Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Civil Engineering

Zawartość

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1

Abstrakt

The requirements for structural performance and seismic performance in the field of civil engineering are increasing. Traditional building structures have certain limitations in extreme conditions such as earthquakes. Therefore, this study discusses the design of modular bi-directional load-bearing and energy dissipating joints in the context of intelligent construction to improve the seismic performance of buildings. The study designs vertical joints and bi-directional joints, and the test results show that the hysteresis curve of the joints is hump-shaped, exhibiting excellent plastic deformation and energy dissipation performance. The introduction of oblique stiffening ribs in the vertical joints significantly improves the load-bearing capacity, and there is no significant decrease in load-bearing capacity when loaded to approximately 32 mm. The maximum energy dissipation coefficient of vertical joint specimen 1 is 1.485. For specimen 2, the maximum values is 1.801, and for the bi-directional joints, the maximum values is 2.156, demonstrating excellent energy dissipation capability. In conclusion, this research is of great significance for the combination of modern building engineering technology and intelligent construction, providing strong support for the seismic performance and overall safety of building structures.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hao Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Guangxi Polytechnic of Construction, Nanning, 530007, China

Abstrakt

Magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) cement is an ecological inorganic cement-based material. It has several excellent properties, such as high-volume stability, light weight, low thermal conductivity, and high temperature resistance. In this study, the influences of MgO:MgSO4 :H2O molar ratio on the mechanical properties and water resistance of modified MOS cement incorporating citric acid were investigated, and the change of pore structure and phase compositions were analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), Xray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results show that when n(MgO) : n(MgSO4) or n(MgSO4) : n(H2O) is larger, the compressive strength and flexural strength of MOS cement paste increase.With the increase of MgO mole number, the softening coefficient of compressive strength decreases, while the softening coefficient and volume shrinkage of flexural strength increase. The total porosity and the most probable aperture of paste with n(MgO) : n(MgSO4) : n(H2O) = 8 : 1 : 20 are the largest, and smaller molar number of MgO or larger the mole number of H2O correspond to higher pore structure parameters of cement paste. In addition, with the increase of n(MgO)/n(MgSO4), the peak intensity of 517 phase is higher, while that of Mg(OH)2 is relatively weak. The content of 517 phase in MOS cement paste with the molar ratio of 10 : 1 : 16 reaches the maximum.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Qiaoli Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kun Fan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Henan Open University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China

Abstrakt

To explore the self-healing properties of basalt fiber asphalt concrete under different damage levels, freeze-thaw cycles, and ultraviolet radiation aging, a four-point bending fatigue test and scanning electron microscope are used to analyze from macro and micro perspectives. By comparing and analyzing the fatigue damage rate of DV and the cumulative dissipated energy of ECD before and after the specimen healing, the corresponding healing coefficient is obtained respectively. The conclusion shows that basalt fiber has improved damage self-healing properties of ordinary matrix asphalt concrete, and the maximum value of the damage healing coefficient is 96% (mass fraction, the same below); under the same environmental factors, the damage degree of specimens is inversely proportional to the healing coefficient; at the same degree of damage, the freeze-thaw cycle has the greatest impact on the healing performance of the test piece, and the damage healing coefficient decreases by up to 4%; Cumulative dissipated energy can be used as an analysis index to more accurately characterize the damage self-healing performance of asphalt concrete. Through scanning electron microscopy image analysis, the mechanism of the effect of basalt fiber on the self-healing performance of asphalt concrete before and after ultraviolet and freeze-thaw action is further microscopically explained.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Pei Yu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Suqin Gao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jun Peng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Xinyang University, Xinyang 464000, China

Abstrakt

Construction waste (CW) has become one of the main factors exacerbating regional environmental damage, and how to recycle and utilize CW as a resource is also a key focus of future urban construction in China. Although CW has good application effects in highway construction, its service life is still a factor that affects its promotion. Currently, CW is mostly concrete waste, so it is integrated with asphalt mixtures to prepare new types of recycled asphalt, extending the service life of asphalt roads, reducing construction costs and environmental damage. The experimental results show that the optimal asphalt to aggregate ratio of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) asphalt mixtures is between 4% and 5%. The road performance of four asphalt mixtures with different RCA contents meets the standard, and two RCA mixtures have better performance than traditional asphalt. When subjected to 150 cycles of temperature humidity coupling, the fatigue life of five different asphalt mixtures decreased, and the fatigue damage was in a rapid growth stage. The fatigue life of traditional mixtures decreases more than 1.3 times faster than that of CW asphalt mixtures. There are two types of CW asphalt mixtures that can still maintain good fatigue performance under different temperature and humidity coupling effects, which can effectively extend the service life of traditional asphalt pavement. RCA asphalt mixture has better adhesion performance, effectively alleviating the fracture impact of aggregate rigidity.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mengya Jiang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaoqing Cai
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Architectural Technology, School of Transportation Engineering, Xuzhou, China
  2. Chongqing Metropolitan College of Science and Technology, School of Building Management, Chongqing, China

