optimal culture method was standardized for the selection of bacteria with potential for treating contaminated soils and water.
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Authors and Affiliations

Henry Joel Escudero-López
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karla Anabel Serrano-Carrillo
2
ORCID: ORCID
Carlos Rodrigo Jácome-Pilco
1
ORCID: ORCID
Herminia del Rosario Sanaguano-Salguero
1
ORCID: ORCID
Isidro Favian Bayas-Morejón
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. State University of Bolívar, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Agroindustry Career, Biotechnological Research and Development Center, Km 3 1/2 sector Alpachaca, CP: 020150, Guaranda, Ecuador
  2. San Pedro Educational Unit, Department of Education, Guaranda, Ecuador

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Authors may be asked for providing raw data used in the paper for editorial assessment and should be prepared to store them within the reasonable time period after publication.


Multiple, unnecessary and competitive publications
As a rule, author should not publish papers describing the same studies in more than one journal or primary publication. Submission of the same paper to more than one journal at the same time is not ethical and prohibited.


Confirmation of sources
Author should cite papers that affected the creation of submitted manuscript and every time he/she should confirm the use of other authors’ work.


Important errors in published papers
When author finds an important error or inaccuracy in his/her paper, he/she is obliged to inform Editorial Office about this as soon as possible.


Originality and plagiarism
Author may submit only original papers. He/she should be certain that the names of authors referred to in the paper and/or fragments of their texts are properly cited or mentioned.


Ghostwriting
Ghost writing/guest authorship are manifestation of scientific unreliability and all such cases will be revealed including notification of appropriate subjects. Signs of scientific unreliability, especially violation of ethical principles in science will be documented by the Editorial Office.


Duties of the Editorial Office


Editors’ duties
Editors know the rules of journal editing including the procedures applied in case of uncovering non-ethical practices.


Decisions on publication
Editor-in Chief is obliged to apply present legal status as to defamation, violation of author’s rights and plagiarism and bears the responsibility for decisions. He/she may consult thematic editors and/or referees in that matter.
Selection of referees Editorial Office provides appropriate selection of referees and takes care about appropriate course of peer –reviewing (the review has to be substantive).


Confidentiality
Every member of editorial team is not allowed to disclose information about submitted paper to any person except its author, referees, other advisors and editors.


Discrimination
To counteract discrimination the Editorial Office obeys the legally binding rules.


Disclosure and conflict of interests
Not published papers or their fragments cannot be used in the studies of editorial team or referees without written consent of the author.


Referees' duties

Editorial decisions

Referee supports Editor-in-Chief in taking editorial decisions and may also support author in improving the paper.


Back information
In case a selected referee is not able to review the paper or cannot do it in due time period, he/she should inform secretary of the Editorial Office about this fact.


Objectivity standards
Reviews should be objective. Personal criticism is inappropriate. Referees should clearly ex-press their opinions and support them with proper arguments.


Confidentiality
All reviewed papers should be dealt with as confidential. They should not be discussed or revealed to persons other than the secretary of the Editorial Office.


Anonymity
All reviews should be made anonymously and the Editorial Office does not disclose names of the authors to referees.


Disclosure and conflict of interests
Confidential information or ideas resulting from reviewing procedure should be kept secret and should not be used to gain personal benefits. Referees should not review papers, which might generate conflict of interests resulting from relationships with the author, firm or institution involved in the study.


Confirmation of sources
Referees should indicate publications which are not referred to in the paper. Any statement that the observation, source or argument was described previously should be supported by appropriate citation. Referee should also inform the secretary of the Editorial Office about significant similarity to or partial overlapping of the reviewed paper with any other published paper and about suspected plagiarism.


Corrections, retractions and updates after publication


Sometimes after an article has been published it may be necessary to make a change. This will be done after careful consideration by Editors to ensure any necessary changes are made in accordance with guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE):
https://publicationethics.org/postpublication


Retraction is executed in accordance with the procedure presented by the European Association of Science Editors (EASE): https://ease.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/EASE-Standard-Retraction-Form-2022.pdf


Complaints and appeals


A complaint may arise over the conduct of editors and/or peer reviewers. Some possible reasons for complaints are:
- intentional delay of reviewing process,
- undisclosed conflicts of interest,
- breach of confidentiality,
- misuse of confidential information,
- practical issues, such as unresponsive journal staff.


An appeal is a formal request to reconsider a decision taken by the journal. It might be related to decisions in regular journal operation (e.g. a manuscript being rejected) or to a verdict taken by a team investigating a particular situation (e.g. a published manuscript being retracted due to suspected data manipulation).


The authors submit a formal complaint/appeal to the journal principal contact by email or post ( journal@itp.edu.pl). Within a week, the journal will form an investigation group consisting of at least three Editorial Team members (not previously involved in handling the manuscript in question) and report back their names and how they can be contacted.


The actual investigation time may vary depending on the complexity of the case. The investigation team provides fair opportunities to all parties involved to explain their motives and actions. The purpose of the investigation is to establish whether misconduct took place (as reported or in the light of new circumstances discovered), whether it was performed deliberately or as a genuine mistake, and to estimate the scale of its negative consequences.


Based on the facts collected, the investigation team decides on the corrective actions to be taken as well as whether some penalty is to be applied to the person who performed the misconduct. Depending on the misconduct severity, the penalty may range from a reprimand to an expulsion from the reviewer pool/editorial board and a report being sent to the institution to which the person in question is affiliated.


The authors are informed about the investigation outcome upon its completion.


In its work, the investigation group relies on the recommendations and guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): https://publicationethics.org/appeals


In complex cases, an external ethical advisor might be called for.


Guidance from COPE ( https://publicationethics.org/ ):

Ethical guidelines for peer reviewers (English)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.9


Sharing of information among editors-in-chief regarding possible misconduct
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.7


How to handle authorship disputes: a guide for new researchers
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2018.1.1


Text recycling guidelines for editors
URL: http://publicationethics.org/text-recycling-guidelines


A short guide to ethical editing for new editors
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.8

Guidelines for managing the relationships between society owned journals, their society, and publishers
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2018.1.2


Retraction guidelines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.4

Peer-review Procedure

Reviewing procedure

Procedure of reviewing submitted papers agrees with recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: „Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce”.

Reviewing form may be downloaded from the Journal’s web page.

1. Papers submitted to the Editorial Office are primarily verified by editors with respect to merit and formal issues. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage.

2. Primarily accepted papers are sent to the two independent referees from outside the author’s institution, who:

- have no conflict of interests with the author,
- are not in professional relationships with the author,
- are competent in a given discipline and have at least doctor’s degree and respective scientific achievements,
- have unblemished reputation as reviewers.

3. In case of papers written in foreign language, at least one referee is affiliated in a foreign institution other than the author’s nationality.

4. Reviewing proceeds in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names) recommended by the Ministry.

5. A number is attributed to the paper to identify it in further stages of editorial procedure.

6. Potential referee obtains summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period.

7. Referees are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

8. Review must have a written form and end up with an explicit conclusion about accepting or rejecting the paper from publication. Referee has a possibility to conclude his/her opinion in a form:

- accept without revision;
- accept with minor revision;
- accept after major revision,
- re-submission and further reviewing after complete re-arrangement of the paper,
- reject.

9. Referee sends the review to the “Journal of Water and Land Development” by Editorial System. The review is archived there for 5 years.

10. Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion and vice versa. Referee’s remarks are presented to the author. Rational and motivated conclusions are obligatory for the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly. Referee has the right to verify so revised text.

11. Author of the text has the right to comment referee’s conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them.

12. Editor-in Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides upon publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by referees, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

13. Rules of acceptation or rejection of the paper and the review form are available at the web page of the Editorial House or the journal.

