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Archives of Civil Engineering

Archives of Civil Engineering

Description
Archives of Civil Engineering, quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences (“Committee for Civil and Water Engineering”) and Warsaw University of Technology (“Faculty of Civil Engineering) publish, exclusively in English, original scientific articles of the theoretical, experimental, numerical and practical nature. These can be research and review papers as well as case studies from all branches of Civil Engineering.

The main fields of our interest are related to: structural mechanics, soil mechanics, foundations, brick, concrete, timber, steel, glass and composites polymer structures, hydro-technical objects, bridges, rail and road structures, building physics, construction management, building materials, transportation, land surveying, building services and education of civil engineers.

With long history, dated to 1954, the periodical is available both in electronic and traditional version. The maximum number of papers per volume is 40. We proudly obtained the score of 100 points from the Ministry of Science and Academic Education.


IMPACT FACTOR 2024: 1.0

CiteScore metrics from Scopus, CiteScore 2024: 1.7
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2023: 0.287
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2023: 0.634


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ISSN
ISSN 1230-2945
Publishers
WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING and COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor-in-Chief
Henryk Zobel ORCID logo0000-0002-4227-0506, Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Institute of Roads and Bridges, Warsaw


Deputy/Managing Editors:

Dorota Walesiak

Ludomir Szubert


Scientific Advisory Committee 2024-2027:

Ivan Banović, University of Split, Croatia

Ewa Błazik-Borowa, Lublin University of Technology, Poland

Lidia Buda-Ożóg, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Luc Courard, University of Liège, Belgium

Lech Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Łukasz Drobiec,  Silesian University of Technology, Poland

Christopher D. Eamon, Wayne State University, USA

Paweł Falaciński, Warsaw University of Technology,

Mariaenrica Frigione, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy

Kazimierz Furtak, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

Andrzej Garbacz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Marian Giżejowski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Tomasz Godlewski, Building Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Izabela Hager, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

Anna Halicka, Lublin University of Technology, Poland

Liang He, Chongqing Jiaotong University, China

Maria Kaszyńska, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland

Zbigniew Kledyński, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland,

Jana Korytarova, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic

Aleksander Kozłowski, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Marian Kwietniewski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zbigniew Lechowicz, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland

Alemu M. Lesege, University of Delaware, USA

Lech Lichołai, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Jacek Mąkinia, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland

Monika Mitew-Czajewska, Politechnika Warszawska, Poland

Pilate Moyo, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Hani Nassif, The State University of New Jersey, USA  

Marina Nikolić, University of Split, Croatia GEOTECHNIKA, SEISMIKA

Tomasz Mróz, Poznan University of Technology, Poland

Andrzej S. Nowak, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

Daniele Peila, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy

Elżbieta Radziszewska – Zielina, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

Diogo Ribeiro, Polytechnic of Porto/School of Engineering, Portugal

 Laurence R. Rilett, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, USA

Camilla Ronchei, Universita di Parma, Italy

Łukasz Sadowski, Politechnika Wrocławska, Poland

Antonella Sarcinella, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy

Gili Lifshitz Sherzer, Ariel University, Israel

Anna Siemińska-Lewandowska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Tomasz Siwowski, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Anna Sobotka, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Edward Szczechowiak, Poznan University of Technology, Poland

Elżbieta Szmigiera, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Antoni Szydło, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Andrzej Truty, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

Carmine Todaro,  Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy

Milan Veljkovic, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Krzysztof Wilde, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland

Adam Wysokowski, University of Zielona Gora, Poland

Piotr Woyciechowski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Katarzyna Zabielska -Adamska, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland

Politechnika Warszawska

Wydział Inżynierii Lądowej

Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warszawa, Polska

Pokój 618; Telefon 22 234 62 84

e-mail: ace.editor@pw.edu.pl

website: http://ace.il.pw.edu.pl

 

 

 

Archives of Civil Engineering is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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Content

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3

1 In memory of the late Professor Stanisław Kuś Engineer – Scientist – Social Activist
Szczepan Woliński
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 5-9 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155082
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Authors and Affiliations

Szczepan Woliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, The Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-084 Rzeszow
2 Ecological life cycle analysis (LCA) on the example of materials used in warehouse buildings
Krzysztof Zima , Damian Wieczorek , Apolonia Grącka
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 11-31 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155083
Keywords: ecological life cycle analysis (LCA) LCA stages environment impact GWP construction materials warehouse
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Abstract

Construction cannot be called as an environment friendly process, hence many solutions are being developed to define the negative interactions of the buildings, determine the extent of environmental impact and find alternatives to improve design performance. The paper examines environment impacts of two warehouses using LCA methodology that has been widely applied in the construction sector, since 1990, taking into consideration life cycle stages from cradle to grave with separate summary for product stage, construction process, use stage and end of life. Phase of the building operational energy use is not discussed in the article. Paper focuses on evaluation of building materials instead of operations of facilities. Analysis takes into account following environment impacts: GlobalWarming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), Photochemical Ozone Formation Potential (POFP) and Non-Hazardous Waste Disposed (NHWD). The main conclusion derived from the received results of the warehouse buildings case study is that the product stage is a particularly important phase of the life cycle, as it reveals the highest levels of emissivity impacts among the analyzed stages. The paper indicates materials that are responsible for the greatest impacts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Zima
1
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Wieczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Apolonia Grącka
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska St. 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
3 Analysis of building energy efficiency optimization design effectiveness based on multi-objective optimization algorithm
Wei Guo , Yaqiong Dong
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 33-48 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155084
Keywords: building energy efficiency environmental adaptive design multi-objective optimisation neural networks pareto optimization
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Abstract

With the increasing attention of society to sustainable development and environmental friendly design, building energy saving design has become a research hotspot. In this paper, a method combining multi-objective optimization algorithm and neural network backpropagation strategy is proposed to solve the problem that traditional design methods are difficult to balance multi-objective. By dividing the architectural design problem into multiple sub-problems, each sub-problem corresponds to a design objective, and applying multi-objective optimization technology, the global optimization is realized. The experimental results show that the error of energy consumption prediction model is almost 0, while the error of daylighting prediction model is between 0 and 5, and the average error is about 3. The correlation coefficients of all models exceeded 0.9845, highlighting the excellent performance of neural networks in forecasting accuracy. The BP neural network showed good convergence in 2800 to 3000 iterations, further demonstrating the high efficiency of the method in energy consumption and daylighting prediction. The research not only provides a scientific and feasible strategy for building energy efficiency optimization design, but also enhances its scientific value and practicability through the display of quantitative results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Guo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yaqiong Dong
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Urban Construction, School of Management, Pingdingshan, China
  2. Henan University of Urban Construction, School of Management, Pingdingshan, China
4 Experimental tests of steel balcony connections – part 2
Maciej Tomasz Solarczyk , Paweł Piotrkowski , Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 49-61 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155085
Keywords: balcony balcony connections experimental tests reinforced concrete structures
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Abstract

Paper presents theoretical analysis and results of experimental tests of three prefabricated balcony sets in natural scale with dimensions (width × length × height): 2.0 m × 2.78 m × 0.186 m (in a slope to 0.17 m) and one with dimensions: 2.0 m × 2.78 m × 0.2 m, consists of reinforced concrete slabs connected with each other with steel balcony connections. The impact of variable parameters (elongation of anchorage of balcony connections in ceiling slab, concreting of test elements in two stages, using of muffs as couplers to connect the longitudinal reinforcement bars in balcony sets and different height of the balcony slab) on the load bearing capacity of the elements are analysed. During the experimental tests deformations in the balcony connection using strain gauge sensors were measured. Global safety factor for all tested elements are determined. A numerical shell model of balcony connection is presented, validated using the results from experimental tests.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Tomasz Solarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Piotrkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
5 A carbon footprint evaluation model for the entire life cycle of building materials – case study
Raoying Lv
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 63-81 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155086
Keywords: carbon emission factor method building materials full lifecycle carbon footprint assessment BIM
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Abstract

