Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal

This article is intended to determine the features of public management and the development process of the energy supply system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Today, the sustainable development of the country’s economy depends directly on the energy sector. Modern society and industry are completely dependent on a stable power supply and today, energy is considered the most important component of the life support of the country’s population. The country’s electrical power industry needs new large-scale investments and promising development. To do this, in the near future, the state needs to consider ways to solve problems that have arisen. The purpose of the study is to consider the elements of public administration and the evolution of the energy supply system in Kazakhstan, as well as public administration systems in other countries, such as the USA, Norway, Great Britain, and the Russian Federation. In the article, with the help of SWOT analysis and scientific analysis, the factors of development of the country’s energy industry are considered.

Ensuring access to sustainable, affordable and clean energy sources is a top priority of the global energy agenda. It is reflected in the seventh goal of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda with the three dimensions of economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. The seventh goal is aimed at providing the sustainable development of energy systems whilst taking into account these dimensions. To assess the development trends of national energy systems within the framework of the global energy agenda, certain methods of quantitative measurement have acquired particular relevance. Approaches to assessing energy security mainly depend on the interpretation of the “energy security” concept. The main methods for the integrated assessment of the energy security of states are generally compiled by international organizations. An important indicator for the measurement of the sustainable development of energy systems is the Energy Trilemma Index, built within the framework of the “energy trilemma” concept. It allows quantifying the ability of states to ensure energy security, energy equity and environmental sustainability, taking into account the national context.
Special attention is paid to the analysis of the energy systems of Russia, Kazakhstan and Armenia through the Energy Trilemma Index 2022. The studied countries actively participate in the integration processes in the Eurasian and post-Soviet space. Thus, the analysis of the Energy Trilemma Index 2022 allows us to become acquainted with the main trends of the energy sector development in the Eurasian space, exploring the conjuncture of energy markets and their main challenges. The study of the energy systems of Russia, Kazakhstan and Armenia through the energy trilemma index enables the identification the methodological significance of the index for assessing the sustainable development of national energy systems. The practical relevance of the index in the formation of the state energy policy for the sustainable development of the energy systems has also been emphasized.

Scientists are focusing on the introduction of various types of renewable energy sources and the liberalization of energy markets in the regions of the country. The problems of preventing the achievement of goals and various strategies to achieve maximum energy conservation and overcoming the current economic and environmental crisis in Ukraine also remain unresolved. We can observe the experience of the leading countries in the electricity sector, which proves that reforming the electricity sector in Ukraine is inevitable. This, in turn, is a critical factor in stimulating economic and social growth and improving the competitiveness of the regions of Ukraine. Given the above, the necessity for the study of the level of efficiency (competitiveness) and the functioning of the regional energy markets of Ukraine is obvious.
This study shows that the efficiency of electricity in the western region is relatively low due to the lack of competition, the presence of an ineffective system of subsidizing the population with cheap resources, the non-transparency of trade operations, excessive regulation of state generation, the lack of a “balanced” system of market functioning, etc.

The present paper exposes how Morocco’s population and economic expansion pose a challenge to its capacity to supply energy demand, especially given how the scarcity of fossil fuels and their high market price now and in the future develop and follow strategies to achieve the objectives of sustainable development. The effectiveness of this investment and the vast number of unexploited resources have led Morocco to aim for a new ambition of obtaining 52% of its energy demands from renewable sources, making it one of the world’s leaders with regard to renewable energies. This paper analyzes the large specter of renewable energy sources and their potential in Morocco, including solar, hydroelectric, tidal, wave, and geothermal energy sources, then identifies the barriers halting its growth, going from storing and transmitting to financing, followed by the comparative costs and benefits approach.
It also assesses the country’s strategy for sustainable development, highlighting its financing, and then expands the scope of the research to explore other potential applications of renewable energy in the Kingdom, such as desalination and transportation, followed by providing a list of guidelines and recommendations on how the country can bypass the obstacles stopping it from harnessing and using these precious resources, The feasibility of these solutions were judged through a survey by the population which showed a very promising result.