14. Present list of cooperating reviewers is published once a year.

15. According to usual habit, reviewing is free of charge.

16. Papers rejected by referees are archived by Editorial System.

Download:
Review Sheet


Reviewers

Journal of Water and Land Development List of reviewers 2023

Assoc. Prof. Salman Dawood Ammar University of Basrah, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Basrah, Iraq
Prof. Jacek Antonkiewicz University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Poland
Dr. Ozan Artun Cukurova University in Adana, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Turkey Assoc.
Prof. Habib-ur-Rehman Athar Bahauddin Zakariya University, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Multan, Pakistan
Prof. Meryem Atik Akdeniz University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Antalya,Turkey
Prof. Atilgan Atilgan Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey Prof. Doru Bănăduc Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Romania
Dr. José Miguel Barrios Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Dr. Anna Baryła Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Prof. Arjan Beqiraj Polytechnic University of Tirana, Faculty of Geology and Mining, Earth Sciences Departament, Albania
Dr. Małgorzata Biniak-Pieróg Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Development and Protection, Poland
Prof. M. Bisri Bisri University Brawijaya, Indonesia Assoc.
Prof. Małgorzata Bonisławska West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Barbara Borawska-Jarmułowicz Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Agronomy, Poland
Dr. Łukasz Borek University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Development, Poland
Prof. Marian Brzozowski Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Dr. Filip Bujakowski Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Irena Burzyńska Forest Research Institute, Laboratory of Natural Environment Chemistry, Sękocin Stary, Poland
Prof. Tzu-Chia Chen Krirk University, International College, Bangkok, Thailand Master Grzegorz Chrobak Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Spatial Management, Department of Environmental Protection and Development, Poland
Dr. Wojciech Ciężkowski Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Remote Sensing and Environmental Assessment, Poland
Dr. Agnieszka Cupak University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Poland
Dr. Isa Curebal Balikesir University, Istanbul, Turkey Dr. Wojciech Czekała Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Przemysław Czerniejewski Westpomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Department of Fisheries Management, Poland
Dr. Ewa Dacewicz University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, Poland
Dr. Ralf Dannowski Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Land Use Research, Institute of Landscape Hydrology (retired since 2015), Müncheberg, Germany
Dr. Jarosław Dąbrowski Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Piotr Dąbrowski Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Environmental Management, Poland
Prof. Piotr Dąbrowski Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
Dr. Agnieszka Dąbska Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Oussama Derdous Kasdi Merbah University, Department of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ouargla, Algeria
Prof. Sina Dobaradaran Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr, Iran
Dr. Mariusz Dudziak Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Poland Dr. Helmut Durrast Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
Dr. Tomasz Dysarz Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Poland
Prof. Nabil Elshery Tanta University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Botany Department, Egypt
Prof. Evens Emmanuel Université Quisqueya, Haut Turgeau, Haiti Prof. Andrzej Eymontt Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
Dr. Paweł Falaciński Warsaw University of Technology, Department of Hydro-Engineering and Hydraulics, Poland Faculty of Building Services, Hydro- and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Prof. Ewa Falkowska Warsaw University, Faculty of Geology, Poland
Dr. Tomasz Falkowski Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Stanisław Famielec University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Dr. Francesco Faraone Cooperativa Silene, Palermo, Italy Assoc.
Prof. Marcin Feltynowski University of Lodz, Institute of Urban and Regional Studies and Planning, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Romilda Fernandez Felisbino Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil Assoc.
Prof. Barbara Futa University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, Institute of Soil Science, Environment Engineering and Management, Poland
Prof. John Galbraith Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, United States Assoc. Prof. Marwan Ghanem Birzeit University, Department of Geography, Palestine
Dr. Andrzej Giza University of Szczecin, Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Poland
Dr. Maciej Gliniak University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Power Engineering and Automation, Poland
Dr. Arkadiusz Głogowski Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Protection and Development, Poland
Dr. Januarius Gobilik Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Prof. Renata Graf Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Hydrology and Water Management, Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental, Poznań, Poland
Prof. Andrzej Greinert University of Zielona Gora, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Geoengineering and Reclamation, Poland
Dr. Leon Grubišić Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory for Aquaculture, Laboratory of Aquaculture, Split, Croatia
Dr. Łukasz Gruss Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Poland
Dr. Maciej Gruszczyński Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Antoni Grzywna University of Live Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Poland
Dr. Andrej Halabuk Institute of Landscape Ecology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Master Wiktor Halecki Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, Kraków, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Mateusz Hammerling Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Poland
Dr. donny harisuseno University of Brawijaya, Indonesia Dr. Sigid Hariyadi IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Prof. Salim Heddam 20 Août 1955 University, Agronomy Department, Hydraulic Division, Skikda, Algeria
Dr. Leszek Hejduk Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Dr. Yevheniy Herasimov National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Research Department, Rivne, Ukraine
Dr. Jakub Hołaj-Krzak Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
Dr. Tomasz Horaczek Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
Prof. Lyudmyla Hranovska Institute of Climate – Smart Agriculture of NAAS, Department of Irrigated Agriculture and Decarbonization Agroecosystems, Odesa, Ukraine
Dr. Věra Hubačíková Mendel University in Brno, Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Czech Republic
Prof. Piotr Hulisz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Aniza Ibrahim Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Master Svetlana Ilić Institute for Protection and Ecology of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Romania Dr. Eva Ivanišová Ivanišová Slovac Agricultural University in Nitra, Department of Technology and Quality of Plant Products, Slovak Republic
Dr. Mateusz Jakubiak AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Management and Protection, Kraków, Poland
Dr. Michał Jankowski Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Bartosz Jawecki Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Landscape Architecture, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Spain
Prof. Krzysztof Jóżwiakowski University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Poland
Dr. Carmelo Juez Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Spain
Dr. Marta Jurga Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, Poland Prof. Edmund Kaca Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Dr. Grzegorz Kaczor University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, Poland Prof. Hazem M. Kalaji Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Dr. Marek Kalenik Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Tomasz Kałuża Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Poznań, Poland
Dr. Andrzej Kapusta Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Department of Ichthyology, Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology, Poland
Prof. Vasyl Karabyn Lviv State University of Life Safety, Ukraine Dr. Beata Karolinczak Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Robert Kasperek Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Wiesława Kasperska-Wołowicz Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
Dr. Ewa Kaznowska Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Prof. Nahed Khairy Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt Dr. Eyad Khalaf Science & Technology Center of Excellence, Cairo, Egypt
Dr. Adam Kiczko Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland Prof. Sungwon Kim Dongyang University, Department of Railroad Construction and Safety Engineering, Korea (South) Assoc.
Prof. Tomasz Klaiber Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poland
Prof. Zbigniew Kledyński Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Tomasz Kleiber Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Nutrition, Poland
Dr. Kamila Klimek University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Mathematical Statistics, Poland
Prof. Oleksandr Klimenko National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
Dr. Anna Kocira Institute of Agricultural Sciences, The State School of Higher Education in Chełm, Poland
Prof. Marek Kopacz AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Radovan Kopp Mendel University in Brno, Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Czech Republic
Dr. Tomasz Kotowski University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Viktor Kovalchuk National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
Prof. Pyotr Kovalenko Institute of Water Problems and Melioration of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Dr. Agnieszka Kowalczyk Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Tomasz Kowalczyk Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Anna Krakowiak-Bal University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Leszek Książek University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Maciej Kubon University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Prof. Lech Kufel Siedlce University, Poland
Dr. Jerzy Kupiec Poznan University of Life Science, Poland
Dr. Karolina Kurek University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Alban Kuriqi Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Dr. Renata Kuśmierek-Tomaszewska Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Agrometeorology, Plant Irrigation and Horticulture, Poland