Abstrakt

The stability problems of layered rock mass are frequently encountered in tunnel and underground engineering. Affected by bedding plane, the mechanical properties of surrounding rock show obvious anisotropy, which makes its failure characteristics more complicated. Therefore, it is essential to clarify the deformation and damage characteristics of the tunnel in layered rock for the safe and efficient development. In this study, a numerical simulation tool based on material point method and strain softening model is used to establish the plane strain model of tunnel in layered rock, and the deformation process of the tunnel with different dip angles and different rock thickness is studied. The results show that: 1) Compared with the physical simulation test, it is proved that the tool used can simulate the complex process of tunnel deformation and instability, and effectively realize delamination, shear slip and rock fracture in the failure process of tunnel in layered rock; 2) The bedding plane has a significant influence on the failure characteristics of surrounding rock, and the damaged area increases significantly on the bedding plane, cracks are always concentrated in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane, and the smaller the thickness of the rock layer, the larger the damage area of the surrounding rock; 3) With the increase of joint angle, the number of failure points presents a U-shaped trend, and the decrease of rock thickness will lead to an increase in the number of failure points and a decrease in the percentage of shear failure points.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jingjie Pang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhenhua Xing
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yang Li
3
ORCID: ORCID
Binwei Xia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gexin Wan
3
ORCID: ORCID
Shusen Wang
4
ORCID: ORCID
Kang Fu
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
  2. China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd, China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd,Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
  3. Chongqing Expressway Wuyunkai Construction Co., Ltd, Chongqing Expressway Group Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
  4. China State Construction Railway Investment&EngineeringGroup Co., Ltd, China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
  5. China State Construction Railway Investment & Engineering Group Co., Ltd, China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China

Abstrakt

This study delves into the influence ofwater film thickness (WFT) on the rheological characteristics, particularly the yield stress, of cement paste incorporating limestone powder. Employing an Anton Paar MCR 102 rheometer, precise measurements of both the static and dynamic yield stress were conducted. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were then applied to explore the relationship between WFT and yield stresses. The findings reveal an approximate linear growth pattern in the shear stress-shear rate profile of cement-limestone paste, with an intensified shear thickening observed as limestone powder content increases. The augmentation of limestone powder and specific surface area notably enhances both static and dynamic yield stresses, with the latter reaching 70.26 Pa in the case of a paste containing 50% Class III limestone powder (1088 m2/kg). The WFT of cement-limestone paste particles is contingent on the ratio of solid particle packing density to total specific surface area, exhibiting an increase with rising solid particle packing density. Both static and dynamic yield stresses exhibit a negative correlation with WFT. Artificial neural networks demonstrate efficacy in predicting static and dynamic yield stresses based on mix ratio parameters and WFT, with a higher prediction accuracy for static yield stress, reflected in an R2 value of 0.9745.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Qian Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Changzhi Vocational and Technical College, Changzhi 046000, China

Abstrakt

This study mainly analyzes the stress loading effect of current plastic damaged materials and investigates the stress changes during plastic material damage. The stress structure of the material is analyzed using D-SAP software and the finite element analysis. A new analysis system for plastic damage materials is established. The new system can analyze the damage stress and rigidity magnitude of plastic materials. These studies confirm that new system software can to some extent complete the analysis of stress loading effects on plastic damaged materials. The simulation curve of the software is basically consistent with the experimental values. When compared with traditional software for testing, the new software shows significantly better performance in simulating stress situations and accuracy compared to traditional analysis and simulation software. D-SAP and Digimat software show different deviations during testing. D-SAP has the smallest stress variation, while Digimat strain and stress testing has a larger deviation. In the stiffness test, the deviation between the two software is between 2.04% and 5.3%. In multi-axis pressure testing, D-SAP is consistent with the test values. Therefore, the software used in this study has a better effect on analyzing the stress loading effect of the material, and the deviation between the tested stress and stiffness is smaller. This provides a new direction for stress analysis of materials.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Xiaofeng Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yanli Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Chengyuan Lu
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of CML Engineering Architecture, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University ofConstruction, Dongyang, 322100, China
  2. Department of Technology Development, Dongyang Third Construction Engineering Co., Ltd, ZhejiangDongyang, 322100, China
  3. College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China

Abstrakt

A cutting-edge construction method called fitted construction allows for several parallel lines of work to speed up construction and enhance building quality. However, achieving optimal project decisions for global construction projects demands a high level of objective decision-making. To enhance the decisionmaking process, this research utilizes particle swarm algorithms to optimize construction project decisions in assembled buildings. To tackle the issue of early convergence in particle swarm algorithms, three swarm enhanced particle swarm algorithms are proposed by merging the variational mechanism of the differential evolution algorithm and quantifying the decision making tasks for assembly building construction projects to be solved by the enhanced particle swarm algorithm. Regarding the research results, the upgraded particle swarm algorithm achieved a fundamental convergence in 20 iterations whilst resolving the Sphere, Rosebrock, Rastrigin, and Griewank functions. The improved particle swarm algorithm converges to an optimal solution of –19.208 within 20 iterations on the Holder function, with an optimal domain of [8.055, –9.665]. The results of the optimization study for the decision-making problem of the assembly building project demonstrate that implementing Sigmoid smoothing yields a minimum duration problem of 0.755 and a minimum duration of 45 days. The optimal cost and time required to solve the problem of economic maximisation strategy using the enhanced particle swarm method are 500,000 and 52 days, respectively. The results indicate that the improved particle swarm approach outperforms conventional algorithms in the decision-making process for assembly building projects, maintaining computational accuracy throughout.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Peng Wang
1

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Henan Finance University, Zhengzhou 451464, China

Abstrakt

Public investment is one of the important and decisive factors for the economic development process in Vietnam. It involves the government’s investment in public programs, projects, and investment subjects. The medium-term public investment plan for the period of 2021–2025 needs VND 2.87 million billion, focusing on priority sectors that are important and key to the economy, including transport infrastructure. The budget allocated for the transport sector accounts for the highest proportion (42.9%) but the development of modern and synchronized infrastructure has not yet met requirements. Currently, the disbursement work is slow and encounters many obstacles, affecting the effectiveness of capital utilization. According to the report of the Ministry of Transport, the disbursement rate of transport works in the period of 2016–2020 reached 69%. Therefore, this article analyzes the current situation of disbursement in transport infrastructure construction through reports of State management agencies, previous studies, uses SPSS software to quantify the criteria affecting this work. Furthermore, solutions for accelerating the public investment disbursement in transport infrastructure construction are proposed.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Nguyen Thi Tuyet Dung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nguyen Quoc Toan
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hanoi Architectural University, Km 10, Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
  2. Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Construction Economics and Management, No. 55 Giai Phong Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstrakt

In this paper, the effects of polyvinyl alcohol fiber incorporation on the crack resistance of low-dose cement-stabilized crushed stone have been investigated. The resulting change in the compressive strength, compressive rebound modulus, splitting strength, dry shrinkage factor, and impact toughness with fiber incorporation was evaluated through the unconfined compressive strength test, compressive rebound modulus test, crack strength test, dry shrinkage test, and impact toughness test. The results showed the positive influence of PVA fibers on the crack resistance of low-dose cement-stabilized crushed stone. PVA fibers have been shown to improve the compressive strength, splitting strength, and impact toughness of low-dose cement-stabilized crushed stone while reducing the compressive rebound modulus and dry shrinkage factor. With the increase of fiber incorporation, the compressive strength, splitting strength, and impact toughness tend to increase first and then decrease. The compressive resilience modulus and dry shrinkage coefficient showed a tendency to decrease first and then increase. When the fiber dosage is 0.9 kg/m3, the maximum energy consumed in the fracture of the specimen, the strongest impact resistance and impact ductility of the material, the indexes reach the optimal value, indicating that the crack resistance of PVA fiber low-dose cement-stabilized crushed stone is optimal at this dosage. This study provides a theoretical basis for promoting and applying PVA fiber in low-dose cement-stabilized gravel.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Xin Yan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhigang Zhou
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jian Jin
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Key Laboratory of Road Structure and Material Ministry of Communication, Changsha University of Science and Technology, South Wanjiali Road 960, Changsha, China
  2. China Construction Eighth Engineering Bureau Third Construction Co., Ltd, No.6 Wenlan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Abstrakt

Urban land spatial optimization is one of the important issues in urban planning and land resource management. As the speed advancement of urbanization and the continuous increase of population, the rational use of land resources has become the key to sustainable urban development. Based on this, the study adopts the optimization goals of maximizing gross domestic product (GDP), reducing aerosol optical thickness and non-point source pollution (NPSP) load, and reducing land use change costs and incongruity. Three constraints are set simultaneously, including minimum construction land, water body, and cultivated land area. In addition, a fast non dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA2) with elite strategy is used to address it. The outcomes denoted that the iterative distance of the proposed algorithm on the Bin and Cohen functions was only 0.048%, which was 0.522% lower than that of the NSGA2. Meanwhile, the reverse iteration distance value of this algorithm was only 4.14%, which was 22.76% lower than the adaptive weighted genetic algorithm. In addition, the algorithm’s Spacing value was only 4.28%, and the hypervolume index value was as high as 78.66%. This indicated that the research method had a good optimization effect on the optimal allocation (OA) of land space in urban agglomerations, providing scientific decision-making support for sustainable urban development.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yi Guo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chaoqin Bai
2
ORCID: ORCID
Peiwen Zhao
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710000, China
  2. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
  3. First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China

Abstrakt

Rubber-cement composites (RCC) is an environmentally friendly, green, and sustainable cementbased energy-absorbing materials. To study the dynamic response characteristics of RCC under explosion shock, the central explosion tests of RCC plate specimens were carried out by using the two-dimensional plate blasting (TDPB) test system. In the aspect of strain wave propagation, the characteristics and laws of explosive strain wave propagation in RCC plate structure were analyzed. In terms of damage characteristics, the macro-damage modes of RCC plate specimens under central explosion were analyzed, and the formation and propagation mechanisms of radial explosion growth cracks and the formation mechanism of central annular spalling were revealed. In terms of explosion resistance characteristics, combined with the meso-fracture morphology of RCC, the synergistic characteristics of mechanics and energy dissipation among cement mortar matrix, rubber particles, and pore structure were analyzed from the meso-level, and the explosion resistance mechanism of RCC plate structure was further revealed. RCC effectively combined the explosion resistance concepts of “coupling rigidity with flexibility” and “overcoming rigidity by flexibility”, showing excellent explosion resistance ability. Finally, in view of the key scientific problem existing in RCC, the scientific and effective solution was discussed deeply, and the development method and research directions of the new RCC were further prospected.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Rongzhou Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Peiyuan Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ying Xu
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan232001, Anhui Hongchang New Materials Co., Ltd., Huaibei, 340621, China
  2. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China

Abstrakt

The paper delves into the critical issue of damage detection within the guy cable of a truss steel mast, a pivotal component in structural integrity. It introduces a model wherein damage manifests as a localized cross-section reduction in a single element of the cable. Employing Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), a pioneering methodology, the study scrutinizes the behavior of the affected elements through static structural analyses. Signal decomposition via the Mallat pyramid algorithm facilitates comprehensive examination. Static displacements at the connection point between the cable and the truss mast serve as the measured variables. Through systematic investigation, the paper evaluates the impact of damage size and location, external loading force, and cable tension force on the efficacy of the proposed approach. Utilizing data derived from Finite Element Method (FEM) computations for wavelet analysis the authors substantiate the findings with numerical examples, thus offering valuable insights into damage detection strategies for structural health monitoring and engineering applications.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Anna Knitter-Piątkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Przychodzki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Guminiak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, ul. Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan

Abstrakt

Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash, a by-product of fluidized bed coal-fired sulfur fixation technology, presents an opportunity for recycling and reuse when employed as a supplementary cementitious material in cement composite systems, thereby alleviating environmental pressure. Meanwhile, the rheological characteristics of cement pastes are crucial for optimizing its workability, facilitating diverse engineering applications such as pumping, formwork pressure calculation, and 3D printing. Against this backdrop, this study systematically explores the impact of CFBC ash, varying in particle size and content, on the rheological properties of Portland cement (PC) paste. Findings reveal that elevated CFBC content correlates with heightened yield stress and viscosity of the paste, with the paste incorporating 40% CFBC ash having the highest yield stress of 71.6 Pa. Furthermore, incorporating CFBC with finer particle size distribution amplifies these rheological parameters. Thixotropy mirrors the alterations in dynamic yield stress and viscosity, indicating that CFBC ash addition enhances paste thixotropy. In PC-CFBC ash composites, G' values consistently surpass G", suggesting early-stage elasticity during oscillation testing. Thixotropy in PC-CFBC ash composites is intricately linked to superplasticizer adsorption capacity, while viscoelastic evolution of the paste is governed by hydration kinetics.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Lei Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Changzhi Vocational and Technical College, Changzhi 046000, China

Abstrakt

The growing water deficit around the world contributes to the need to reduce water losses and implement a circular economy. This is the main reason for searching for additional water sources or limiting water losses. In the case of water supply companies, apart from water losses in the distribution system, the greatest amounts of water are used for filter backwashing.The returning of backwash to the drinking water system can be suitable method for recycling of 3–10% of water treated in water treatment plants (WTPs), but high levels of backwash pollution make pretreatment necessary prior to recirculation. Backwash from surface and infiltration water treatment plants is characterized by different level of pollution and types of contaminants, except for microorganisms, which are present in both backwash types. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of coagulation as a method of pre-treating backwash before recirculation to the main water treatment system. Prehydrolized coagulant is characterized by a higher removal efficiency for all pollutants, which allows the use of smaller doses. Optimal doses were 5 mg/L and 7 mg/L for PAX XL3 and ALS coagulants respectively. Independent of doses and type of coagulants, coagulation and sedimentation processes did not provide enough efficiency of microorganism removal. The results of this study have found that it is necessary to include other processes, especially disinfection, for pre-treating backwash prior to recirculating it to the treatment system. On the other hand, the cost of backwash recirculation is higher than the cost of intake water.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Małgorzata Wolska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Halina Urbańska-Kozłowska
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Solipiwko-Pieścik
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland

Abstrakt

The paper aims validation of a microplane coupled damage-plasticity model with gradient regularization (MCDPMwGR) by simulating concrete behavior in reinforced concrete beams, both prestressed and non-prestressed. It uses experimental data from available papers. Tendons were modelled in a discrete form using one-dimensional finite elements. Prestress force was inflicted by a temperature drop. Contact issues were taken into account, i.e., friction and pressure at the interface between the cable and the duct wall. In the course of the work, it was found that it is possible to obtain satisfactory accuracy of results with the model in use. The adverse effects, present in other models were not observed. These are, among others, overestimate of ultimate load and excessive influence of tensile strength on the ultimate load value. We can observe such effects in plastic models (e.g., Menetrey–Willam or Drucker–Prager model) as well as non-coupled damage models (e.g., damage evolution model, microplane elastic model). Accurate P − −Δ (load-deflection) curves, matching with experimental data, were achieved. It is worth mentioning that the best curve fitting for beams made out of the same concrete was obtained using the same parameter values. This is true also when comparing prestressed and non-prestressed beams. It suggests significant potential of damage-plasticity model in predicting the true behavior of concrete. Yet, there are still some issues that need further analysis. They concern mainly influence of simplifications made during modelling prestressed beams on final results.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Damian Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Gąćkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Selejdak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland

Abstrakt

In the present paper, the results of experimental tests of bolted connections of angle specimens subjected to tension and connected by one leg are presented. Structural members of such type are commonly applied to the steel lattice supports of overhead electrical lines. The bolted connections of angles connected by one leg to gusset plates are in tension and additional bending moment that results from the eccentricity of the bolt group. The majority of available existing experimental and numerical investigations regarding the bolted connections of steel angles in tension have been conducted using mostly short specimens. Within this paper, the influence of the specimen length on the behaviour of angles connected by one leg in tension is shown on the basis of the comparison of the results from the experimental tests of shorter and longer specimens of the same size of angle section. Equal-leg angles in two cross-section dimensional groups – L90 × 6 and L120 × 8, and of two lengths: 600 mm and 1500 mm were tested. A basic test included determining the destructive force, elongation of a specimen and its deflections. In the case of some specimens, the tests were extended to include strain measurements in characteristic places of the angles – in the middle of the length and in the bolted connection zone. The conclusions from the conducted experimental tests confirm that the length of a specimen has an impact on the results, with a greater effect observed in angles with larger cross-sections, and thus with a greater load eccentricity.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marian A. Giżejowski
ORCID: ORCID
Wioleta Barcewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Wierzbicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Labocha
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. ENPROM Ltd., ul. Taneczna 18c, 02-829 Warsaw
  3. Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Architecture,Building and Applied Arts, ul. Rolna 43, 40-555 Katowice, Poland

Abstrakt

The introduction of the article highlights the importance of measuring the wear of rails and turnouts. The evolution of methods and devices used to measure the profiles of these elements is briefly presented. The principle of conducting research using the LiDAR technique is explained. The problem of geometric and structural differences of tram tracks in relation to classic railways is pointed out, and the resulting concerns about the possibility of adapting typical railway methods of measuring rail and turnouts profiles to tram tracks. The rest of the article describes the construction, basic parameters and method of operation of a precise stationary laser scanner, dedicated to measuring rail profiles and turnouts. Graphical analysis of the results for measurements carried out with the mentioned device on tram tracks are presented – for rails in curves with small radii, turnouts (half-switches and frogs), corrugated wear, and broken welds. The summary presents conclusions from the research conducted.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jacek Makuch
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