In recent years, the Australian government has changed course with regard to the gradual replacement of the country’s energy supply by traditional energy resources to alternative renewable energy sources to preserve the environment. The research relevance is predefined by the need to introduce the latest technology and to find investors for the further development of the state energy sector. In this regard, the research to reveal the current state of the energy sector in Australia, the study of existing projects, their productivity, and their impact on the environment. The main methods of research are the method of analysis of existing publications describing the current state of the energy sector as well as the method of comparing the country’s energy performance before and after the implementation of relevant reforms to better illustrate the effectiveness of existing projects. As a result, it was determined that the Australian government pursues a policy of carbon neutrality in the energy industry to reduce the harm caused to nature by harmful emissions into the atmosphere. The state has a focus on reducing the cost of electricity. It is also determined that Australia has a positive attitude toward foreign investment and is open to proposals for new technologies that improve the efficiency and security of the energy supply. The research mentions Australia’s main trading partners, their joint projects, and enterprises. The main directions of alternative energy currently used, their advantages, and their disadvantages are identified. The research result may be of practical value for investors in the field of renewable energy sources in order to better understand the energy market in Australia and possible prospects, as well as for all interested parties.

Using loans is an effective solution for the investment and construction of energy works in general and power plants in particular, especially for developing countries. In economic and financial studies of the project investment preparation stage, the options of using capital and paying interest will be taken into account to minimize risks and increase the project’s ability to pay due debts. However, it is difficult to know which loan repayment option is the most beneficial for the project and when the risk is for the project in the context of debt repayment. The current economic and financial analysis of the project mainly focuses on determining the feasibility of the project through basic parameters, such as net present value (NPV), benefit – cost – ratio (B/C), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI) and payback period (PP). These parameters do not indicate the most difficult time to pay off the project’s loans. This paper analyzes two options for repayment of long-term loans in Vietnam using the case study of Son La hydropower plant to clarify the above difficult times and recommend a suitable repayment plan for the power project. The analytical method is used to actualize the cash flow of capital and interest during the construction and operation of the works. In Option 1, the debt is paid annually for interest and capital with a constant amount of money during the repayment period. In Option 2, the original dept without interest is paid with a constant amount of money during the repayment period, the interest (due to the remaining original capital) must be paid in the year when the interest is incurred. The study results show that the amount of the annual payment in option 1 is smaller than in Option 2 in the first four years (of ten years of debt repayment). Thus, capital and interest payment in Option 2 may be more detrimental than Option 1 in the first three years of debt repayment, and the amount of money from debt repayment is greater than the profit obtained from power generation. Thus, depending on the profit in the first years when the power plant comes into operation, the investor needs to decide on a reasonable way to repay the loan so that the project can self-finance.

Joint Operating Agreements (JOAs) play a pivotal role in facilitating the exploration and development of oil fields across various jurisdictions by allowing multiple parties to collaborate and share resources. However, differing perspectives and priorities among JOA participants can lead to disputes and operational inefficiencies. To ensure smooth operations and prevent potential conflicts, it is crucial that JOAs are precisely drafted and clearly define the scope and limits of joint activities. This paper examines the practical implications of sole-risk and non-consent clauses in JOAs, which aim to regulate unilateral actions by individual parties and maintain the collaborative spirit of the agreement. Sole-risk and non-consent clauses can effectively prevent disputes by specifying the boundaries of joint operations and individual party responsibilities. They ensure that parties do not extend the scope of the JOA to activities that are meant to be conducted independently, thereby preserving the agreement’s original intent. Nevertheless, these clauses must be narrowly defined in order to avoid inadvertently restricting the flexibility and collaboration that are the hallmarks of JOAs. This study analyzes various cases in which sole-risk and non-consent clauses have been implemented and evaluates their effectiveness in preventing disputes and promoting efficient joint operations. The findings reveal that when carefully drafted and unambiguously defined, these clauses can be advantageous in maintaining harmony and cooperation among JOA parties. It is evident that striking a balance between protecting individual interests and fostering collaborative endeavors in oil-field exploration and development is essential for the successful implementation of sole risk and no consent clauses within JOAs.