Dr. Stanisław Lach AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection, Poland
Prof. Lenka Lackóová Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Department of Landscape Planning and Ground Design, Slovak Republic Prof. Zoubida Laghrari Moulay Ismaïl University, Meknes, Morocco
Dr. Fares Laouacheria Badji-Mokhtar Annaba University, Laboratory of Soils and Hydraulic, Annaba, Algeria Prof. Krzysztof Lejcuś Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Sławomir Ligęza University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Institute of Soil Science and Environment Shaping, Poland Dr. Marta Lisiak-Zielińska Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Mirko Liuzzo Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Italy Prof. Svjetlana Lolić University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Assoc. Prof. Ramin Lotfi Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Maragheh, Iran Assoc.
Prof. Yufeng Luo Hohai University, College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Nanjing, China
Prof. Andrzej Łachacz University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poland
Dr. Jamal Mabrouki Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculty of Science, Morocco
Dr. Nenad Malić EFT – Rudnik i Termoelektrana Stanari d.o.o., Stanari, Bosnia and Herzegovina Assoc.
Prof. Mateusz Malinowski University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, Poland
Dr. Paweł Marcinkowski Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Dr. Michał Marzec University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Poland
Dr. Grażyna Mastalerczuk Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Poland
Dr. Agnieszka Mąkosza West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Poland
Dr. Grzegorz Mikiciuk West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Sarah Milton Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, United States
Dr. Florentina Mincu National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Bucharest, Romania Assoc.
Prof. Dariusz Młyński University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Ali Mokhtar Cairo University, Egypt Master Mohamed Moustafa Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt Assoc.
Prof. Karol Mrozik Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland Prof. Lince Mukkun Nusa Cendana University, Faculty of Agriculture, Kupang, Indonesia
Dr. Gianina Necualu University of Bucharest, National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Romania Dr. Yantus A.B. Neolaka Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
Dr. Arkadiusz Nędzarek West Pomeranian University of Technology, Department of Aquatic Sozology, Szczecin, Poland
Dr. Jadwiga Nidzgorska-Lencewicz West Pomeranian University of Technology, Work Group of Climatology and Atmospheric Protection, Szczecin, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Alicja Niewiadomska Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Poland
Prof. Ljiljana Nikolić Bujanović University Union Nikola Tesla, Belgrade, Serbia Dr. Alessandra Nocilla Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
Prof. Vahid Nourani Tabriz University, Iran Prof. Laftouhi Noureddine Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco Dr. Elida Novita University of Jember, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Indonesia
Dr. Sławomir Obidziński Bialystok University of Technology, Poland Prof. Ryszard Oleszczuk Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Prof. Beata Olszewska Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Agnieszka Operacz University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, Poland
Dr. Wojciech Orzepowski Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Andreas Pacholski Leuphana University of Luneburg, Institute of Ecology, Luneburg, Germany
Dr. Iwona Paśmionka University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, Poland
Dr. Juan Patino-Martinez Maio Biodiversity Foundation (FMB), Cidade Porto Ingles, Cape Verde
Prof. Katarzyna Pawęska Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Dušica Pešević University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Department of Ecology and Geography, Bosnia and Herzegovina Assoc.
Prof. Slaveya Petrova University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Dr. Agnieszka Petryk Cracow University of Economics, Poland
Dr. Decho Phuekphum Suranaree University of Technology,School of Geotechnology, Institute of Engineering, Geological Engineering Program, Thailand
Dr. Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Dariusz Piwczyński Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Animal Genetics, Poland
Prof. Karol Plesiński University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Poland
Prof. Joanna Podlasińska West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Cezary Podsiadło West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Department of Agriculture, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Zbigniew Popek Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Prof. Paweł Popielski Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Tatjana Popov University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Bosnia and Herzegovina Assoc.
Prof. Dorota Porowska Warsaw University, Faculty of Geology, Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Poland
Dr. Anu Printsmann Tallinn University, Estonia
Dr. Grzegorz Przydatek State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz, Engineering Institute, Poland
Dr. Erik Querner Querner Consult, Wageningen, Netherlands
Dr. Anizar Rahayu Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
Prof. Anabela Ramalho Durao Instituto Politecnico de Beja, Portugal Assoc.
Prof. Maimun Rizalihadi Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia Assoc. Prof. Joanna Rodziewicz University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Roman Rolbiecki Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Poland
Dr. Tomasz Rozbicki Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland
Dr. Michał Rzeszewski Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Dr. Sadeq Salman Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia Assoc.
Prof. Abdel-Lateif Abdel-Wahab Samak Menoufia University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering Department, Shebin El Kom, Egypt Assoc.
Prof. Saad Shauket Sammen Diyala University, Iraq Dr. Seddiki Sara University of Science and Technology Oran – Mohamed Boudiaf, Algeria
Dr. Veronica Sarateanu Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara, Agriculture Faculty, Romania
Dr. Biju Sayed Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman
Dr. Magdalena Senze University of Life Sciences in Wrocław, Department of Limnology and Fishery, Poland
Dr. Madina Serikova L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Dr. Tamara Shevchenko O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv, Ukraine
Prof. Omar Shihab University of Anbar, Iraq Dr. Kuo Shih-Yun Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan Dr. Mehrdad Shokatian-Beiragh University of Tabriz, Iran Assoc.
Prof. Edyta Sierka University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
Prof. Brbara Skowera University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Ecology, Climatology and Air Protection, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Monika Skowrońska University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Poland
Prof. Joaquín Solana-Gutiérrez Joaquín Solana-Gutiérrez, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Dr. Jacek Sosnowski University of Siedlce, Poland
Prof. Tomasz Sosulski Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Division of Agricultural And Environmental Chemistry, Institut of Agriculture, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Waldemar Spychalski Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poland
Prof. Ryszard Staniszewski Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poland
Prof. Ryszard Staniszewski Poznan University of Life of Science, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poland
Prof. Matthew Stocker University of Maryland, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College Park, MD, United States
Prof. Ljiljana Stojanović Bjelić Pan-European University “APEIRON”, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Master Sunčica Sukur University of Banja Luka, Department of Chemistry, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Wayan Suparta Menoreh University, Indonesia
Dr. Marta Sylla Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Spatial Management, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Barbara Symanowicz Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland Assoc. Prof. Serhiy Syrotyuk Lviv National Agrarian University, Department of Energy, Ukraine
Prof. Szilard Szilard Szabo University of Debrecen, Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformation Systems, Hungary
Dr. Paulina Śliz Krakow University of Economics, Poland Master Gabriella Tocchi University of Naples Federico II, Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, Italy
Prof. Serghiy Vambol Kharkiv National Technical University of Agriculture after P. Vasilenko, Ukraine
Dr. Irina Vaskina Sumy State University, Department of Applied Ecology, Ukraine
Dr. Luca Vecchioni University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Italy
Dr. Lorenzo Vergni Università di Perugia, Italy
Dr. Grzegorz Wałowski Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Nilai, Malaysia
Prof. Qiao Wei China Agricultural University, College of Engineering, Beijing, China
Prof. Mirosław Wiatkowski Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland Dr. Magdalena Wijata Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Marta Wojewódka-Przybył Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Dr. Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Poznań Univeristy of Life Sciences, Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Poland
Dr. Barbara Wróbel Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Bagyo Yanuwiadi Brawijaya University, Postgraduate Program of Environmental Science, Brawijaya University, Indonesia Assoc.
Prof. Ewelina Zając University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Development, Poland
Dr. Francisco Zavala-García Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Agronomía, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
Prof. Jarosław Zawadzki Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Construction, Hydrotechnics and Environmental Engineering, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Elżbieta Zębek University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Law and Administration, Poland Assoc.
Prof. Agnieszka Ziernicka-Wojtaszek University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Department of Ecology, Climatology and Air Protection, Poland
Prof. Deki Zulkarnain Universitas Halu Oleo, Kota Kendari, Indonesia Prof. Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