Abstrakt

Sustainable building projects has become increasingly important in recent years. To improve the circulation of materials in the construction sector, circular economy-inspired actions have been taken into account for CDW management The article investigates the possibility of using recycled aggregate as a reservoir of water for internal curing of concrete, in accordance with the principles of sustainable development and circular economy. The experiment consisted of four different curing scenarios and different proportions of recycled aggregate. The experiment measured the following properties: compressive strength, density, porosity, and SEM analysis of the interfacial transition zone between the aggregate and the cement paste. The analysis revealed that substituting ten percent of natural aggregate with recycled aggregate can shorten the external water curing time required for the concrete without affecting its final strength adversely. This solution also does not cause a significant increase in the porosity of concrete or a deterioration in the quality of the interfacial transition zone.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maja Kępniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Filip Chyliński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ewelina Górecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Goljan
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, Filtrowa 1, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

The resistance spot welding is one of the main methods used to join thin-walled metal parts, while a number of factors adversely affect the process and thus the quality of the connections made. This article presents the study results of the possibility of applying modal analysis in the quality examination of welded parts by detecting the missing weld. It was aimed to determine this kind welding process imperfections influence on modal shapes and frequencies by the study of the dynamic properties of welded elements in the frequency domain. The research included real and numerical tests. The proposed testing method for spot welded constructions is a scientific novelty in the world, but the investigation results indicated, that the modal analysis may find application in detecting welding defects such as the lack of the welds. To assess the quality of the numerical models, the results obtained in the simulation and experimental test results were compared. The analysis involved the first five modes. The mode shapes in relation to the first five modal frequencies identified using the FEM analyses and the experimental tests was consistent with respect to element distortion. The differences indicate the satisfactory conformity of the numerical simulation results with the experimental test results. The article fundamentally demonstrates the applicability of the above-mentioned method to analyse the performance of all welds at once.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Janusz Pikuła
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zygmunt Mikno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Fidali
2
ORCID: ORCID
Szymon Kowieski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Szymon Zymełka
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Karola Miarki 12-14 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Konarskiego 18A Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Abstrakt

One of the main problems of highly urbanized areas is progressively degrading land. This process is mainly caused by the closure of enterprises that have failed to adapt to the realities of the economy and the lack of investment. Post-industrial areas are usually large, diverse, and polluted complexes that may have historical and locational value. Currently, there is a growing interest among European city authorities in this type of land, which can be revitalized to create, i.e., leisure and recreation areas. The need to preserve cultural values, while adapting the space to the new reality, requires verification of risk factors affecting the urban regeneration process. In this article, the authors attempt to create a ranking of the risk factors of post-industrial area urban regeneration. A statistical analysis was conducted preceded by the collection of data in the form of assessments of the probability and severity of the identified urban regeneration risk factors. This ranking was created to identify the key factors for urban regeneration risk estimation. The analysis conducted revealed that the most significant urban regeneration risk factors are related to, i.e., poor technical condition of buildings and structures, environmental degradation, as well as logistical problems.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Magdalena Apollo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Rzepecki
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
  2. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzycka 40 Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland

Abstrakt

For several years, there has been an intensification of using BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology in the design and construction phases of building projects. However, it is rare to come across data regarding the implementation and subsequent verification of the utilization of BIM’s capabilities in the longest phase of a building’s life cycle – the operational phase. Currently, various property management systems and methods are applied during the operational phase of volumetric construction. However, these are often systems dedicated to specific types of activities (e.g., invoicing, electronic documentation approval), often requiring a significant amount of manual work. Additionally, current practices do not integrate the systems in use, and manual processing results in the manager receiving scattered and unformatted data that is difficult to use in daily operations. The aim of this article is to present the potential benefits of implementing BIM technology during the operational phase of a facility. The article outlines the possibilities of using the information introduced into the BIM model during the operational phase of a building. It also presents a proposed approach for creating a BIM model for the operational phase. In a subsequent article, the authors will focus on presenting an example of its implementation.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Aleksandra Radziejowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Ciepłucha
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Majta
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, St. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
  3. NDI S.A., St. Powstanców Warszawy 19, 81-718 Sopot, Poland

Abstrakt

In recent years, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has been increasingly used in the design and construction phases of building projects. However, there is still a lack of information regarding the implementation and evaluation of BIM during the longest phase of a building’s lifecycle, which is its operation. More and more often, various systems and management methods are being employed for such real estate properties. However, these issues primarily concern newly constructed objects for which digital BIM documentation was created during the design phase. The situation is different for properties that have been in operation for an extended period or for those that lack a virtual model. Highlighting the benefits of creating and subsequently utilizing an existing building model, the authors present a practical example of BIM technology implementation in the management of existing real estate located within the AGH campus. They particularly emphasize the possibility of using readily available tools, which significantly enhance the management of the virtual building model without the need for modeling skills or complex software operation. For this purpose, they propose using an Excel spreadsheet. With the appropriate integration with Revit, it allows for the real-time flow of data, making it easy to incorporate current changes into the model.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Aleksandra Radziejowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Ciepłucha
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Majta
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, St. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
  3. NDI S.A., St. Powstanców Warszawy 19, 81-718 Sopot, Poland