China’s carbon emission research started relatively late. In order to further enrich its related research, the study uses a carbon emission factor fusion building information model and a full life cycle method to calculate the building material carbon footprint of to evaluate the carbon emissions of selected projects. In the instance calculation, it was found that the total carbon footprint production during the operation performed the highest, at 56560.23 t CO2, accounting for 79.37% of the total carbon footprint output throughout the entire life cycle of the construction project. The total carbon footprint generated during the preparation phase of building materials was 11483.56 t CO2, accounting for 16.11% of the total carbon footprint output throughout the project life cycle. The total production of carbon footprint during the operation phase was the highest, at 56560.23 t CO2, accounting for 79.37% of the entire project life cycle. The output of carbon footprint during the dismantling and scrapping stage was 2245.8 t CO2, accounting for 3.15% of the total amount of life cycle assessment carbon footprint in the project. The total amount of carbon footprint generated in the early stage of the construction project was 1.28 t CO2, and the total amount of carbon footprint generated in constructing was 973.22 t CO2. The emission of carbon footprint accounted for 1.37% of the entire project life cycle. The obtained result data has a high degree of overlap with existing research results in China and has certain reference value.
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Authors and Affiliations

Raoying Lv
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. School of Civil Engineering Architecture, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, Dongyang 322100, China
6 Effect of intermediate principal stress on the stability of slopes
Zongyuan Ma , Lei Liu
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 83–96 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155087
Keywords: slope stability intermediate principal stress effect safety factor strength theory soil mechanics numerical analyses
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Abstract

The intermediate principal stress (σ2 ) effect is a mechanical property inherent in many rock and soil materials. However, the effect of σ2 is often ignored in slope stability analyses, and its impact on slope stability is seldom investigated. The primary purpose of this study is to thoroughly investigate the impact of the σ2 effect on slope stability via numerical method. A detailed numerical analysis using the Finite Difference Code Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) and Unified Strength Theory (UST) is conducted. The numerical analysis evaluates the values of the Factor of Safety (FOS) for two types of slopes (plane strain and axisymmetric) using the Strength Reduction Method (SRM), and the impact of the σ2 effect on slope stability is analysed. The study found that the influence of the σ2 effect on slope stability is not sensitive to the values of friction angle φ, cohesion c, and slope height H, but increases with increasing slope angle σ values. Furthermore, the stability of the plane strain slope is more affected by the σ2 effect than the axisymmetric slope. The impact of the σ2 effect on the footing capacity and slope stability were compared, and the impact of the σ2 effect on slope stability is significantly lower than its effect on the bearing capacity of footings. The innovation of this paper is to systematically analyse the effect of σ2 on slope with different geometric shapes and soil parameters and reveal the inherent characteristics of σ2 effect on the stability of soil slope.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zongyuan Ma
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lei Liu
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Guizhou Communications Polytechnic University, Guizhou Engineering Research Centerof Road Inspection, Monitoring and Maintenance Technology, No. 25 Yunzhan Road, Guiyang, Guizhou, 551400, P.R. China
  2. Guizhou Communications Polytechnic University, Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Road Inspection, Monitoring and Maintenance Technology, No. 25 Yunzhan Road, Guiyang, Guizhou, 551400, P. R. China
7 Sensor placement optimization of civil engineering structures using GA–SA algorithm
Feng Li , Binbin Shi
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 97-110 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155088
Keywords: genetic algorithm simulated annealing algorithm civil engineering structural monitoring sensor placement optimization
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Abstract

Effectively and accurately obtaining the structure and status information of civil engineering by optimizing the configuration of sensors is the basis for the monitoring of civil engineering structures, and it is also the key content for subsequent monitoring and evaluation. To realize the intelligent development of sensor placement optimization, the simulated annealing algorithm is first used to optimize the genetic algorithm, and the sensor placement optimization method of civil engineering structure using genetic simulated annealing algorithm is obtained. The results showed that in the optimization results under the ℎ1 and ℎ2 functions, the function values of the genetic simulation annealing algorithm were 0.000045 and –1.031624 in the 125th iteration, respectively, and the algorithm quickly obtained the global optimal solution. In the practical application of civil engineering structures, the genetic simulation annealing algorithm convergence was the best when measurement points were less than 27, and the optimal solution was obtained after 16 iterations. After measurement points exceeded 28, the genetic simulated annealing algorithm obtained excellent optimization results. The above results show that the proposed method can provide targeted optimization solutions for different types of civil engineering structures to achieve the goal of monitoring
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Authors and Affiliations

Feng Li
ORCID: ORCID
Binbin Shi
ORCID: ORCID
8 Structural and economic analysis of changes in design parameters of urban railway stations: a case study
Zhengyu Wu , Amirhossein Madadi , Mostafa Khoshtabkh , Seyed Mohammad Sajjadi-Attar , Behzad Nezamdoost , Basir Siami
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 111-128 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155089
Keywords: added value parametrical analysis 𝑃–𝑀 interaction reinforce concrete tructural andeconomic analysis urban railway (metro) station
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Abstract

Structural and economic analysis of changes in design and construction parameters of sections of urban railway stations is conducted. Station I2 of line 2 of Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran urban railway is considered as a sample station to be studied. Considering the existing condition of the station as a reference design, the effects of changes of concrete compressive strength, section height and type of rebar on load-bearing capacity of the structure are investigated. Further, economic analysis of the mentioned changes is conducted to obtain the most efficient design. The results indicate that bending members play more important roles; thus, an increase of concrete compressive strength could not substantially affect the decrease of area of reinforcement in those members. The minimum concrete compressive capacity that can be utilized in I2 station is C25 grade, so that the lower concrete grades could not meet the structural requirements. Furthermore, the results of parametrical analysis show that an increased concrete compressive strength as well as a decreased section height leads to a similar cost and load-bearing capacity to the reference design, while including better durability and lifetime characteristics. In this way, with the purpose of obtaining a similar load-bearing capacity to the reference design, utilization of rebar with increased strength grade (AIV instead of AIII rebar) can also result in decreasing the area of reinforcement, which can be followed by a 9% added value for the project.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhengyu Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Amirhossein Madadi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mostafa Khoshtabkh
3
ORCID: ORCID
Seyed Mohammad Sajjadi-Attar
4
ORCID: ORCID
Behzad Nezamdoost
5
ORCID: ORCID
Basir Siami
6
ORCID: ORCID
  1. School of Engineering, Fujian Jiangxia University, Fujian, Fuzhou 350108, China; Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China,
  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Francis College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA; Director of Construction Materials Laboratory, The Thompson &Lichtner Co., Inc., Canton, MA 02021, USA
  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Neyshabur branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran,
  4. Department of Civil Engineering, Montazeri Technical College of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
  5. Department of Civil Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
  6. Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
9 Analysis of the development possibilities of modular construction
Monika Siewczyńska
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 129-144 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155090
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Abstract

The work reviews selected aspects of modular construction based on the literature that describes solutions used in residential and public buildings. The impact of construction on the environment and human health, as well as the time and cost of the investment, was considered. Design recommendations and preliminary assumptions for module dimensions are presented depending on the type of transport and type of structure. The types of structures and building materials used in modular buildings in Poland were collected, and then the parameter of the global warming potential of materials available in Europe was compared based on their declaration cards of environmental products. Based on the collected information, a brainstorming session was conducted between industry experts and scientists from the universities of technology to define the STEEPVL analysis factors, which identified several important factors that affect the development potential of modular construction in Poland. The results of the first analysis were then subjected to a structural analysis to identify key factors, purpose, determinants, and results. The result of the research was the preparation of proposals for current activities toward the future development of modular construction, with particular emphasis on the educational offer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Siewczyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965Poznan, Poland,
10 Research on the shrinkage performance and pore characteristics of flexible solidified silt based on solid waste
Xianjin Xu , Lei Zhang , Shuai Liu , Shutao Meng , Chao Li , Zhaoyun Sun , Jincheng Wei , Hongbo Zhang
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 145-163 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155091
Keywords: solid waste flexible solidified silt shrinkage property aperture characteristics
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Abstract