Journal of Water and Land Development – List of reviewers – 2022

Assoc. Prof. Walid Kamal Abdelbasset - Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
Master Azham Umar Abidin Universitas - Islam Indonesia, Department of Environmetal Engineering, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Prof. Bachir Achour - University of Biskra, Department of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Algeria
Dr. Ehtesham Ahmed - Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Dresden, Germany
Assoc. Prof. Yousef Alaie - Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breedeing, Ardabil Branch, Iran
Prof. Mehush Aliu - University of Mitrovica, Department of Food Technology, Albania
Assoc. Prof. Salman Dawood Ammar - College of Engineering University of Basrah, Civil Engineering Department, Basrah, Iraq
Dr. Ozan Artun - Cukurova University in Adana, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Habib-ur-Rehman Athar - Bahauddin Zakariya University, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Pakistan
Prof. Atilgan Atilgan - Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Engineering Faculty, Alanya, Turkey
Master Jan Baiker - University of Zurich, EClim Research Group, Switzerland
Assoc. Prof. Sławomir Bajkowski - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Prof. Kazimierz Banasik - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Master Petra Barroso - Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
Dr. Anna Baryła - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Stanisław Bielski - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Dr. Matias Bonansea - Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina
Assoc. Prof. Małgorzata Bonisławska - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Barbara Borawska-Jarmułowicz - Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Department of Agronomy, Poland
Prof. Hamid Bouchelkia - University of Tlemcen, Department of Hydraulic, Algeria
Dr. Adam Brysiewicz - Institute of Technology and Life Sciences - National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
Dr. Filip Bujakowski - Warsaw University of Life Sciences — WULS, Poland, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Irena Burzyńska - Forest Research Institute, Laboratory of Natural Environment Chemistry, Sękocin Stary, Poland
Dr. Barbara Błaszczak - Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Dr. Daniel Carreres-Prieto - Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Department of Mining and Civil Engineering., Spain
Prof. Tzu-Chia Chen - Krirk University, International College, Bangkok, Thailand
Prof. Krzysztof Chmielowski - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Justyna Chudecka - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Environmental, Management and Agriculture, Poland
Dr. Alessia Cogato - University of Padova, Department of Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Forestry, Legnaro (PD), Italy
Dr. Agnieszka Cupak - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Isa Curebal - Balikesir University, Turkey
Prof. Wojciech Czekała - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Robert Czerniawski - University of Szczecin, Poland
Dr. Jini D - Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Department of Biotechnology, India
Dr. Jarosław Dąbrowski - Institute of Technology and Life Sciences - National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Piotr Dąbrowski - Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Poland
Dr. Ewa Dacewicz - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Ralf Dannowski - Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Land Use Research, Institute of Landscape Hydrology (retired since 2015), Müncheberg, Germany
Dr. Leszek Dawid - Koszalin University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Indang Dewata - Universitas Negeri Padang, Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Indonesia
Prof. Sina Dobaradaran - Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr, Iran
Prof. Tiago dos Santos - Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Brazil
Dr. Gabriela Dumitran - University Politehnica Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Yahya El Hammoudani - National School of Applied Sciences, Morocco
Prof. Salah I. El-Khatib - Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), Agricultural Engineering Center (ARC), Dokki, Egypt
Assoc. Prof. Piotr Eljasik - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Department of Meat Science, Poland
Prof. Nabil Elshery - Tanta University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Botany Department, Egypt
Prof. Evens Emmanuel - Université Quisqueya, Ave Jean Paul II, Haut Turgeau, Haiti
Dr. Francesco Faraone - Cooperativa Silene, Palermo, Italy
Prof. Tebbi Fatima Zohra - University of Batna, Algeria
Assoc. Prof. Marcin Feltynowski - University of Lodz, Poland
Prof. Ulfert Focken - Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Bremerhaven, Germany
Dr. Dorota Fopp-Bayat - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Dr. Małgorzata Gałczyńska - Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
Prof. Mohamed Genaidy - Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering Department, Cairo, Egypt
Dr. Abbas Gholami - Shoaml University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Amol city, Iran
Dr. Magdalena Gizińska-Górna - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Prof. Katarzyna Glińska-Lewczuk - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Prof. Daniela Gogoase Nistoran - University Politehnica of Bucharest, Hydraulics, Hydraulic Machines and Environmental Engineering, Romania
Assoc. Prof. Dariusz Gozdowski - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Department of Biometry, Poland
Prof. Elżbieta Grabińska-Sota - Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland
Dr. Łukasz Gruss - University of Environmental Life Sciences in Wrocław, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection Department of Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Antoni Grzywna - University of Live Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Dr. Simone Guareschi - Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
Dr. Hao Guo - China Agricultural University, College of Land Science and Technology, Beijing, China
Assoc. Prof. Virginija Gurskienė - Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
Prof. Abida Habib - Université of Sfax, Tunisia
Dr. Justyna Hachoł - Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Protection and Development, Poland
Dr. Peter Halaj - Slovak University of Agriculture, Slovak Republic
Master Wiktor Halecki - University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Mateusz Hammerling - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Poland
Prof. Saiad Hamoda - Cotton Research Institute - Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
Dr. Leszek Hejduk - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
Dr. Henny Herawati - Tanjungpura University, Indonesia
Dr. Tomasz Horaczek - Institute of Technology and Life Sciences - National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
Dr. Altijana Hromić - Jahjefendić International University Sarajevo, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Stanley Iheanacho - Alex Ekwuem Federal University Ndufu Alike, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Nigeria
Dr. Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac - University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Romania
Assoc. Prof. Lawal Adedoyin - Isola Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
Prof. Valentina Iurchenko - Kharkiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 40 Sumskaya st., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine, Ukraine
Assoc. Prof. Andrzej Jaki - Cracow University of Economics, Poland
Dr. Mateusz Jakubiak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Management and Protection, Poland
Prof. Jerzy Jeznach - SGGW, Poland
Dr. Kaltrina Jusufi - University of Prishtina, Albania
Prof. Marian Kachniarz - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Grzegorz Kaczor - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Tatiana Kaletova - Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic
Assoc. Prof. Agnieszka Karczmarczyk - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Robert Kasperek - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Jan Kazak - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Spatial Economy, Poland
Dr. Cezary Kaźmierowski - Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Dr. Ewa Kaznowska - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Tomasz Kałuża - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Poznań, Poland
Prof. Nahed Khairy - Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
Dr. Adam Kiczko - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Water Engineering and Environment Restoration, Poland
Dr. Lucyna Kirczuk - University of Szczecin, Institute of Biology, Poland
Dr. Krzysztof Klamkowski - The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Poland
Dr. Kamila Klimek - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Prof. Marek Kopacz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Radovan Kopp - Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
Prof. Pyotr Kovalenko - Institute of Water Problems and Melioration of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Dr. Monika Kowalska-Góralska - Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Biology, Poland
Dr. Anna Kozak - Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Department of Water Protection, Poland
Dr. Anna Krakowiak-Bal - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Irina Krish - Vladimir State University, Russia
Prof. Maciej Kubon - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Radovan Kukobat - University of Banja Luka, Centre for Biomedical Research, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Deepak Kumar - Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, College of Technology, Department of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, India
Dr. Karolina Kurek - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Alban Kuriqi - Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Prof. Sergey V. Kuznetsov - Naberezhnye Chelny Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
Dr. Stanisław Lach - AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection, Poland
Dr. Jolanta Latosińska - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Chengdao Li - Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
Assoc. Prof. Daniel Liberacki - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poland