Abstrakt

The main objective of the research was to validate the method for determining the load capacity of GFRP composite lighting columns under horizontal loads according to the EN 40-3-3:2013 standard. The work involved developing a numerical model of GFRP composite columns with an inspection hole while accounting for the columns’ nonlinear behaviour before the failure phase. The model was verified by testing 11 GFRP lighting columns on a natural scale and material testing of the composite. A calculation method was used in accordance with the standards EN 40-3-3:2013 and EN-40-7:2002 to determine their bending resistance. It was discovered that the load capacity estimated experimentally is two to three times less than the load capacity estimated using the standard’s procedure. Also, the load capacity calculated based on the developed numerical model of the column is about 2.5 times lower than the characteristic load capacity calculated based on the currently applicable standard procedure. The analysis of the standard design procedure shows that the inspection opening is treated only as a local reduction of the cross-section, reducing the yield modulus. However, the possibility of buckling the walls in the inspection opening area is not taken into account. It means that the standard procedure for determining the bending resistance of composite columns has not been adapted to the actual behaviour of composite columns with inspection openings. Developed numerical model of a lighting pole with an unreinforced inspection opening accurately assesses the capacity of such poles for use in scientific and design practice.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mirosław Broniewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Filip Broniewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Broniewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska St. 45A, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland

Abstrakt

Hot Mix Asphalt mixtures are often used as the top layer of pavement structures to build roads worldwide. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixtures combine bitumen and aggregate to produce roads. This paper aims to determine the optimum bitumen content (OBC) and investigate combining glass fiber in HMA with replacing a partial glass fiber of fine aggregate by Marshall Stability. The Hot Mix Asphalt was produced by mixing aggregate with 4% to 6% bitumen to obtain OBC to use in Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with glass fiber. Meanwhile, HMA modification was produced by mixing aggregate and OBC bitumen with 1% to 6% replacement glass fiber as a partial fine aggregate to improve the properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Marshall Stability test, Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Penetration Point, and Softening Point test was conducted. The effects of glass fiber in terms of stability, flow, stiffness, void in the total mix and void-filled bitumen in Marshall stability are investigated and compared with the control sample. The Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) using Marshall Stability was chosen at 4.7% as OBC due highest stability value and passed in requirement standard JKR 2008. After analysis, the stability obtained for HMA Modified showed that adding 1%, 2%, and 3% glass fibers contributed to the highest stability values and passed the standards of parameters required by JKR 2008. Therefore, this paper can be concluded that the presence of glass fibers can significantly improve the performance of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Liyana Ahmad Sofri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nurul Hanisah Daud
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmad Faizal Mansor
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nur Liza Rahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pawel Pietrusiewicz
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, Kampus Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland

Abstrakt

The continuation of a multistage research project based on experimental and numerical analysis is presented, focused on the robustness of the steel frame structure with bolted end-plate joints. An advanced FE model, validated on previously performed experimental tests of steel bolted joints and steel subframe structure, was used. A dynamic numerical analysis of planar steel structures was performed under a sudden internal column loss scenario using Abaqus software. An attempt was made to increase structural robustness in the event of a sudden removal of the internal column at the ground level of the steel frame with flush bolted end-plate joints. The application of a strategy based on the change of types of joints at the selected level of the structure was shown. Two main structural changes were implemented by using bolted extended end-plate joints, instead of flush end-plate, or by using the novel joint with additional rings. To check the behaviour of the structure and assess its robustness, a change of the joints was applied at the lower and upper levels of the structure. The use of bolted extended end-plate joints only in one level of the structure leads to progressive collapse of part of the structure. The application of the novel joint with additional double rings at one level of the frame in both analyses leads to obtain a required level of robustness and mitigates collapse of the structure.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Damian Kukla
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksander Kozlowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inzynieria Rzeszów S.A., Podkarpacka 59a, 35-082 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering andArchitecture, Poznanska 2, 35-084 Rzeszów, Poland

Abstrakt

Construction projects are characterized by high complexity of the tasks performed. They are planned over a long period of time and are often very technologically complex. All these factors cause various types of disruptions to the construction process very often occur during the construction of buildings. In the theory and practice of construction management, the possibility of such disruptions is called risk factors. Due to the fact that they have a significant impact on the preservation of two basic characteristics of construction, i.e. the time and cost of building the facility, they are subject to intensive research. In other words, the challenge for every construction project is to predict risk factors that may disrupt the construction process. Moreover, their specification and quantification, which allows us to estimate the possible impact of disruptions to the construction process on its time and cost. Various risk analysis methods are used for this purpose. The authors of the article propose the use of emergency schedules. Schedules of this type have great utilitarian advantages. That is, they enable illustrating the quantified impact of risk factors on individual tasks and the entire construction project. The material describes the idea of this type of schedules. An example of developing this type of schedule is also given, based on the example of the renovation of a building structures.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dariusz Skorupka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Pochybełko
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland,
  2. Konstruo Engineering Group, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Warszawa, Poland

Abstrakt

In order to meet the high housing demand and location requirements, developers in large cities increasingly often purchase former industrial sites for conversion and redevelopment. The authors in the article conducted a survey to gauge interest in residential development on post-industrial sites in two countries (in Poland and Slovakia) and determined the group of people interested in this sector. The main focus of the survey was to gain insight into the factors that motivate the purchase of real estate and influence the choice of residential property location. Another goal of the study was to determine the importance of factors that influence decisions to purchase real estate in a post-industrial area. As a result of the survey, the authors also determined whether potential buyers paid attention to the previous development of a property and whether they were aware of the potential risks associated with converting a brownfield site to residential use.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dagmara Adamkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Peter Mésároš
2
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jana Smetanková
2
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Szewczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
  2. Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Letná 1/9, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia

Abstrakt

In the commonly used cantilever construction method, the construction is greatly affected by the linearity and stress control, and the failure of linearity and stress control will lead to the deformation of the bridge. To solve this problem, the study carried out finite element analysis modeling of large-span prestressed concrete continuous rigid bridge, and measured the creep coefficient by creep test to determine the model parameters. The experimental results show that. When the self weight of concrete is 1.10γ. At that time, the deflection variation at the cantilever end of the main beam reached its maximum value near the mid span and side span merging sections, which were 8.6 mm and 9.7 mm, respectively. In the max cantilever state, increasing the concrete capacity decreases the compressive stress at the upper and lower edge of the cross-section to 1.18 MPa and 1.24 MPa, respectively. In the bridge-forming state, increasing the concrete deadweight results in a decrease in the normal stress at the upper and lower edges of the bridge to 1.24 and 1.27, respectively, while the normal stress at the lower edge of the cross-section remains unchanged. The creep modification model obtained from the creep test is able to predict the deformations and stresses of the cantilevered construction of a continuous rigid bridge with a more accurate prediction.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yingying Zhou
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Henan Institute of Construction Technology, Zhengzhou, 450064 China

Abstrakt

The real estate cadastre is currently available as the core of the land management system. Cadastral maps resulting from the presentation of complete and comprehensive information about the purpose of presenting the rights and rights of their owners and rulers. The scope of this research, both in Poland and abroad, shows that the legal projection carried out on two-dimensional maps cannot be integrated, overlapping properties, therefore it is extended to three-dimensional space. The purpose of the publication is to provide technical and legal analyzes that may cover the introduction of layered products in Poland. The main research includes: understanding the concept of layering, including defining what is a consequence of layering and diagnosing the scope of changes within legal provisions; research on legal provisions and regulations regarding recommendations regarding changes in legal provisions and technical procedures. Scientific research methods concern a holistic product, legal and technical aspects, a review of the subject literature, legal regulations and a case study. Using a manuscript available on the technical and legal platform, in the context of the possibility of implementing a multidimensional cadastre in the Polish legal system. The author’s note also concerns the conceptual model of spatial subject data, the registration unit, the extension of the warranty for specific plots, and the setting of milestones for the integration of Ladm, Ifc and CityGml solutions. A new term has been introduced for multi-dimensional, multi-task, relational and synergistic systems, included in integration units with other standards: Smart Cadastre
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Szczepan Budkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Balicka 253A, 30-149 Krakow, Poland

Abstrakt

Structural elements made of wood, are finding more and more applications in construction. They are becoming increasingly popular again due to their ecological nature, as shown by the latest high-rise construction projects. The development of modern wooden structures is forcing designers to look for new solutions in workmanship. New technologies such as glued-laminated timber and cross-laminated timber are currently undergoing many analyses, such as verification for load-bearing capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, acoustics and life cycle assessment. The most popular at present is massive timber. Structures made with this technology consist mainly of cross-laminated and glued-laminated timber elements. Research on cross-laminated timber has mainly focused on its bending and shear strength or modeling approaches to estimate bending strength and failure mechanisms. From the point of view of high-rise construction, aspects of compression behaviors timber elements and their lateral performance are also relevant. In this study, a nonlinear material model based on Hill’s anisotropic plasticity potential was calibrated to determine the extent to which it is suitable for simulating simple experimental tests. To this end, experimental compression tests were carried out on wooden specimens at three different angles to the fiber direction. Data from the experiments were collected in parallel using two methods: reading the force and displacement of the machine head; and using the Aramis system to observe the surface of the specimen and determine the displacements using DIC. For comparison with numerical models, both displacement fields and force-displacement curves were averaged against individual samples using proprietary codes written in Python.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jan Pełczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

Residual queues are one of fundamental traffic quantities indicating the traffic performance of signalized road intersections. Intersection queues indicate traffic congestion, i.e., traffic jams building up on the road system. Accurate queue length estimation is an essential part of road intersection and system performance assessments and the associated decision-making process. This is particularly important in the geometric design of intersections and in arterial congestion analyses. The analyses and comparisons presented in this article relate mainly to the new Polish guidelines for performing road traffic measurements (WR-D-12). Alternative ways of estimating queues were also checked in terms of their estimation accuracy. The first part of article gives a review of the literature on the traffic queue estimation methods. Then, own research results were characterized to show the complexity of the issue of residual queues at signalized intersections. Further on, different vehicle queue estimation approaches are analyzed, including the guidance provided in WR-D-12. A comparative analysis of empirical data obtained on a few intersections was conducted at this point of our study. The final part of this article includes the authors’ conclusions and recommendations for correct estimation and accurate determination of residual vehicles number for traffic capacity analyses.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Damian Iwanowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Ostrowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, S. Kaliskiego 7 Street, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska 24 Street, 31-155 Kraków, Poland

Abstrakt

The following paper presents a dynamic analysis of a railway superstructure subjected to horizontal moving loads. The superstructure including the substructure was modelled with two infinitely long beams connected by an elastic layer. The structure rests on a Winkler elastic bed carrying loads in the horizontal direction. The analysed system is loaded by a moving horizontal force that moves at a constant speed tangentially to the upper beam. Similar solution and calculations can be provided for the loaded lower beam. The problem was solved analytically by bringing the two equations of motion into a single differential equation with an higher order. The solution is illustrated with a computational example and the results are analysed in detail. The relationships between the horizontal displacements and the characteristics of the structure and the subsoil, and between the strains and the characteristics of the structure and the subsoil, were shown in the corresponding diagrams obtained using the analytical method. The effect of load velocity on the horizontal displacements and strains of the system under study was also investigated and the results are shown in the figures. The problem solved and the results obtained can be applied to the dynamic analysis of the railway superstructure and the substructure. The results can be used as a benchmark for FEM analysis of more complex engineering structures under moving loads caused by railroad vehicles. The issue is particularly relevant for high-speed railways.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Magdalena Ataman
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wacław Szczesniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