This study aimed to verify the effect of solidification materials based on solid waste on the shrink-age performance of silt, the main raw materials of solid waste were red mud, zeolite powder, and matrix asphalt. Temperature shrinkage and drying shrinkage tests were conducted to compare and analyze the shrinkage characteristics using three kinds of solidification materials (2%, 4%, and 6%), with 6% cement-solidified soil and plain soil used as control. The results showed that the solidification material based on solid waste effectively reduced the temperature shrinkage strain and temperature shrinkage coefficient of soil; moreover, the material had good resistance to temperature shrinkage deformation. A drying shrinkage test showed that the addition of solidification materials based on solid waste considerably improved the early water retention capacity of the test soil. The water loss process mainly occurred in the first 7 days of the test. Meanwhile, the addition of the solidification material considerably reduced the drying shrinkage strain and drying shrinkage coefficient of the test soil, and the effect was more obvious as the content amount increased. Through NMR and CT scanning tests, the pore size and pore volume of the solidified material mixed with solid waste were found to be significantly reduced. The dominant pore size ranged from 0.01 μm to 1 μm. The solidification material based on solid waste improved the crack resistance of the soil, providing a new reference measure for subgrade and roadbed fillers, as well as a new means for the recycling of solid waste.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xianjin Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lei Zhang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Shuai Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shutao Meng
3
ORCID: ORCID
Chao Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhaoyun Sun
4
ORCID: ORCID
Jincheng Wei
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hongbo Zhang
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Qilu Expressway Company Limited, Jinan 250102, China
  2. Shandong Transportation Institute, Jinan 250102, China
  3. RoadMainT Company Limited, Beijing 100191, China
  4. Shandong Transportation Institute, Jinan 250102, China,
  5. Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China
11 The comparison of the compressive strength of rock in view of requirements according to selected civil engineering standards
Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska , Łukasz Bednarek
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 165-179 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155092
Keywords: compressive strength stone materials standard requirements lower expected value normalised value resistance to breakage
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Abstract

This study is aimed at analysing the requirements for compressive strength values of rocks used in the universally understood construction industry as stone materials. The compressive strength value obtained in laboratory tests may prove significantly different from the actual compressive strength of a given rock, depending on its application. According to PN-EN 1342:2013, lower expected value must be declared for paving block stone, normalised value for wall components, as per PN-EN 1996-1-1:2023 and PN-EN 771-6:2015, while with respect to stone for hydrotechnical works – structural integrity acc. to PN-EN 13383-1:2003. Despite testing samples in the same manner, e.g. acc. to PN-EN 1926:2007, all these parameters differ with the declared value and, in many cases, significantly differ from the most frequently used average compressive strength value. The analysis involved the results of compressive strength tests performed as per PN-EN 1926:2007, for samples of sandstone, granite, and limestone. The tests were performed for the aforementioned rocks in the air-dry condition, after saturation, and after the frost resistance test. On average, for all rock types, the lower expected value vs. average value was lower: in the air-dry condition by 25%, after saturation by 29%, and after frost resistance test by 37%. Furthermore, in most analysed cases, lower expected value did not exceed minimum compressive strength value. Normalised value in the air-dry condition was by approximately 15% lower than the average value, while after saturation totalled from 10% to 25%, depending on rock type.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Bednarek
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management,al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland,
  2. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management,al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
12 EN 1992-1-1:2023 – a new look at the issue of punching shear design
Michał Głodyn , Adam Michalak
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 181-198 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155093
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Abstract

The paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the revised punching shear design methodology introduced in the new edition of Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1:2023), with particular emphasis on improvements derived from the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT). Previous empirical methods were substituted with a mechanical model formulated as closed-form expressions. The key revisions include a redefined control perimeter located at 0.5��v from the column face (instead of 2��), harmonization of design approaches for slabs and foundations, revised definitions of effective depths, differentiated contributions of concrete and shear reinforcement to punching shear resistance and the explicit consideration of aggregate composition. The paper also discusses the improved method for accounting for non-uniform shear stress distribution, which offers better agreement with experimental observations and reduces the conservatism and inconsistency associated with previous Eurocode provisions. The new procedure was validated against experimental results from over 300 slab tests, showing average experimental-to-predicted load ratios (��exp/��calc) of 1.10 and 1.20 for slabs without and with shear reinforcement, respectively, with consistent accuracy across a wide range of parameters. The analysis presented in the paper showed that the predictions of the new standard tend to be closer to the experimental ones and provided a better estimate of punching capacity compared to previous approaches (��exp/��calc ≈ 1.22, COV = 7%). It should be emphasized that the predictions proved to be safe, even though the reinforcement in certain elements did not fully comply with design specifications regarding spacing and the number of perimeters. Moreover, a comparable level of agreement between the experimental and calculated load carrying capacities was observed for both axially and eccentrically loaded elements, which confirmed the validity of the new procedure for determining the effect of the unbalanced bending moment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Głodyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Michalak
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, al. Politechniki 6, 93-590 Lodz
  2. Lodz University of Technology, International Doctoral School, al. Politechniki 6, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
13 Structural aspects of using glass in facades
Marcin Kozłowski , Maciej Cwyl , Anna Jóźwik
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 199-216 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155094
Keywords: design glass facade façade engineering maintenance structural glass
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Abstract

Glass is a unique structural material that combines transparency, aesthetics and mechanical performance, making it one of the most important components in contemporary façade engineering. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the structural use of glass in façades, with a particular focus on its mechanical properties, product types, design methodologies and system applications. The study begins with a review of the physical and chemical characteristics of float glass, including its elastic and brittle behaviour, sensitivity to surface defects and strategies for strength enhancement – such as thermal tempering and chemical strengthening. Basic glass products such as laminated glass, insulating glass units and fire-resistant glass are also discussed. A significant portion of the article is dedicated to identifying and analysing common errors that occur at different stages of façade design, construction and maintenance. Examples include issues related to thermal movement, incorrect material selection, inadequate joint detailing and insufficient maintenance strategies, all of which may compromise façade integrity and user safety. The paper also explores advanced façade systems such as unitised modules, double-skin façades, closed cavity façades and long-span glazed façades supported by trusses, cables or glass fins. Case studies of notable architectural applications, including the Markthal in Rotterdam and the Sub-Center Library in Beijing, are used to illustrate current trends and engineering challenges. Finally, the article highlights the ongoing standardization efforts in structural glass design, including the forthcoming Eurocode 10, which aims to formalize glass as a structural material within the European regulatory framework.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kozłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Cwyl
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Jóźwik
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Koszykowa 55, 00-659 Warsaw, Poland
14 Effective anchorage stress of prestressed tendons in PC girders under varying tensioning sequences
Guangqing Xiao , Xilong Chen , Lihai Xu , Fucheng Wu , Liang Zeng , Shaohua He
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 217-230 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155095
Keywords: effective stress finite element prestress tendon qualification rate stress loss
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Abstract