Prof. Lily Limantara - University of Brawijaya, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Water Resources, Indonesia
Dr. Marta Lisiak-Zielińska - Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. T. Listyani R. A. - Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta (ITNY)
Prof. Wiesława Lizińska - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Prof. Biljana Lubarda - University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Biology Department, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Mariia Lyzun - West Ukrainian National University in Ternopil, Ukraine
Dr. Robert Machowski - University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Earth Sciences, Poland
Dr. Agnieszka Mąkosza - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Poland
Dr. Beata Malczewska - University of Environmental Life Sciences in Wrocław, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Nenad Malić - EFT - Rudnik i Termoelektrana Stanari d.o.o., Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Dagmara Malina - Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Mateusz Malinowski - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, Poland
Prof. Ryszard Malinowski - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Poland
Prof. Myroslav Malovanyy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine
Assoc. Prof. Maja Manojlović - University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Biology Ecology and Environmental Protection, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Marek Marks - University of Warmia and Mazury, Department of Agroecosystems, Olsztyn, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Federico Marrone - University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences (STEBICEF), Italy
Dr. Michał Marzec - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Poland
Prof. Mohamed Meddi - Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Hydraulique, Blida, Algeria
Assoc. Prof. Erik Meijles - University Groningen, Netherlands
Dr. Dijana Mihajlović - University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Assoc. Prof. Gabriel Minea - University of Bucharest, The Research Institute, Romania
Master Mohamed Moustafa - Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
Prof. Maria Mrówczyńska - University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Prof. Maciej Mrowiec - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Karol Mrozik - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Dariusz Młyński - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Aliaa Namish - Cotton Research Institute - Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
Dr. S. Prasanth Narayanan - Mahatma Gandhi University, Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development (ACESSD), Kottayam, India
Master Neha Nawandar - Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nagpur, India
Dr. Gianina Neculau - National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Arkadiusz Nędzarek - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Department of Aquatic Sozology,, Poland
Dr. Jakub Nieć - University of Life Sciences in Poznan, Poland
Prof. Vahid Nourani - Tabriz University, Iran
Prof. Beata Olszewska - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Marzenna Olszewska - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Prof. Isaac Oluwatayo - University of Limpopo, South Africa
Assoc. Prof. Agnieszka Operacz - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Emre Özşahin - Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Turkey
Dr. Avinash Pandey - Borlaug Institute of South Asia, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), India
Dr. Dušica Pešević - University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Department of Ecology and Geography, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Assoc. Prof. Slaveya Petrova - University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Dr. Agnieszka Petryk - Cracow University of Economics, Poland
Prof. Edward Pierzgalski - Forest Research Institute, Sękocin, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Renata Pietrzak-Fiecko - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Commodities and Food Analysis, Poland
Dr. Dorota Pikuła - Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
Dr. Laura Plazas - Tovar Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Prof. Karol Plesiński - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Poland
Prof. Joanna Podlasińska - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Agnieszka Policht-Latawiec - University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew Popek - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Erik Querner - Querner Consult, Netherlands
Prof. Najeha Rekika - University of Alberta, Canada
Assoc. Prof. Maimun Rizalihadi - Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia
Prof. Anatoliy Rokochinskiy - National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Ukraine
Dr. Roman Rolbiecki - UTP University of Science and Technology, Agrometeorology, Plant Irrigation and Horticulture, Laboratory of Land Reclamation and Agrometeorology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Prof. Klas Rosen - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
Dr. Vesna Rudic Grujic - Public Health Institute Banja Luka, Department of Hygiene, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Mariusz Rzętała - University of Silesia, Katowice , Poland
Dr. Grażyna Sakson-Sysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Heddam Salim - 20 Août 1955 University, Agronomy Department, Hydraulic Division, Skikda, Algeria
Dr. Sadeq Salman - Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Ivan Samelak - University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Assoc. Prof. Saad Shauket - Sammen Diyala University, Diyala, Iraq., Iraq
Dr. Abba Sani Isah - Yusuf Maitama Sule University, PPD&M Department, Kano, Nigeria
Dr. Veronica Sarateanu - Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara, Agriculture Faculty, Romania
Dr. Madina Serikova - L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Dr. GM Shafiullah - Murdoch University, Engineering and Energy, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Perth, Australia
Prof. Zafar Siddiq - Government College University, Lahor, Pakistan
Dr. Leszek Sieczko - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Department of Agriculture and Biology, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Edyta Sierka - University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
Prof. Vasil Simeonov - University of Sofia „St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Dr. Hanna Siwek - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Poland
Prof. Tadeusz Siwiec - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Production Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Poland
Prof. Mariusz Sojka - Poznan University of Life Sciences, Institute of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Geodesy, Poland
Dr. Jacek Sosnowski - Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Zofia Sotek - University of Szczecin, Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Waldemar Spychalski - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poland
Dr. Marcin Spychała - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Mariola Staniak - Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Forage Crop Production, Puławy, Poland
Master Dragana Stević - University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Nataliia Stoiko - Lviv National Agrarian University, Ukraine
Prof. Purnama Sukardi - Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia
Master Sunčica Sukur - University of Banja Luka, Department of Chemistry, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Assoc. Prof. John Sunoji - Guangxi University, Nanning, China
Prof. Wayan Suparta - Menoreh University, Indonesia
Assoc. Prof. Marcin Świtoniak - Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Poland
Prof. Barbara Symanowicz - Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland
Dr. Jan Szatyłowicz - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Management, Poland
Dr. Eliza Szczerkowska-Majchrzak - University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Wojciech Szewczyk - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Poland
Prof. Szymon Szewrański - University of Environmental Life Sciences in Wrocław, Institute of Spatial Management, Poland
Dr. Kinga Szopińska - Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Poland
Prof. Wiesław Szulc - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Ecology, Poland
Prof. Renata Tandyrak - Warmia and Mazury Unversity in Olsztyn, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Adam Tański - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Division Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Breeding, Poland
Dr. Sawsan Tawkaz - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Cairo, Egypt
Assoc. Prof. Przemysław Tkaczyk - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Prof. Renata Tobiasz-Salach - University of Rzeszów, Poland
Prof. Goran Trbić - University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Tomasz Tymiński - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Water Engineering and Hydraulic Transport, Poland
Master Jerome Undiandeye - German Biomass Research Centre, Department of Biochemical Conversion, Leipzig, Germany
Prof. Serghiy Vambol - Kharkiv National Technical University of Agriculture after P. Vasilenko, Ukraine
Prof. Viliana Vasileva - Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria
Dr. Iryna Vaskina - Sumy State University, Department of Applied Ecology, Sumy, Ukraine
Prof. Magdalena Vaverková - Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Brno, Czech Republic
Dr. Rafal Wawer - The Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
Prof. Jadwiga Wierzbowska - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Chair of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment Protection, Poland
Dr. Lestari Witri - Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
Prof. Ghulam Yasin - Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
Assoc. Prof. Işil Yildirim - Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
Prof. Magdalena Zabochnicka - Czestochowa University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Francisco Zavala-García - Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Agronomía, Mexico
Prof. Olga Zhovtonog - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Dr. Anna Źróbek-Sokolnik - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Socio-Economic Geography, Poland
Prof. Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

