Humanities and Social Sciences

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

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Wiadomości Numizmatyczne | 2009 | Rok LIII | Zeszyt 1 (187)

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Abstract

W 2008 r. w miejscowości Kvie na Gotlandii odkryto dalszych 20 monet ze skarbu ujawnionego już w 1929 roku (tpq 1027). Wśród nowych okazów rozpoznano denar Bolesława Chrobrego (992–1025) (Ryc. 1). Awers został wybity już znanym stemplem awersu typu Dux inclitus, rewers natomiast nowym stemplem naśladującym rewers pensa Etelreda II (978–1016) typu Crux (991–997). Monetę służącą wzorem wybił w Yorku mincerz o imieniu Thurstan (Ryc. 3). Dwie dalsze monety Bolesława Chrobrego wybite tym samym stemplem rewersu udało się odszukać przy pomocy Williama Leana w zbiorach brytyjskich: w British Museum (kolekcja Elmore Jonesa; ryc. 5) i w Merseyside County Museums w Liverpool (ryc. 4). Awersy tych monet, również identyczne, noszą znane już naśladownictwo stempla Etelreda II typu Last Small Cross (1009–1017). Odkrycia te wzbogacają uzupełniany już blisko od stulecia (E. Majkowski, Z. Zakrzewski, S. Suchodolski; ryc. 6) łańcuch połączeń stempli monet Chrobrego trzech typów: I polskiego z napisem BOLIZAS DVX — INCLITVS (ryc. 7), II anglosaskiego z imieniem króla Etelreda (ryc. 4 i 5) i III bawarskiego ze zniekształconym imieniem króla Henryka II (1002–1014) (ryc. 10). Typ anglosaski dotychczas był znany tylko z awersu, obecnie poznaliśmy również stronę odwrotną. Interesujące jest jednak, że wzorce tych stempli mają różną chronologię. Awers naśladuje monetę z Lincoln z lat ok. 1013–1017 (ryc. 2), rewers natomiast monetę z Yorku około 20 lat starszą (ryc. 3). Wykonawcą stempli był człowiek o dużych umiejętnościach, który nie został jednak wykorzystany do dalszej produkcji menniczej w Polsce. W obrębie wspomnianej grupy stemple wielokrotnie łączą się ze sobą (Ryc. 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11). Świadczy to o tym, że były używane w tym samym miejscu, w zbliżonym czasie i zapewne też w zbliżonym czasie zostały wytworzone (ok. 1015–1020). Na początku tego okresu — lub może nawet parę lat wcześniej — powstał typ bawarski. Przyczyny połączeń były różnorodne: zarówno techniczne (chęć maksymalnego wykorzystania stempli), jak też ekonomiczne (chęć zarekomendowania własnych monet), a pewną rolę mógł odegrać również przypadek. Wagi monet tej grupy są mocno zróżnicowane (1,05–1,97 g), a ich wagi średnie stosunkowo wysokie (1,485, 1,64, 1,36 g) i zbliżają się do wagi innych monet Bolesława Chrobrego z drugiej połowy panowania. Znaleziska zawierające te monety mają stosunkowo duży rozrzut (Wielkopolska, Mazowsze, Małopolska, Pomorze, Gotlandia, Norwegia, Rosja). Bite były zapewne, tak jak i inne monety Bolesława Chrobrego, w Wielkopolsce lub na północnym Mazowszu, w jednym z głównych centrów jego państwa.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kenneth Jonsson
Stanisław Suchodolski
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Abstract

Na niemieckim rynku antykwarycznym oraz na różnych aukcjach numizmatycznych w 1997 r. pojawiło się 118 monet wczesnośredniowiecznych zestawionych w pracy. Stanisław Suchodolski stwierdził, że mogą to być kolejne monety z rozproszonego wczesnośredniowiecznego skarbu, odkrywanego w latach 1982–1993 na polu ornym we wsi Lasowice, pow. Nysa, i opublikowanego w WN w 1997 r. Zestawienie zawiera 92 denary bawarskie i szwabskie z X w., 18 denarów czeskich Bolesława II oraz ich naśladownictwa, trzy monety z mennicy w Kolonii (Otto I/II), dwie z Moguncji (Otto I/II), jedną z Zurychu i jedną z Italii , wybitą w mennicy w Pawii. Dla poszczególnych egzemplarzy bawarskich i części czeskich podano typy według klasyfikacji W. Hahna, dla pozostałych monet czeskich typy według klasyfikacji F. Cacha, a dla niemieckich według H . Dannenberga. Spis ten uzupełnia korekta typów monet bawarskich opublikowanych w 1997 r. Statystycznie ujmując, dodatkowe monety przedstawiają zestaw zupełnie podobny do poprzednio zarejestrowanego. Monety bawarskie, które liczbowo tworzą ok. ¾ skarbu, kończą się w połowie lat osiemdziesiątych X w. i dają ważny chronologiczny punkt zaczepienia dla wczesnych monet czeskich. Te zaś — co typowe dla śląskich skarbów tego czasu — mają tu stosunkowo mocną reprezentację blisko 1/8. Łącznie ze skarbu znamy obecnie 298 egzemplarzy, a podsumowanie ich wagi daje ok. 346 g.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wolfgang Hahn
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Abstract