This paper presents calculations of the economic indicators of the researched elements of the cultivation technology of corn for grain and vegetable crops in Ukraine, which indicate that the cultivation of these crops is cost-effective in all variants of the experiment. The research has established that the increase in the economic efficiency of the production of these crops when applying different rates of fertilizers is achieved due to a more significant positive effect of the increase in productivity compared to additional costs associated with the use of these farming practices, while additional costs caused by the use of fertilizers are paid off many times over. It has been proven that the use of mineral fertilizers and their combination with high rates of bio-organic fertilizer (digestate) when growing agricultural crops helps to increase productivity. There have been further developed theoretical and practical provisions regarding the ecological problem of livestock waste disposal, in particular those of pig farms, and agricultural farms, i.e. the provision of organic fertilizers to ensure the yield increase as well as improvement in the quality of agricultural and vegetable crops, so as to make it possible to obtain high-quality products of plant and vegetable production during livestock waste disposal. The proposed approach to the economic assessment of technologies for growing corn for grain and red beet depending on the fertilization system makes it possible to increase the level of productivity of agricultural and vegetable crops with the effective use of bio-organic fertilizers in the modern conditions of sharp increases in the costs of mineral fertilizers.

Looking for alternative sources of energy to generate electricity has been a hot topic for society for a very long time. The need to replace current energy resources such as fuel, oil, and gas is increasing, and the replacement comes from energy obtained from the wind, sun, and sea waves. In many cases, valuable raw materials can be obtained in addition to energy production, while having a significant environmental effect simultaneously.
The shortage of energy and raw material resources in many countries stimulates the growth of interest in all potential sources of energy – solar, wind, wave, tidal – has lead to accelerating the demand for oil and gas, shale gas, as well as the expansion of the areas for the cultivation of technical crops for biofuels. Classical energy resources like oil, gas and coal are serious polluters of the natural environment. Especially harmful is the release of carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides during the exploitation of these resources.
A significant energy raw material potential of non-traditional resources lies in the waters and bottom of the Black Sea, which is a natural geobiotechnological reactor, capable of producing a variety of energy raw resources.
This paper discusses the use of hydrogen sulfide available in the Black Sea waters to produce energy and useful industrial products and proposes the respective. The technology also has an ecological effect in terms of the purification of the hydrogen sulfide pool. The paper also discusses some technologies for the separation of hydrogen sulfide to hydrogen and sulfur. An estimation of the heat value of hydrogen sulfide in the water of the Black Sea is also presented.

The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the expediency of diversifying educational services in the context of energy transformation and to highlight the modern approaches and teaching methods that contribute to the implementation of changes in the coal industry in the context of its reform to support the country’s energy balance. The article investigates trends in the modern development of the coal industry, as well as the potential of this field based on the energy transformation, taking into consideration the directions and prospects of the development of educational services as the meanings of adaptation to the reforming changes. Examples of coal-industry reform in Ukraine, Poland and Kazakhstan are considered, highlighting the question of retraining retired workers. The results of the conducted survey of respondents’ attitudes regarding the importance of training in the energy sector that can be used in the case of energy transformation, namely coal industry reform,

Rape is an important oil crop with a wide range of uses. Harvested rapeseed must be cleaned and dried before processing. The process of drying rapeseed as a small-seeded crop has its own specifics. One of the new drying methods is the use of microwave radiation, the disadvantage of which is uneven heating of the product. The purpose of this work was to study the modes of drying rapeseed by electromagnetic radiation in the ultra-high frequency range in combination with filtration. The indicators of the intensity of oilseed drying by infrared irradiation on the experimental stand were determined. The analysis of the conducted studies showed that the temperature of seeds at the maximum microwave power rises in general 1.5 to 1.8 times faster than at half the power. The higher the seed moisture content is, the higher the rate of temperature increase. After each blowing cycle, which lasted for five seconds, the temperature of the rapeseeds was set higher than the previous temperature, and after increasing the blowing time up to fifteen seconds, the temperature decreased by 8–12°C and cyclically stabilized. The applications of microwave drying represented in the paper are environmentally friendly, since the seeds do not come into direct contact with the products of gas combustion, which deteriorate its quality due to the possible penetration of carcinogenic components into the products. Experimental data was taken into account when developing the design of a small-sized grain dryer for farms, in which the drying process takes place without heating the air as a heat carrier.