Journal of Water and Land Development – List of reviewers – 2021

Prof. Aminuddin Ab Ghani - River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Fahmy Abdelhaleem - Benha University, Egypt
Dr. Yahiaoui Abdelhalim - Institute of Technology, University of Bouira, Algeria
Dr. Et-touys Abdeslam - Université Mohammed-V, Faculté des sciences, Rabat, Morocco
Prof. Galiya Abdilova - Caspian State University, Kazakhstan
Dr. Mohamed Abuarab - Cairo University, Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt
Prof. Bachir Achour - University of Biskra, Algeria
Assoc. Prof. Malik Akhtar - Balochistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences, Balochistan, Pakistan
Assoc. Prof. Shamshodbek Akmalov - Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Uzbekistan
Dr. Muhammad Akram - University of Punjab, Department of Mathematics, Pakistan
Assoc. Prof. Yousef Alaie Sari - Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran
Master Berghout Ali - University of Bejaia, Faculty of Technology, Algeria
Prof. Berreksi Ali - University of Bejaia, Algeria
Prof. Mehush Aliu - University of Mitrovica, Albania
Prof. Rafid Alkhaddar - Liverpool JM University, United Kingdom
Dr. Laheab Almaliki - Kufa University, Iraq
Assoc. Prof. Salman Dawood Ammar - University of Basrah, College of Engineering, Iraq
Dr. Agus Dwi Anggono - Universitas Muhammadiyah, Faculty of Engineering, Surakarta, Indonesia
Dr. Mourad Arabi - University Mohammed Premier, Faculty of Sciences, Oujda, Morocco
Dr. Maria Adelaide Araujo Almeida - Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Portugal
Prof. Igor Ariefiev - Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
Dr. Ozan Artun - Cukurova University in Adana, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Turkey
Dr. Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari - Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
Dr. Andi Asrifine - Makassar University, Indonesia
Dr. Edidiong Asuquo - University of Manchester, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, United Kingdom
Assoc. Prof. Habib-ur-Rehman Athar - Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Pakistan
Prof. Atilgan Atilgan - Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
Assist. Prof. Allan Bacon - University of Florida, United States Arpna Bajpai Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiāna, India
Assoc. Prof. Malgorzata Bąk - Uniwersytet Szczecinski, Poland
Dr. Monika Balawejder - PWSTE The Bronisław Markiewicz State University of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, Poland
Prof. Ildefonso Baldiris-Navarro - Universidad de Cartagena, Colombia
Prof. Kazimierz Banasik - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
Prof. Icela Barcecó-Qiuntal - Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, México
Dr. Tomasz Bergel - University of Agriculture in Cracow, Poland
Dr. Stanisław Bielski - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Muhammad Binbakar - Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Paolo Blecich - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Dr. Bartosz Bojarski - Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Poland
Dr. Matias Bonansea - Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina
Małgorzata Bonisławska - West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
Dr. Łukasz Borek - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Abderrazak Bouanani - Abou Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, Algeria
Prof. Hamid Bouchelkia - Hydraulique, University of Tlemcen, Algeria
Dr. Maamar Boumediene - Abou Bekr Belkaid University, Faculty of Technology, Tlemcen, Algeria
Dr. Tarik Bouramtane - Mohammed V University of Rabat, Department of Geology, Rabat, Morocco
Master Mourad Boussekine - Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
Dr. Nadhem Brahim - University of Tunis El Manar, Department of Geology, Tunisia
Prof. Marian Brestic - Slovak Agriculture university, Slovak Republic
Prof. Piotr Bugajski - University of Agriculture of Krakow, Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Irena Burzyńska - Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland
Dr. Attila Bussay - European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
Dr. Cynthia Carliell-Marquet - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Dr. Eugenio Cavallo Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines, National Research Council of Italy, Italy
Prof. Algimantas Česnulevičius Vilnius University, Lithuania
Dr. Shaoqing Chen Beijing Normal University, China
Prof. Tzu-Chia Chen Krirk University, International College, Bangkok, Thailand
Prof. Adam Choiński Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Jerzy Chojnacki Koszalin University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poland
Dr. Harshika Choudhary Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India
Dr. Belle Christoffers Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina
Dr. Dariusz Ciszewski AGH-University of Sciences and Technology, Poland
Prof. Helena Cristina Fernandes Ferreira Madureira Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Letras, Porto, Portugal
Dr. Isa Curebal Geography, Balikesir University, Turkey
Dr. Paweł Dąbek Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Protection and Development, Poland
Dr. Ewa Dacewicz Agricultural University in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Jacek Dach Poznań University of Life Sciences, Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Poland
Dr. Ralf Dannowski Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Land Use Research, Institute of Landscape Hydrology (retired since 2015), Germany
Assoc. Prof. Nora Denissova University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
Dr. Oussama Derdous Kasdi Merbah University, Department of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ouargla , Algeria
Prof. Indang Dewata Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
Dr. Larbi Djabri - Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, Algeria
Prof. Lakhedar Djemili - Annaba University, Algeria
Assoc. Prof. Anarbekova Gulshat Dzhumabaevna - Kazakh National Agrarian University, Kazakhstan
Dr. Desalegn Edossa - Central University of Technology, Bloemfontain, South Africa
Assoc. Prof. Mohamed El Bouhaddioui - École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat, Morocco
Assoc. Prof. Mohamed El Faydy - Ibn Tofail University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Kenitra, Morocco
Prof. Youssef El Guamri - Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training, CRMEF- Marrakech, Morocco
Prof. Abdellah El Hmaidi - Moulay Ismail University, Morocco
Prof. Mahmoud El-Tokhy - Benha University, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Cairo, Egypt
Dr. Mokhtari Elhadj - University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hydraulic Department, Chlef, Algeria
Dr. Wessam Elssawy - Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, ARC, Egypt
Prof. Salah Er-Raki - Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
Prof. Ewa Falkowska - Warsaw University, Faculty of Geology, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Poland
Prof. Tebbi Fatima Zohra - University of Batna, Algeria
Prof. Alisher Fatxulloev - Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Uzbekistan
Dr. Anna Fijałkowska - Warsaw University of Technology, Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Daniel Fomina - Kazan National Research Technological University, Russia
Prof. Renata Gamrat - West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
Dr. Małgorzata Gałczyńska - West Pomeranian University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Szczecin, Poland
Dr. Abbas Gholami - Shoaml University, Amol, Iran
Prof. Mohammad Ali Ghorbani - University of Tabriz, Iran
Dr. Magdalena Gizińska-Górna - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Prof. Daniela Gogoase Nistoran - University Politehnica of Bucharest, Hydraulics Deptartment, Romania
Assoc. Prof. Wojciech Golimowski - Wroclaw University of Economics and Business
Dr. Julia V. Golubeva - Kazan University, Russia
Assoc. Prof. Dariusz Gozdowski - Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Department of Biometry, Poland
Prof. Kazimierz Grabowski - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Grassland, Poland
Prof. Andrzej Greinert - University of Zielona Gora, Department of Geoengineering and Reclamation, Poland
Dr. Maciej Gruszczyński - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland
Prof. Anna Grzybek - Polish Biomass Association, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Antoni Grzywna - University of Live Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Prof. Abida Habib - University of Sfax, Tunisia
Dr. Peter Halaj Slovak - University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Dr. Henny Herawati - Tanjungpura University, Indonesia
Assoc. Prof. Miguel Heredia Ramos - Universidad de Deusto, Spain
Dr. Mark Herse - University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Dr. Fareha Hilaluddin - University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia
Dr. Stefan Holler - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart Fraunhofer Institute, Germany
Assoc. Prof. Saeed Hoodfar - Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
Dr. Tomasz Horaczek - Institute of Technology and Life Sciences - National Research Insitute, Falenty, Poland
Prof. Larbi Houichi - University of Batna 2, Algeria
Prof. Lyudmyla Hranovska - Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS, Ukraine
Assoc. Prof. Monzur Alam Imteaz - Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering & Industrial Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
Master Bambang Isnawan - Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Assoc. Prof. Lawal Adedoyin Isola - Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria, Nigeria
Dr. Valentina Iurchenko - Kharkiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Prof. Karen Jago-on - University of the Philippines-Diliman, School of Urban and Regional Planning, Quezon City, Philippines
Master Shoaib Jamro - Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Poland
Prof. Irfan U Jan - University of Alberta, Canada
Dr. Monika Janaszek-Mańkowska - Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Grzegorz Janik - Wrocław University of Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Kazimierz Jankowski - Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
Dr. Elżbieta Jasińska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Bartosz Jawecki - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Sabrine Jemai - University of Sfax, Faculty of Sciences , Tunisia
Prof. Jerzy Jeznach - Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Poland
Prof. Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Poland
Dr. Grzegorz Kaczor - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Marek Kalenik - Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Tatiana Kaletova - Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic
Assoc. Prof. Andrzej Karbowy - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Robert Kasperek - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering Poland
Assoc. Prof. Hakan Kavur - Cukurova University, Turkey
Prof. Nahed Khairy - Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt
Dr. Mina Khosravi - Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Dr. Borys Khrystyuk - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Kiev, Ukraine
Dr. Adam Kiczko - Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Jolanta Kiełpińska - West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Emmanuel C. Kipkorir - Chepkoilel University College, Kenya
Prof. Özgür Kişi - Ilia State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Georgia
Dr. Krzysztof Klamkowski - The National Institute of Horticultural Research - National Research Institute, Poland
Prof. Amelia Knight - North South University, Bangladesh
Prof. Serhii Kokovikhin - Institute of Irrigated Agriculture NAAS, Kherson, Ukraine
Prof. Marek Kopacz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Kraków, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Radovan Kopp - Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
Prof. Viktor Kovalchuk - National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Ukraine, Ukraine
Prof. Pyotr Kovalenko - Institute of Water Problems and Melioration of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, Ukraine
Dr. Agnieszka Kowalczyk - Institute of Technology and Life Sciences - National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Tomasz Kowalczyk - University of Life Sciences in Wrocław, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Lotfali Kozegar Kaleji -Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Geoscience, Tehran, Iran
Dr. Adam Kozioł - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Michał Kozłowski - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Poland
Dr. Anna Krakowiak-Bal - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Irina Krish - Vladimir State University, Russia
Dr. Katarzyna Kubiak - Wójcicka - Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