In current design codes, the standardized anchorage stress of prestressed tendons in concrete girders is uniform, which presents a notable challenge in accurately assessing the effective anchorage stress of girders with varying span lengths. This study investigates the impact of prestressed tendons’ span length and tensioning sequences on effective anchorage stress in small-box girders (20 m, 25 m, 30 m) and 40 m T-shaped girders. Comprehensive theoretical approaches for computing the effective anchorage stress of the tendons, accounting for stress losses due to conduit friction, anchor deformation, rebar relaxation, concrete, and joint compression, are presented. The calculated results for prestressed concrete (PC) girders with typical span lengths and cross-sections demonstrate that girder length and tensioning sequence influence the effective anchorage stress of prestressed tendons. The currently recommended standardized effective anchorage stress of 1280 MPa in existing codes, derived solely from a designated length and anchorage retraction, proves inadequate for PC girders of varying lengths. Based on theoretical and numerical findings, refined effective anchorage stress of 1237 MPa, 1244 MPa, and 1251 MPa are proposed for small-box girders with span lengths of 20 m, 25 m, and 30 m, respectively, while the recommended effective anchorage stress for a T-shaped PC girder with a length of 40 m is 1251 MPa. Adoption of the evaluation method effective anchorage stress yields an improved prestressed quality passing rate ranging from 4.0% to 10.9%, thereby effectively reducing the necessity for unnecessary supplementary tensioning or excessive tensioning during on-site construction to meet project requirements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Guangqing Xiao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xilong Chen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Lihai Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fucheng Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liang Zeng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shaohua He
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Guangzhou Guangjian Construction Engineering Testing Center Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510405, China
  2. Guangzhou Guangjian Construction Engineering Testing Center Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510405, China,
  3. Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
15 Time-varying probability model of the reduction in bending capacity of RC beams due to corrosion of steel bars
Peng Tan , Shibin Kang , Zhanqiang Feng
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 231-245 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155096
Keywords: Bayesian neural network corrosion flexural bearing capacity model uncertainty coefficient reinforced concrete beam
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Abstract

Due to the reduction in bending capacity of RC beams being affected by multiple stochastic uncertainties, employing a deterministic function model to study the bending capacity of RC beams often leads to analysis errors that are difficult to accept. This paper, by analyzing the significant discrepancies between calculated values derived from computational models and results obtained from experiments, adopts a model bias coefficient to describe the uncertainty of the computational model. Building on the consideration of parameter and model uncertainties, this paper establishes a Bayesian neural network model for predicting the bending load capacity of RC beams due to reinforcement corrosion. The model is compared with the traditional Back Propagation (BP) neural networks and the Genetic Algorithm-optimized BP (GA-BP) neural networks. The results indicate that the Bayesian neural network model has the least number of iterations and the highest efficiency, with comparable average prediction accuracy to the commonly used GA-BP neural network model. It improves the accuracy by 7.44% compared to the traditional BP neural network model. Finally, based on case studies, the time-variant probability distribution of the bending carrying capacity of corroded RC beams for a service life of 100 years is obtained. It is concluded that the time-variant probability model of the resistance of corroded RC beams follows a log-normal distribution, and the established Bayesian neural network model for predicting the time-variant resistance of corroded RC beams yields better results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Peng Tan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shibin Kang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhanqiang Feng
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. China Road and Bridge Corporation, 100011, Beijing, China
16 Assessment of the crushing strength of concrete rings reinforced with synthetic fibers
Agnieszka Głuszko , Lidia Buda-Ożóg
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 247 –264 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155097
Keywords: fiber-reinforced concrete FRC polymer fibers prefabricated rings residual strength
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Abstract

Since the 1990s, the technology of fiber-reinforced concrete has undergone significant development, initiated by the publication of the comprehensive ACI 544 committee report. Standardized methods for measuring the key mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete are outlined in EN 14651 and ASTM C1609, while material properties are specified in CEN/TS 19101. It is widely known that the addition of fibers improves the properties of concrete; however, their effectiveness depends on various factors such as material type (metallic and non-metallic fibers), shape (crimped and fibrillated fibers), dimensions (length, diameter and slenderness), fiber volume in the concrete mix, and even the consistency of the mix. The aim of the experimental studies was to assess the load-bearing capacity of concrete produced under industrial conditions, modified with various synthetic fibers at different dosages. The primary selection criterion for the fibers was to meet the residual strength requirements of the tested element with the lowest possible weight fraction of dispersed reinforcement. In addition to determining the residual strength of PFRC, the study also measured compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, and the modulus of elasticity. The obtained results and force-crack width relationships were used to validate the numerical model of a standard notched beam. This calibrated material model was then used to develop a finite element model (FEM) and to conduct a preliminary assessment of the load-bearing capacity of prefabricated FRC rings using the ATENA software.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Głuszko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lidia Buda-Ożóg
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
17 Study on seismic performance of aeolian sand concrete shear walls with CFST columns and concealed bracings
Yaohong Wang , Zezhou Su
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 265 –279 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155098
Keywords: aeolian sand concealed bracing load-carrying capacity shear wall seismic performance
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Abstract

In order to promote the application of aeolian sand resources in steel-concrete composite shear wall, a kind of aeolian sand concrete shear walls with concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns and concealed bracings is proposed in this paper. The shear wall is composed of aeolian sand concrete, steel bar, steel tube and steel plate. Through the low cyclic loading test of three aeolian sand concrete shear walls with CFST columns specimens and aeolian sand concrete shear walls with CFST columns and concealed bracings specimens, the influence mechanism of setting concealed bracing on the seismic performance of the specimens was revealed. The results show that under the same replacement rate of aeolian sand, the setting of concealed bracing can significantly improve the load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness degradation behavior and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens. In addition, the calculation models of normal section bearing capacity for aeolian sand concrete shear walls with CFST columns and aeolian sand concrete shear walls with CFST columns and concealed bracings are established. The test results are in good agreement with the calculation results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yaohong Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zezhou Su
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Inner Mongolia University of Technology, College of Civil Engineering, Hohhot, China
18 Simplifications of the numerical model in the design of bar and diaphragm bracing systems
Natalia Korcz-Konkol , Piotr Iwicki
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 281–294 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155099
Keywords: fastener mperfection orthotropic plate roof bracing stressed-skin effect trapezoidal sheeting
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Abstract

The topic of transversal roof bracing design was discussed. The analysis was performed in ABAQUS for a part of the steel single-storey building roof consisting of truss girders and purlins. Structure with both diaphragm bracing (trapezoidal sheeting) and bar bracing was considered. Imperfection-origin forces (implemented using stabilising force) and wind loads were taken into account. Following modifications of the numerical model were analysed: substitution of the 3D shell model of the sheeting with an equivalent orthotropic shell, omission of the elasticity properties of the purlin-to-sheeting connection, omission of the eccentricity between purlins and sheeting. Influence of the simplifications of the numerical model on forces in bracing was assessed. Substitution of the 3D shell model of the sheeting with the equivalent orthotropic shell model with modification of the matrix stiffness according to the stressed skin theory gave more satisfactory results of the extreme forces in bar bracing than using “standard” stiffness matrix element values. What is more, the numeration simplification of the purlin-to-sheeting connection (omission of the connection flexibilities) affected the results less than the omission of the purlin-sheeting eccentricity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Korcz-Konkol
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Iwicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
19 Time series analysis of hazardous events based on data recorded in a polish construction company
Zuzanna Woźniak , Tomasz Nowobilski , Bożena Hoła
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 295 –309 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155100
Keywords: accident at work construction near miss safety management time series
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Abstract

The construction sector records a significant number of occupational accidents (A) and near-misses (NM), making it one of the most dangerous in the economy. In recent years, interest in near-miss events has been growing among researchers and practicing engineers, as they are considered precursors to occupational accidents. Based on a review of the literature on the subject and their own experience, the authors of the article conclude that there is a significant gap in research on near misses in the Polish construction industry. The authors believe that such studies are necessary in the context of accident reduction. The purpose of this article is to analyze the time series of near misses and accidents at work. The data used in the study come from the system of registration of hazardous events implemented in one of the Polish construction companies, recorded in 2015–2022. Due to the specific nature of construction work and the circumstances of the event, 8 categories of hazardous events were specified. For each category, a time series was built to inform about the dynamics of the changes taking place. Box plots were developed for random variables representing the time intervals between consecutive events, informing about the statistical characteristics of a given set of events (SHEi ). This research makes it possible to predict the occurrence of specific events over time and to introduce preventive measures in construction practice.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Woźniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Nowobilski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bożena Hoła
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, plac Grunwaldzki 11, 50-384 Wroclaw, Poland
20 Multi-objective optimization of construction project management based on an improved genetic algorithm
Xiaoyan Dai , Wanwan Xia , Yingwen Xu
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 311–323 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155101
Keywords: construction engineering genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization NSGA-II project management
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Abstract