During archaeological research in Łosień (c 32 km NE of Katowice), an early medieval smelting centre from the eleventh and twelfth centuries was revealed where lead and silver were smelted. Besides production equipment devices, seven iron, bronze-plated weights (weighing: 40 g, 39.7 g, 40 g, 40 g, 24.4 g, 17.19 g, 10.59 g) and elements of beam scales were discovered here. Nearby, a settlement was revealed. The whole complex was destroyed as a result of an armed attack. A hoard containing 1106 coins and 179 fragments of amorphous silver was discovered in the settlement (it is not clear whether it was located inside a building). All the coins were Polish: a younger variant of a cross-penny (1), and pennies of Boleslas III (1), Ladislas II (189) and Boleslas IV (949). These were almost exclusively coins minted around the middle of the twelfth century. The structure of the hoard does not reflect the structure of money circulating on the market. At that time, periodical exchange of issues was conducted every few years and use of only the coins of the newest type — at least in relations with the state — was obligatory. So the hoard was purposefully set aside as a treasure. It contains mostly better coins, minted according to the standard of 360 pennies to the mark (type 4 of Ladislas II and types 1 and 2a of Boleslas IV). A few slightly worse coins were collected, issued according to the standard of 480 pennies to the mark (types 2b and 3 of Boleslaus IV). However at the time of the deposit such standards were already a thing of the past: the standard of at least 540 pieces to the mark was already binding then. Only four specimens of such poor coins (type 4 of Boleslaus IV) were added to the hoard. It is probable that another money devaluation was related to the concealment of hoard. The presence of non-monetary silver in the hoard also proves it to have been intended as an accumulation of value in itself, consistent with the non-circulating character of the deposit. In Łosień, coins of these types have been found in a large hoard near Kraków for the first time. Previously known deposits occurring in central Poland, Great Poland, the Lublin region, and even in Silesia, made it possible to conjecture the existence of one more workshop operating in Great Poland, e.g. in Gniezno, where some types of Boleslaus IV’s coins might have been minted. Now these speculations have lost their raison d’etre. The analyses of the metal composition indicate the similarity of silver in coins and silver lumps, but the latter lack a deliberate admixture of copper. A single bracteate of Lower Silesia from the end of the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth century, with bull’s head, was also found in the remains of a richly equipped dwelling house. There is no strict analogy with the bracteates in the literature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Krudysz
Dariusz Rozmus
Stanisław Suchodolski
Bartłomiej Sz. Szmoniewski
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Abstract

Artykuł oparty jest na dokumentach przechowywanych w Archiwum Narodowym w Pradze, zespół „Ministerstvo financí”, a także w archiwach Czeskiego Banku Narodowego w Pradze i Państwowej Drukarni Papierów Wartościowych w Pradze. Uzupełnia informacje zawarte w katalogu polskich pieniędzy papierowych Czesława Miłczaka z 2005 roku. Porównanie sytuacji walutowej w Czechosłowacji i w Polsce po 1945 r. wykazuje wyraźne cechy wspólne. Okupacja niemiecka zdewastowała systemy pieniężne obu państw i nowe władze musiały stopniowo usuwać z obiegu pieniądz okupacyjny. Do obiegu wypuszczono najpierw bony tzw. serii 1944, wydrukowane w Moskwie. Gdy w Czechosłowacji podczas reformy monetarnej z 1 listopada 1945 roku wydano do obiegu znaki pieniężne, wydrukowane przez rząd emigracyjny w Wielkiej Brytanii, w Polsce banknoty wydrukowane podczas wojny w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Wielkiej Brytanii nie zostały emitowane. Rząd warszawski poszedł drogą tworzenia i emisji własnych banknotów, wydrukowanych w kraju (poza jednym nominałem, wydrukowanym w Czechosłowacji). W 1950 roku rząd w Warszawie postanowił przeprowadzić radykalną reformę pieniężną. Monety wykonano w Republice Czechosłowackiej (mennica Kremnica) i na Węgrzech (mennica Budapeszt). Banknoty wydrukowany w Polsce (2 zł, 5 zł), na Wegrzech (10 zł, 20 zł), a najwyższe i najbardziej skomplikowane nominały Czechosłowacji (50 zł, 100 zł a 500 zł) na papierze banknotowym dostarczonym przez polski rząd. Odmiennie niż w Czechosłowacji, nie wprowadzono w Polsce nominałów opartych na trzykrotności jednostki. Dostawy monet i banknotów z Węgier realizowano transportem kolejowym przez czechosłowackie terytorium, pod eskortą pracowników Państwowego Banku Czechoslowackiego i ochrona policyjną. Banknoty drukowane w Pradze przewożono również w konwojach kolejowych eskortowanych także przez przedstawicieli polskiej strony, którzy w Boguminie przejmowali odpowiedzialność za transport. Autorzy śledzą trasy i terminy poszczególnych transportów (przywóz papieru do Pragi, wywóz banknotów z Pragi, transporty do i z Budapesztu). Podczas realizacji reformy walutowej z 1 czerwca 1953 r. w Czechosłowacji wszelkie nowe znaki pieniężne przywieziono ze Związku Sowieckiego. Artykuł dopełnia dane o jednym z etapów rozwoju polskiej waluty i dostarcza materiału porównawczego dla badań powojennych przemian monetarnych w Europie Środkowej.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jiří Šouša
Jaroslav Šůla

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