Prof. Maciej Kuboń - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Janusz Kubrak - Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Deepak Kumar - Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Technology, Department of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Pantnagar, India
Dr. Renata Kuśmierek-Tomaszewska - Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Prof. Sergey V. Kuznetsov - Naberezhnye Chelny Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia, Russia
Dr. Darius Kviklys - Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kedainiai, Lithuania
Dr. Stanisław Lach - AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Kraków, Poland
Dr. Salih Lachache - University Tahri Mohamed Béchar, Faculty of Technology, Energetic Laboratory in the Arid Zone (ENERGARID), Algeria
Prof. Lenka Lackóová - Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Department of Landscape Planning and Ground Design, Slovak Republic
Dr. Jolanta Latosińska - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Agnė Laužadytė-Tutlienė - Vilnius University, Lithuania
Dr. Okanlade Lawal-Adebowale - Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Assist. Prof. Sébastien Lebaut - Research Unit "LOTERR", University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
Assoc. Prof. Daniel Liberacki - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poland
Assist. Prof. Ramin Lotfi - Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Iran
Prof. Biljana Lubarda - University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Assoc. Prof. Alsu Lubnina - Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia
Prof. Jurik Lubos - Slovak University of Agriculture, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering (WREE), Slovak Republic
Dr. Marta Łapuszek - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Mehdi Mahmoodi-k - Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Dr. Agnieszka Mąkosza - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Poland
Prof. Ryszard Malinowski - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Poland
Prof. Myroslav Malovanyy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine
Dr. Maja Manojlović - University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Dominik Marchowski - Polish Academy of Science, Poland
Dr. Paweł Marcinkowski - Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Andrzej Marczuk - University of Life Science in Lublin, Poland
Master Mirjana Marković - University of Banja Luka, Environmental Protection Department, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Patrick Martin - Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Freshwater Biology, Brussells, Belgium
Prof. Alina Matuszak-Flejszman - Poznan University of Economics and Bussines, Poland
Prof. Jurij Mażajski - Meshcherskiy Nauchno-Tekhnicheskiy Tsentr, Ryazan, Russia
Prof. Małgorzata Mazurek Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Erik Meijles - University Groningen, Netherlands
Assoc. Prof. Oleg Meshyk - Brest State Technical University, Belarus
Dr. Magdalena Michel - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Florin-Constantin Mihai - "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Romania
Dr. Gabriel Minea - National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Romania
Prof. Andrzej Misztal - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Meddi Mohamed - Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Hydraulique, Algeria
Dr. Amir Molajou - Iran University of Science and Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Tehran, Iran
Dr. Gabriela Morosanu - Institute of Geography of Romanian Academy, Romania
Prof. Józef Mosiej - Warsaw University of Life Scieces -SGGW, Department Environmental Development, Poland
Prof. Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Davoudi - Islamic Azad University, Iran
Master Mohamed Moustafa - Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
Dr. Dounia Mrad - University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Algeria
Dr. Getachew Mehabie Mulualem - Bahir Dar University College of Science, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
Dr. Ghulam Murtaza - University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Assoc. Prof. Dariusz Młyński - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Dr. Arkadiusz Nędzarek - West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Department of Aquatic Sozology, Poland
Dr. Jacek Niedźwiecki - Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
Dr. Tomasz Noszczyk - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Poland
Prof. Vahid Nourani - Tabriz University, Iran
Assoc. Prof. Prihadi Nugroho - Universitas Diponegoro, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Indonesia
Prof. James Nwite - Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Prof. Beata Olszewska - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Agnieszka Operacz - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Poland
Prof. Finn Otto - Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
Prof. Abdallah Ouagued - University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria
Assoc. Prof. Emre Özşahin - Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
Dr. Paiman Paiman - Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Dr. Avinash Pandey - Borlaug Institute of South Asia, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), India
Dr. Dušica Pešević - University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Prof. Janina Piekutin - Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Dorota Pikuła - Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Oleg Pinchuk - National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Kyiv, Ukraine
Prof. Yineth Piñeros - Castro Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano Bogotá Chemical Engineering Department, Colombia
Master Nicolas Piñeros Guerrero - Chemical Department. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia
Assist. Prof. Nader Pirmoradian - University of Guilan Rasht, Iran
Prof. Karol Plesiński - University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Agnieszka Policht-Latawiec - University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Poland
Master Katja Polotzek - Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
Dr. Wiesław Ptach - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
Dr. Abdul Quayyum - The University of Haripur, Department of Agronomy, Pakistan
Dr. Erik Querner - Querner Consult, Netherlands
Prof. Artur Radecki-Pawlik - Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Poland
Dr. Nurul Redzuan - Universiti Malasia Terengganu, Malaysia
Dr. Asuncion Riaza - Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Spain
Assoc. Prof. Maimun Rizalihadi - Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia
Prof. Anatoliy Rocochinsky - National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Kyiv, Ukraine
Dr. Vesna Rudic Grujic - Public Health Institute Banja Luka, Department of Hygiene, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Oleksandr Rudik - Kherson State Agrarian University, Ukraine
Dr. Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk - University of Life Science in Lublin, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Magdalena Ryżak - Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
Prof. Carlos Salazar-Briones - Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
Sadeq Salman - Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia, Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. Abdel-Lateif Abdel-Wahab Samak - Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Egypt
Dr. Ivan Samelak - University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dr. Seddiki Sara - University of Science and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria
Dr. Veronica Sarateanu - Agriculture Faculty, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara, Romania
Prof. Osama Sayed Jazan - University, Faculty of Science, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Marcus Senra - Unversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Dr. Artur Serafin - University of Life Science in Lublin, Poland
Dr. Muhammad Setiawan - Universitas Gadjah Mada, Department. of Environmental Geography, Indonesia
Dr. GM Shafiullah - Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Perth, Australia
Prof. Abdol Aziz Shahraki - The Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
Dr. Elena V Shemaeva - Tomsk State University, Russia
Dr. Tamara Shevchenko - O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv, Ukraine
Dr. Leszek Sieczko - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Department of Agriculture and Biology, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Edyta Sierka - University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
Dr. Jakub Sikora - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Vasil Simeonov - University of Sofia „St. Kliment Ohridski” Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bulgaria
Dr. Ajai Singh - Centre for Water Engineering and Management, Central University of Jharkhand, India
Dr. Hanna Siwek - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Janusz Siwek - Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
Prof. Tadeusz Siwiec - Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Rajmund Skowron - Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
Prof. Jerzy Sobota - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Master Iga Solecka - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Zbigniew Sroka - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Piotr Stachowski - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Ryszard Staniszewski - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Rafał Stasik - Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Agus Suharyanto - Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Prof. Wayan Suparta - Menoreh University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Dr. Imam Suprayogi - Universitas Riau, Department of Civil Engineering, Indonesia
Dr. Yeri Sutopo - Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
Dr. Adam Świętochowski - Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Department of Biosystems Engineering Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Poland
Dr. Jan Szatyłowicz - Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Wojciech Szewczyk - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, Poland
Prof. Sławomir Szymczyk - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Adam Tański - West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Division Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Breeding, Poland
Prof. Drias Tarek - University of Batna 2,Algeria
Prof. Mohamed Tayel - National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
Assoc. Prof. Rayan Thanoon - University of Mosul, Remote Sensing Center, Iraq
Prof. Renata Tobiasz-Salach - University of Rzeszów, Poland
Dr. Katarzyna Tokarczyk-Dorociak - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Poland
Brian Tomaszewski - Rochester Institute of Technology, Information Sciences and Technologies, United States
Dr. Rachid Touir - Centre Régional des Métiers de l’Éducation et de la Formation (CRMEF), Rabat, Morocco
Prof. I Ting Tsai - University of Pittsburgh, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, United States
Dr. Paul Van Dijk - Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture Grand Est, France
Dr. Irina Vaskina - Sumy State University, Department of Applied Ecology, Ukraine
Dr. Mykola Voloshin - Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University, Ukraine
Prof. Tomasz Walczykiewicz - Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, Division of Water Management, Branch in Cracow, Poland
Dr. Andrzej Walega - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Joanna Wibig - University of Lodz, Poland
Dr. Ewelina Widelska - University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Poland
Prof. Jan Winter - Warsaw University of Technology
Prof. Franciszek Woch - Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Dariusz Wrona - Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Lu Xiwu - Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Assoc. Prof. Azizah Yacob - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Mohammed Yacoubi Khebiza - Cadi Ayyad University, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology LHEA, Marrakech, Morocco
Assoc. Prof. Bagyo Yanuwiadi - Brawijaya University, Indonesia
Assoc. Prof. Işil Yildirim - Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
Dr. Kateb Zakaria - Tlemcen University, Algeria
Dr. Jan Zarzycki - University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Jarosław Zawadzki - Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Poland
Dr. Paweł Zawadzki - Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland
Prof. Bakenaz A. Zeidan - Tanta University, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt
Dr. Miroslaw Żelazny - Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
Prof. Abdel Razik Ahmed Zidan - Mansoura University, Irrigation and Hydraulics Department, Egypt
Dr. Tomasz Zubala - Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Dr. Anna Źróbek-Sokolnik - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