In construction project management, it is crucial to consider multiple objectives, such as duration and cost, to develop an optimal plan. This paper established a multi-objective optimization model, taking into account the construction period, cost, safety, and quality of projects. A genetic algorithm (GA) was selected as the solution method, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was optimized by cat mapping, adaptive crossover, and mutation operators to obtain an improved algorithm for the model solution. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the designed algorithm. It was found that the improved NSGA-II exhibited superior convergence and diversity when applied to the test functions ZDT1-ZDT3. The mean construction period obtained from the model solution was 124 days, with a cost of 1,204,782 euros. The quality and safety levels achieved were 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, which were significantly better than those obtained by the NSGA-II. These findings demonstrate the reliability of the improved NSGA-II developed in this paper, suggesting its practical applicability
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoyan Dai
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wanwan Xia
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yingwen Xu
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. School of Architecture and Material Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, China,
  2. Wuhan Branch of Northwest Company, China Construction Fourth Engineering Bureau, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  3. Hubei Branch of Jiangsu Huajiang Construction Group Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430101, China
21 Exploring the potential: auxetic metamaterials as core elements in buckling restrained braces
Hamza Basri , Abdelouahab Ras , Karim Hamdaoui , Piotr Wielgos
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 325–338 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155102
Keywords: auxetic core buckling restrained brace cyclic test energy absorption hysteresis behavior
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Abstract

Buckling restrained braces (BRBs) are now widely used in different seismic zones as lateral resisting systems due to their quasi-symmetric and stable cyclic behavior. These systems are capable of dissipating the energy of severe lateral loads while protecting the integrity of other components of the structure. The material selection for these damper components as the inner core element requires high ductility, low strength increase, and high energy dissipation ability. Therefore, designing BRB steel cores using auxetic metamaterials has been recently investigated and suggested in the field of structure protection. The behavior of these metamaterials is characterized by a negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) and unique mechanical characteristics, including their shear resistance and high ability for energy absorption. In this paper, we seek to investigate the effect of auxetic behavior on the dissipative performance of BRB under cyclic loading. Two different types of BRB were numerically designed and modeled using the finite element program Abaqus. The numerical analysis results show stable hysteresis behavior in both specimens and good stress distribution along the inner auxetic core. In addition, a parametric study was conducted to further investigate the effect of the gap size between the auxetic core and the concrete encasement. The cyclic performance of a buckling restrained brace with an auxetic perforated core was assessed, and the outcomes of this numerical analysis provide a reasonable basis for applying an auxetic core in the field of structure protection.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hamza Basri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdelouahab Ras
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karim Hamdaoui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Wielgos
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. EOLE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tlemcen, BP 230, Tlemcen, Algeria
  2. Department of Structural Mechanics, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
22 Improving the cost performance of green buildings based on soft system methodology and value engineering
Sutikno Sutikno , Sarwono Hardjomuljadi , Henny Wiyanto
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 339–353 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155103
Keywords: GREENSHIP lifecycle cost analysis SEM-PLS soft system methodology value engineering
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Abstract

The rising demand for sustainable construction practices has prompted a focus on optimizing the cost performance of green buildings. This study investigates enhancing green cost performance by employing the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), Value Engineering (VE), and Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) within the framework of the GREENSHIP concept. By utilizing Structural Equation Modeling through Smart PLS, this research constructs a robust structural model that provides insights into cost dynamics over the building’s lifecycle. Implementing the GREENSHIP concept entails evaluating initial and long-term lifecycle costs associated with green buildings. The initial investment required to convert conventional buildings to green standards is relatively modest and tends to decrease operational costs significantly over time. This research highlights that, over eight years, operational costs constitute the largest proportion of total expenses. Through the integrated approach of SSM and VE, the study captures diverse stakeholder perspectives and identifies key cost drivers and savings opportunities. The LCCA method further substantiates the financial viability of green buildings by quantifying cost savings over their operational lifespan. The findings indicate that a comprehensive understanding of lifecycle costs, coupled with targeted value engineering, can substantially improve the cost efficiency of green buildings. The results emphasize the necessity for developers and property owners to prioritize lifecycle costs over initial expenditures. By adopting this holistic approach, stakeholders can achieve significant long-term savings while promoting environmental sustainability. This study demonstrates that integrating SSM, VE, and LCCA within a structural model effectively enhances the cost performance of green buildings, thereby supporting their broader adoption in the construction industry.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sutikno Sutikno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sarwono Hardjomuljadi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Henny Wiyanto
3
  1. Tarumanagara University, Jalan Jl. Let. Jen. S. Parman No. 1 – Grogol. Jakarta11440, Indonesia
  2. Tarumanagara University, Jalan Jl. Let. Jen. S. Parman No. 1 – Grogol. Jakarta 11440,I ndonesia
  3. University, Jalan Jl. Let. Jen. S. Parman No. 1 – Grogol. Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
23 Influence of steel fiber content on the frost resistance of steel fiber reinforced rubberized concrete in sulfate environment
Lei Jiang , Ming Zhang , Jiahua Jing
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 355–368 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155104
Keywords: damage layer thickness freeze-thaw cycling pore structure steel fiber reinforced rubberized concrete sulfate erosion
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Abstract

To evaluate the performance of steel fiber-reinforced rubber concrete (SFRRC) in a sulfate environment, a rapid freeze-thaw testing procedure was employed to assess the influence of steel fiber content on parameters such as mass, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and damage layer thickness (���� ) of SFRRC. The testing revealed the deterioration pattern of SFRRC in a sulfate erosion and freeze-thaw environment. Additionally, the mercury intrusion porosimetry technique was utilized to further investigate the pore structure characteristics of SFRRC with the goal of revealing the damage mechanism from a microscopic perspective. The results indicate that SFRRC undergoes a lower degree of freeze-thaw damage in sulfate solution than rubber concrete without steel fibers. The degree of deterioration of SFRRC gradually decreases with an increasing steel fiber content, but its frost resistance is adversely affected at a content level of 2.0%. The ���� can be used to characterize the internal damage in the SFRRC. As the ���� increases, the loss of compressive strength in the damage layer becomes more pronounced. A correlation exists between the compressive strength of SFRRC and that of the damage layer under sulfate erosion and freeze-thaw conditions, enabling calculation of the latter based on the compressive strength of the SFRRC under the influence of environmental factors. An appropriate incorporation of steel fibers optimizes the pore structure of SFRRC. As the steel fiber content gradually increases within a range of 0 to 1.5%, the total porosity decreases along with the total pore volume and area. This leads to an improvement in the pore structure of the SFRRC. At a content of 1.5%, the pore structure of SFRRC is optimized and its resistance to sulfate freeze-thaw performance is maximized
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Authors and Affiliations

Lei Jiang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ming Zhang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jiahua Jing
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Digital Intelligent Building and Low Carbon Building Material, Anyang 455000, China
  2. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Digital Intelligent Building and Low Carbon Building Material, Anyang 455000, China
24 Methods of assessing concrete creep in prestressed bridge structures
Krzysztof Nowak , Radosław Oleszek , Artur Zbiciak
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 369–384 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155105
Keywords: rheology viscoelasticity concrete creep internal forces redistribution fractional-orderderivatives
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Abstract

The paper discusses the phenomenon of concrete creep, its mechanical models and simplified as well as more sophisticated methods of estimating creep effects applied in the design of bridge structures. The section on simplified methods describes the metod of substitutive concrete elasticity modulus and the method of estimating creep effects with the correction factor ��creep for spans with precast beams. Among the precise methods, it presents the modified effective modulus method (Trost 1967), age-adjusted effective modulus method (Bažant 1972) and the general incremental method according to the linear theory of elasticity. Methods for computationally accounting for creep according to current PN-EN standards, withdrawn Polish standards, and recommendations from foreign literature are characterized. The impact of creep on the redistribution of internal forces during the incremental erection of the structure was demonstrated using examples of a viaduct made of precast beams and a bridge constructed using balanced cantilever method. Attention was drawn to the possibilities of extending the description of creep phenomena in concrete bridge structures using the conceptual framework of fractional-order derivatives.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Radosław Oleszek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Zbiciak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
25 Analysis of damage identification of self-anchor suspension bridge
Xilong Zheng , Di Guan , Yiqiang Wang
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 385–398 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155106
Keywords: self-anchored suspension bridge damage identification curvature mode method flexibility matrix method
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Abstract

For the self-anchored suspension bridge with large span and complex structure, based on the finite element analysis and combined with the bridge load test, the stress characteristics before and after damage are analyzed in detail. For the main girder of the main vulnerable component, a variety of identification methods based on the existing dynamic damage identification methods are selected for damage identification comparison and analysis. According to the identification results of each method, an effective method for damage monitoring of the main girder of the bridge is determined. For the main girder of the vulnerable member of the self-anchored suspension bridge, according to the stress characteristics of each section and the position relationship with the assumed dynamic sensor, five damaged girder sections are set up, and each damage is assigned three levels of 10%, 20% and 40%. Based on the results of single damage and combined damage of these five girder sections, the indexes suitable for main girder damage identification are found out from various existing damage identification indexes. The Cross Modal Strain Energy (CMSE) index is selected as the main damage monitoring method for self-anchored suspension bridges because of its full damage identification ability and good noise resistance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xilong Zheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Di Guan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yiqiang Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Harbin University, School of Intelligent and Architectural Engineering, No.109 Zhongxing Da Dao, Harbin, China
  2. Liaoning Jiaotou Maintenance Engineering Co., Ltd, General Affairs Department, No. 81 Wencui Road, China
26 Research on emergency bus shuttle dispatch under sudden interruption of urban rail transit
Limin Cao , Feixiang Jiang
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 399–413 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155107
Keywords: rail transit emergency connection emergency dispatch model discrete particle swarm optimization
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Abstract

Rail transit systems, fundamental to urban mobility, frequently encounter disruptions necessitating prompt and effective emergency responses, particularly for connecting bus services that transport passengers to affected rail lines. This research paper explores emergency dispatch methods for abnormal connecting buses in urban rail transit, concentrating on enhancing the responsiveness and efficiency of dispatch protocols during non-standard operational scenarios. By delineating the emergency shuttle service process and identifying key factors, a shuttle bus emergency dispatch model was developed for both single-line and multi-line emergency scenarios, considering passenger travel behavior and vehicle operation modes. The decision variables included the stopping plan, dispatch quantity, and departure frequency, with the objective of minimizing total passenger travel time. Constraints related to resources, time, demand, safety, and physical limitations were incorporated. Given the integer nature of the decision variables concerning the number of vehicles dispatched and the stopping plan, a solution process was designed using a discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm, and the model was subsequently solved.
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Authors and Affiliations

Limin Cao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Feixiang Jiang
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. School of Transportation Management, Nanjing Vocational Institute of Railway Technology, Nanjing 210031, China
27 Analysis of the critical stress intensity factor of concrete with gravel and dolomite aggregates tested by different methods
Amanda Akram , Marta Słowik , Marta Kosior-Kazberuk , Julita Krassowska
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 415–430 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155108
Keywords: concrete critical stress intensity factor digital image correlation fracture parameters
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Abstract

The cracking resistance of concrete is of paramount importance in the context of structural integrity and stability. Therefore, analysing fracture propagation in concrete is essential to evaluate resistance to crack propagation. The critical stress intensity factor ������ is one of the most often used fracture parameters when analysing fracture processes in concrete members. The critical stress intensity factor can be evaluated through standard laboratory tests described in RILEM recommendations. Digital image correlation (DIC) is a new measurement technique that provides the possibility of determining ������ in an alternative way. However, both measurement methods are subjected to certain challenges that may affect the results obtained. The question arises of whether the measurements by the standard RILEM method and by the method based on DIC give comparable results of concrete fracture parameters. The experimental investigation presented in the research paper deals with comparing test results of ������, which were measured by two testing methods. To determine the critical stress intensity factor of concrete, the standard method based on the three-point bend test was applied as the basic testing method, and the ARAMIS 2D system based on DIC was used as a second testing approach. Moreover, aspects such as the influence of the type of aggregate on ������ and whether the type of aggregate would make a difference when assessing the impact of the test method on the results of ������ were analysed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amanda Akram
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Słowik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Kosior-Kazberuk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Julita Krassowska
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Białystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
28 Corrosion models of a mounded horizontal pressure vessel in a probabilistic approach
Mateusz Sondej , Przemysław Sorn , Jarosław Górski
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 431–445 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155109
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Abstract

The computations of fuel tanks are bound to cover uncertainties related to geometric and material imperfections, post-welding stresses, non-uniform settlement, and shell degradation due to corrosion. The paper compares four different methods of tank corrosion descriptions: a uniform reduction of the sheet thickness of the entire shell, degradation described by an angle correlated with its partial fuel filling, corrosion patterns defined by appropriately selected trigonometric functions, and an advanced model using theoretical random fields. All corrosion patterns were numerically investigated to identify their impact on structural response. The computations were carried out for a simplified numerical model of a mounded horizontal pressure vessel. The Point Estimate Method (PEM) was used to estimate the mean value and standard deviation of the shell critical forces. The probabilistic approach allows to assess structural reliability and makes it possible to optimize the structure. It has been shown that the optimal variant of corrosion description, easy for engineering applications, is the uniform reduction of the shell thickness.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Sondej
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Sorn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Górski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk
29 Experimental investigation of point-fixed laminated glass with enhanced post-breakage capacity
Marcin Kozłowski , Dominik Wasik
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 447–458 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155110
Keywords: laminated glass point-fixing steel mesh post-breakage capacity reinforcement fractured glass
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Abstract

For many years, the transparency of glass has been a major feature that has excited architects to search for new applications for this material in architecture. Laminated glass is commonly used for structural elements. This requires a durable bond between at least two glass layers and an interlayer. When the glass is fractured, the interlayer holds the glass fragments together. Introducing reinforcement into the cross-section of glass laminates is a way to improve the load-bearing capacity in the post-failure phase. This paper summarises the main results of the research project "Innovative solutions for point-fixed laminated glass with increased load-bearing capacity" funded by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) under the LIDER XI Programme. The article presents the results of destructive tests on laminated glass panes in three load configurations: in-plane, perpendicular to the plane, and combined loading. An important aspect of the work is the testing of full-scale elements. The results of the research can be applied directly to the safety analysis of glass structures, making them significant in terms of failure prevention.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kozłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dominik Wasik
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
30 Longitudinal settlement trough estimation during TBM tunnelling in quaternary deposits
Rafał Kuszyk , Anna Siemińska-Lewandowska
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 459–469 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155111
Keywords: TBM tunnelling longitudinal settlement trough geotechnical monitoring volume loss
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Abstract

The article presents the spatial issue of the settlement trough estimation above tunnel performed by the mechanized TBM EBP machine. This issue is most often modeled and analysed in the selected 2D cross-sections and spatially interpolated for the entire tunnel section along and across. The authors attempt a broader spatial analysis of monitoring data for a selected monitoring sections of a railway tunnel performed with a large-diameter TBM in a Quaternary deposits with a relatively small overburden of approximately 1D. The paper presents transverse settlement trough in selected monitoring sections and a longitudinal settlement trough above the tunnel axis. The results were analyzed as the percentage of settlements depending on the area of the origin – the front of the TBM, the shield length and the tail zone. Representative results were obtained for consolidated Quaternary deposits.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Kuszyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Siemińska-Lewandowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
31 Resilience-based seismic design method for reinforced concrete structures
Hong Sun
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 471–484 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155112
Keywords: earthquake resistance functional recovery indicators reinforced concrete repair cost resilience
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Abstract