Plagiarism Policy


Plagiarism Policy

1. The Editorial Team of the “Journal of Water and Land Development” (JWLD) is strictly against any unethical act of copying or plagiarism in any form. According to Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) plagiarism is defined as: When somebody presents the work of others (data, words or theories) as if they were his/her own and without proper acknowledgement. Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). All manuscripts submitted for publication to JWLD are cross-checked for plagiarism using iThenticate/Turnitin software.
2. Plagiarism is the unethical act of copying someone else's prior ideas, processes, results or words without explicit acknowledgement of the original author and source. Self-plagiarism occurs when an author utilises a large part of his/her own previously published work without using appropriate references. This can range from getting the same manuscript published in multiple journals to modifying a previously published manuscript with some new data.
3. Manuscripts found to be plagiarised (overall similarity index of the manuscript should not be more than 15% for research articles and 20% for review articles with a limitation of less than 3% similarity from any individual source) during initial stages of review are out-rightly rejected and not considered for publication in the journal. In case a manuscript is found to be plagiarised after publication, the Editor-in-Chief will conduct a preliminary investigation, may be with the help of a suitable committee constituted for the purpose.
4. If the manuscript is found to be plagiarised beyond the acceptable limits, the journal will contact the author's Institute / College / University and Funding Agency, if any. A determination of misconduct will lead JWLD to run a statement bi-directionally linked online to and from the original paper, to note the plagiarism and provide a reference to the plagiarised material.
5. The paper containing the plagiarism will also be marked on each page of the PDF. Upon determination of the extent of plagiarism, the paper may also be formally retracted.

Types of Plagiarism

The following types of plagiarism are considered by JWLD:

1. Full Plagiarism: Previously published content without any changes to the text, idea and grammar is considered as full plagiarism. It involves presenting exact text from a source as one's own.
2. Partial Plagiarism: If content is a mixture from multiple different sources, where the author has extensively rephrased text, then it is known as partial plagiarism.
3. Self-Plagiarism: When an author reuses complete or portions of their pre-published research, then it is known as self-plagiarism. Complete self-plagiarism is a case when an author republishes their own previously published work in a new journal.

JWLD respects intellectual property and aims at protecting and promoting original work of its authors. Manuscripts containing plagiarised material are against the standards of quality, research and innovation. Hence, all authors submitting articles to JWLD are expected to abide by ethical standards and abstain from plagiarism, in any form.

The authors must ensure that the submitted manuscript:
- describes completely the original work;
- is not plagiarism;
- has not been published before in any language;
- the information used or words from other publications are appropriately indicated by reference or indicated in the text.
Existing copyright laws and conventions must be observed. Materials protected by copyright (for example, tables, figures or large quotations) should only be reproduced with the permission of their owner.

In case, an author is found to be suspected of plagiarism in a submitted or published manuscript then, JWLD shall contact the author(s) to submit his/her/their explanation within two weeks, which may be forwarded to the special commission constituted for the purpose, for further course of action. If JWLD does not receive any response from the author within the stipulated time period, then the Director / Dean / Head of the concerned College, Institution or Organization or the Vice Chancellor of the University to which the author is affiliated shall be contacted to take strict action against the concerned author.

JWLD shall take serious action against published manuscripts found to contain plagiarism and shall completely remove them from the JWLD website and other third party websites where the paper is listed and indexed. The moment, any article published in the JWLD database is reported to be plagiarised, JWLD will constitute a special commission to investigate the same. Upon having established that the manuscript is plagiarised from some previously published work, JWLD shall support the original author and manuscript irrespective of the publisher and may take any or all of the following immediate actions or follow the additional courses of actions*:

1. JWLD editorial office shall immediately contact the Director / Dean / Head of the concerned College, Institution or Organization or the Vice Chancellor of the University to which the author(s) is (are) affiliated to take strict action against the concerned author.
2. JWLD shall change the PDF copy of the published manuscript from the website and the term Retraction shall be appended to the published manuscript title.
3. JWLD shall disable the author account with the journal and reject all future submissions from the author for a period of 03 / 05 / 10 years or even ban the authors permanently.

*Any additional courses of action, as recommended by the commission or as deemed fit for the instant case or as decided by the Editor-in-Chief, implemented from time to time.

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