As high-rise buildings gradually increase, their seismic performance has become a focus in the engineering field. To improve the functional recovery ability and economy of buildings after earthquakes, a resilience-based seismic design method for reinforced concrete structures is proposed. An indicator system that can reflect the functional loss of buildings after earthquakes is developed. A seismic design strategy based on functional recovery indicators is proposed to improve the seismic performance and economy, while shortening the recovery time after earthquakes. The research results indicated that the average inter story displacement of the standard seismic method for reinforced concrete structures was 168 mm. The inter story displacement of the seismic resistance method for reinforced concrete structures based on resilience objectives was 192 mm. The repair time for standard seismic method of reinforced concrete structures was 33 days. The repair time for the seismic resistance method of reinforced concrete structures based on resilience was 24 days. The resilience-based seismic design method is superior to traditional methods in controlling structural damage, reducing repair cost, and shortening repair time. The designed method proposed in the study not only enhances the seismic resilience of the structure, but also has significant economic and social benefits, providing a new perspective and practical tools for the seismic design of high-rise buildings
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Authors and Affiliations

Hong Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Anyang Vocational and Technical College, Anyang, 455000, China
32 Influence of metahalloysite on mitigating alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete
Zdzisława Owsiak , Anna Leks
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 485–494 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155113
Keywords: alkali-silica reaction expansion metahalloysite addition microstructure
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Abstract

The durability of concrete structures can be compromised by alkali-aggregate reaction, a chemical process between the alkalis and reactive minerals within the aggregate. The reaction produces a gel of hydrated sodium-potassium-calcium silicate that expands in the concrete, deteriorating it. Adding mineral admixtures to concrete is recognized as a highly effective strategy to mitigate expansion due to alkaliaggregate reactions. This study investigated the use of a natural mineral admixture, metahalloysite, to mitigate the reaction effects. Expansion tests were conducted according to ASTM C441. The microstructure of the expanded specimens was examined using computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray microanalysis. The results showed that the 25% cement substitution with metahalloysite significantly lowered the swelling of the concrete specimens, keeping it within safe limits. Microstructural examination of the specimens without admixture showed numerous cracks in the aggregate grains, the presence of reaction products, and ettringite crystals. Specimens with admixture showed the presence of non-swelling sodium-potassium silicate gel and a dense C–S–H phase with a reduced C/S ratio.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisława Owsiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Leks
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al.Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
33 Expansive soils as the root cause of a historic underground potable water reservoir failure
Tomasz Godlewski , Radosław Mieszkowski
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 495–508 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155114
Keywords: expansive soils subsoil examination geophysical methods structure diagnostics historic structure
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Abstract

The paper describes the root causes of damage to an underground potable water reservoir. It is made of reinforced concrete and consists of two chambers founded on subsoil diversified for its age and origin (folds of glacitectonically disturbed septarian clays and postglacial loams). The documented damage results from subsoil deformation caused by volumetric changes in the ground (shrinkage and swelling) due to the facility’s exposure to various external factors determining the phenomenon’s intensity for over one hundred years. The analysed example presents problems arising from founding the facility on expansive soils. It highlights the hazards resulting from negligence in landscape architecture development and emphasises the role of identifying the subsoil. Comprehensive geotechnical examination and geophysical measurements of the structure and subsoil, making the inventory and evaluating the nature of the damage helped identify the potential factor detrimental to the facility’s technical condition. The conclusions are confirmed by numerical simulations, which include the impact of swelling and cyclic loads resulting from the facility’s function and surroundings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Godlewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Radosław Mieszkowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Building Research Institute, 21 Ksawerów St., 02-656 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University, Geology Department, 93 Żwirki i Wigury St., 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
34 Identification of ground anchors reliability based on acceptance tests and the polynomial chaos expansion method
Marek Wyjadłowski , Michał Śpitalniak , Zofia Zięba , Łukasz Gajowniczek
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 509–521 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155115
Keywords: acceptance test ground anchor polynomial chaos expansion reliability
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Abstract

The paper presents a reliability analysis of ground anchors based on acceptance tests and the polynomial chaos expansion method. First of all, it was estimated the probability of meeting the requirements of acceptance tests based on anchor tests realised within the S10 expressway near Bydgoszcz (Poland). The testing of grouted anchors is a mandatory requirement. The Test Method 3 TM3 was used in the given case, according to the EN ISO 22477-5:2018 standard. Based on the direct statistics of anchor displacement over a cycle of two measurements of 3 minutes and 15 minutes, creep velocity values were generated using the polynomial chaos expansion PCE and Monte Carlo MC methods. The polynomial chaos expansion is one of the available approaches to describe probability densities function PDF. The PCE method is an extension of techniques using the Fourier series or Taylor series. PCE is dedicated to density functions and is based on specific polynomial functions. The PoCET package, which is a set of computational tools in the Matlab environment, was used to carry out the calculations. Creep speeds calculated using the PCE method take into account possible inaccuracies in the time reading of the two measurements of 3 and 15 minutes. Based on the generated creep velocities, the Cornell reliability index ���� was estimated to meet the requirements of acceptance testing of ground anchors. The obtained values of the ���� meet the requirements for the RC3 reliability class for structures with a service life of 50 years.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Wyjadłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Śpitalniak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zofia Zięba
3
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Gajowniczek
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Grunwaldzki Sq. 11,50-377 Wroclaw, Poland
  2. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland
  3. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland
  4. Gollwitzer Polska Sp. z o.o., Cesarzowice 21A, 55-080 Katy Wroclawskie, Poland
35 Numerical investigation of steel-timber composite beams with cold-formed omega girders, part 1: non-modified beams
Marcin Chybiński , Anna Derlatka , Piotr Szewczyk , Piotr Lacki , Małgorzata Abramowicz , Łukasz Polus
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 523–537 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155116
Keywords: laminated veneer lumber (LVL) omega cross-sections steel-timber composite beams
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Abstract

This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of the load-bearing capacity of steel-timber composite beams with cold-formed omega girders and laminated veneer lumber slabs. These structural elements may be used as ceiling beams. The finite element models of the analysed composite beams were created in ADINA and Abaqus. The theoretical estimations of the resistance to bending were based on the elastic analysis (elastic resistance to bending) and the rigid-plastic theory (plastic resistance to bending). The elastic load-bearing capacity obtained in the numerical simulation in ADINA was identical to the one from the theoretical analysis. The elastic load-bearing capacity from the numerical analysis in Abaqus was 1.02 times higher than the one from the theoretical analysis. The plastic bending resistance obtained from the theoretical analysis was 1.08 times higher than the one from the numerical simulation in ADINA and 1.03 times higher than the one from the numerical simulation in Abaqus. In part 2 of the paper, a modification to the cross-section and a reinforcing method were proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chybiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Derlatka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Szewczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Lacki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Abramowicz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Polus
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Institute of Building Engineering, Piotrowo 5 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Dabrowskiego 69 Street, Czestochowa, Poland
  3. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Al. Piastów 17, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
36 Concrete degradation in an over 100-year-old drinking water treatment plant, a case of lime leaching from the water retaining tanks
Józef Zygmunt Jasiczak
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 539–556 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155117
Keywords: durability concrete tank leaching of Ca2+ SEM EDS XRD analysis
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Abstract

The problem of the concrete durability counted in tens of years is not a frequent subject of research, despite the fact that the oldest structures made with the use of Portland cement are about 140 years old, and the large size engineered constructions (like dams,breakwaters, bridges, chambers, halls) are 110 years old. The considered tank belongs to the last group of objects.In the years 1908–1909, a drinking water treatment station was built for the city of Poznan, which was then 196. 000, taking it from theWarta River. The plan dimensions are 65.5 ×21.5 m, and the height is 9.0 m above and 5.0 underground. It is a pearl of industrial architecture of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century with the most modern technological equipment in the world at that time. In the underground part, a large-size reinforced concrete tank with a ribbed ceiling supported in the middle with reinforced concrete columns was constructed throughout the projection.Those were the times when the first bold constructions from the cement concrete were built in the world, very few of which have been preserved till the present day. In order to estimate the durability of the concrete, after several decades of influence of very high relative air humidity, it is very significant to check the changes in its microstructure, which influence its strength parameters. This year the author of the project conducted a material and structural analysis of the technical condition of the over hundred ten year old tank structure, which proved that the compressive strength of the concrete is lowered, and there are numerous cracks of the walls and the ceiling, and also some accumulations of white lines and icicles outside. The SEM, EDS and XRD analyses proved that the phase composition of the concrete in the barrier thickness is variable. In the lower layers of the concrete a calcium hydroxide concentration is observed, which outside the barrier changes into the calcium carbonate. The migration of the Portlandite in the direction of the inside of the tank with very high relative air humidity (>95%) results from the mass diffusion caused by different concentration of the porous liquid in the outer and inner layers of the barriers. Those are very slow processes, that last tens of years during the exploitation of the tank. They are beneficial in terms of the gradual alkalinity increase, which protects the steel against corrosion, but they can be harmful due to a local increase of the porosity and the decrease of the concrete strength.This phenomenon has been described in the literature as elution of calcium ions from the concrete structure. Numerous articles in this field focus on creating a sufficiently durable concrete structure by dosing appropriate mineral additives, rather than on several dozen years of observations of the objects in use. Therefore, the intention of the author of this article is not to model the Ca2+ leaching process in a laboratory, but to analyze the gradual degradation of an industrial facility subjected to direct action of water over a period of one hundred years.
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Authors and Affiliations

Józef Zygmunt Jasiczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Institute of Building, Piotrowo 5, Poznan 60-965, Poland
37 Problems in designing air domes: a lesson from a construction disaster
Krzysztof Grzyb , Łukasz Drobiec , Jakub Zając , Olgierd Donajko
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 557–570 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155118
Keywords: air dome air-supported structure pneumatic structure snow load construction disaster temporary construction
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Abstract

Modern roofs for tennis courts, swimming pools, or playing fields can take various forms, but an increasingly popular design choice is pneumatic structures. These structures are supported by maintaining a higher internal pressure that upholds the membrane, achieved through a continuous air-blowing system. The difference between the pressure of the hall’s interior and atmospheric pressure ranges from 2.5 to 3.5 hPa. In practical terms, this means that the pressure on the air-supported dome is 25–35 kg/m2. Although these structures have been in operation in Europe for several decades, there are still reports of construction disasters of this type of facility. This article presents a case study of one such disaster, including material tests of the membrane, the analysis of technical documentation, and a discussion of recommendations and standard provisions. While determining the causes of the incident, it was shown that excessive snow load was the main cause of the disaster, and the lack of adequate legal regulations still has negative consequences affecting the safety of using air domes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Grzyb
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Drobiec
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Zając
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olgierd Donajko
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5 St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. SGS Polska Sp. z o.o., Jerozolimskie Av. 146A, 02-305 Warsaw, Poland
38 Post-fire hardness and impact resistance tests of high-strength grade 8.8 steel bolts
Paweł A. Król
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155119
Keywords: fire exposure hardness heating and cooling process high-strength steel bolt impact resistance residual post-fire properties
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Abstract

The article presents results of hardness and impact resistance tests of grade M20-8.8 bolts, previously subjected to simulated fire conditions. The tests were aimed at assessing the effect of temperature, fire exposure time, and cooling method on the hardness and impact resistance of bolts subjected to a fire in the context of fastener post-fire suitability for further use. Knowledge of these two parameters may be crucial from the point of view of expert assessment of the safety of structures that survived the fire. This may be of particular importance in the case of structures located in seismic and paraseismic areas, and subject to dynamic loads. Test specimens were received from bolts previously subjected to simulated thermal actions, which were supposed to reflect environmental conditions of a real fire. They were heated at temperatures of 100◦C, 150◦C, 200◦C, 300◦C, 400◦C, 500◦C, 600◦C, 700◦C, 800◦C, 900◦C, and 1000◦C for periods of 30’, 60′, 120′ and 240′, respectively, and then cooled at various rates, which resulted in the differentiation of the material microstructure. After heating, some of the bolts were cooled naturally, left to cool down freely at ambient temperature, whereas some other were rapidly cooled by immersion in water until they cooled completely, thus simulating the effect of an intensive firefighting operation. The obtained results were elaborated on to assess their usefulness in the analyzes of structures that survived the fire and, due to the nature and extent of damage, are the subject of considerations regarding the possibility of their further use.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł A. Król
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
39 Experimental study on interaction characteristics of geogrid-clay interface
Wei Fu , Ke Liu , XiangPing Li
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 587–600 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155120
Keywords: geogrid clay pull-out test interface action characteristics
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Abstract

Geogrid is a kind of geosynthetic material widely used in engineering. The interaction between geogrid and packed soil plays a decisive role in the stability of reinforced soil engineering. In this paper, the influence of normal stress, type of geogrid, water content and compactness of subgrade soil on the effect of reinforcement was studied, and the influence degree of each factor was analyzed by grey correlation method. The results show that under the same conditions, both the friction-like coefficient and the maximum shear stress of reinforced soil with bi-directional geogrid are significantly higher than those with unidirectional geogrid. With the increase of normal stress, the maximum shear stress between reinforcement and soil increases, while the friction coefficient decreases slightly with the increase of normal stress. The higher the compactness of the filler, the higher the friction coefficient between the reinforcement and soil. The higher the moisture content, the smaller the friction coefficient between the soil and the reinforcement. According to the grey correlation method, the influence of each factor from large to small is type of geogrid > degree of compaction > water content > normal stress. Therefore, it is suggested that bidirectional grid should be used in engineering and reduce the water content appropriately, which will make the geogrid reinforcement effect reach the best. An elastic-exponential hardening model was proposed to describe and analyze the interface behavior of bidirectional geogrid reinforced clay, and the results can be used as a guide for clay stiffening engineering.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Fu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ke Liu
2
ORCID: ORCID
XiangPing Li
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Second Highway Survey, Design and Research Institute, Wuhan, 430056, China
  2. Changsha University of Science and Technology, School of Transportation Engineering, Changsha, 410000, China
  3. Shenzhen Urban Traffic Planning and Design Research Center, Shenzhen, 518000, China
40 3D concrete print – regional potential and challenges
Anna M. Stręk , Alena Sičáková
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 601–618 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2025.155121
Keywords: 3DCP concrete printing additive manufacturing
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Abstract

The article aims at identifying scientific and industrial development prospects in 3D concrete printing with focus on regional potential. The main research method consisted in a study of field literature enhanced by a bibliometric survey and analysis of means of intellectual property protection. For the bibliometric investigation there was collected detailed data about publications regarding concrete additive manufacturing. The gathered information included among others: year of publication, scope, authors with affiliations, citations, etc. The data was analysed in sets and subsets with the objective of identification of mutual relations and influence paths. Tag cloud creation and analysis was also performed as an auxiliary tool for the investigation. Additionally, a patent and intellectual property database referring to concrete printing was studied to provide some insight into industrial implementation and commercialisation potential. The results allowed for concluding which aspects seemed to be most significant for the development of the concrete printing science and application. Additionally, propositions of paths for further research and development were determined. The presented results could be a used as guidance reference for regional scientific and industrial partners.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna M. Stręk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alena Sičáková
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
  2. Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vysokoškolská 4, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia

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-In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
-The editor maintains the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
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Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except if authorized by the editor. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review is kept confidential and not used for personal advantage Any invited reviewer who feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should immediately notify the editor so that alternative reviewers can be contacted. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is unacceptable. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments. All reviews must be carried out on a special form available in the Editorial System.

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