The current trends in the construction market require developing and completing building projects with balanced costs and the shortest execution time, while maintaining a high quality of works and properties of completed objects. Achieving this goal is difficult, however with the development of new technologies and management techniques, a sustainable project is possible to achieve. The authors’ goal was to find a technological solution which would efficiently meet the imposed requirements for optimizing the technology and organization project of the hall. Three technologies were analysed using the multi – criteria analysis based on the 6 aspects – all important from the sustainability point view. Choice and proper check of the criteria for sustainable decision making is crucial, as criteria are usually described by experts in not fully objective and mathematical way. Chosen elements of the Value Engineering (VE) practices were discussed and used. In order to evaluate each construction variant the weight of every criteria was determined using the Simos method and the variants’ data was normalized. The practicality of every construction variant as a sustainable solution was established through two evaluation methods – the entropy and the ideal point method. The results of this research prove that project managers can successfully achieve sustainable projects through the described optimization process. Similarly, this type of analysis can also be beneficial in other fields, such as mechanical engineering, finance, transportation, agriculture etc.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maciej Mielcarz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Nowak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mostostal Warszawa S.A., ul. Konstruktorska 12A, 02-673 Warszawa, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

Through the finite element method, the finite element models of three kinds of buckling-restrained brace components: cross-shaped square steel tube support, cross-shaped circular steel tube support, and circular steel tube support are established. The hysteretic performance of buckling-restrained braces under cyclic loading is analyzed, and the influence of component parameters on the mechanical performance of three kinds of buckling-restrained braces is further analyzed. The results show that the three types of buckling restrained braces have good hysteretic energy dissipation performance, and the cross-shaped square steel tube brace has the best hysteretic energy dissipation performance. The influence of the restraint stiffness ratio of the buckling-restrained brace on the mechanical properties of the three types of buckling-restrained braces is consistent.With the increase of the restraint ratio, the buckling-restrained brace reaches full-section yield. The increase of the width-thickness ratio of the inner core element will cause the yield lag of the buckling-restrained brace, while the lower width-thickness ratio of the inner core element will cause excessive stress concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that the width-thickness ratio of the inner core element should be between 5 and 10. The initial imperfection and connection stiffness of buckling-restrained braces have little effect on the bearing capacity of buckling-restrained braces.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wei Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lei Lv
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xincheng Li
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xinhong Ouyang
3
ORCID: ORCID
Zhongqiu Fu
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
  2. College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
  3. JSTI GROUP, Nanjing, P.R. China
  4. College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, P.R. China

Abstrakt

The paper presents an investigation on tightening torque and preload prediction for bolts embedded in softwood using steel washers. A basis for the research was a lack of any information on the tightening torque value for bolted connections in the timber structures’ design codes. For this reason, two experimental tests, theoretical analysis and Finite Element modelling, were performed in the paper. The first experiment based on finding the tightening torque to relative displacement relationship. The next one enabled the author to check the maximal compressing force determined by theoretical approach. In this test, dependencies between plastic modulus including material’s compaction and modulus of elasticity were found too and then applied to the numerical model. Tightening torque was calculated according to agreed formulas elaborated for steel structures based on the obtained preload force value. The high correlation between results from the prepared numerical models and experimental tests was observed. The research presented in the paper has multiple applications, as estimating a proper tightening torque value that should clamp a bolted connection, predicting stresses in connection’s components and clamping pressure when connecting several elements due to tightening torque and bolt preload force introduction or predicting the structural response of multiple bolts connections in the first phase of the loading.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Bartosz Kawecki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland

Abstrakt

With the increasing demand for energy efficiency optimization in the building industry, this study explores the application of machine learning technology in building energy efficiency design and evaluation. By comprehensively analyzing energy consumption data, environmental factors, building characteristics, and user behavior patterns, this paper proposes a machine learning-based approach aimed at accurately predicting and improving the energy efficiency of buildings. The study collected and pre-processed a large amount of data, built and trained multiple models, including neural networks, which showed a high degree of predictive accuracy in cross-validation. The results show that the neural network has obvious advantages in the task of building energy efficiency prediction. In addition, the interpretability of the model in practical applications and future research directions, such as the introduction of real-time monitoring data and in-depth study of the interpretability of the model, are also discussed. This study not only provides a new perspective for building energy efficiency optimization, but also provides a practical tool for intelligent building design and operation.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Chun Gu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Architectural Engineering Institute, Zhoukou Vocational and Technical College, Zhoukou 466000, China

Abstrakt

Buildings located in mining terrain, in addition to typical utility and environmental loads, take on the impacts in the form of ground surface deformation and mining tremors, which can adversely affect their technical condition. In these terrains, activities are carried out to prevent possible adverse impacts of mining on buildings. One of such activities is planning at the project stage for preventive protections of building structures against mining impacts and their implementation during the construction stage. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the cost of preventive structural protections performed in a group of single-family masonry residential buildings. For each building, we determined the replacement value and calculated the average share of the cost of preventive protections in the construction costs. Based on the difference in the course of technical wear between protected and unprotected buildings, a period of less than 26 years was determined during which the expenditures spent on the buildings’ preventive protections are compensated by their lower technical wear. Over the subsequent useful life, owners of protected buildings receive measurable benefits in the form of lower technical wear of the buildings, and thus higher replacement value, as well as lower costs of repairs or renovations. The proposed approach can be applied to other operations concerning buildings or other fields of engineering to assess economic efficiency.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Adrian Jędrzejczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Firek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Stoch
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Abstrakt

This article presents a study on the thermal properties of geopolymer mortars, which are novel materials with lower environmental impact and higher performance than Portland cement. Geopolymers are formed by the reaction of aluminosilicate sources and alkali activators, resulting in a polymeric Si-O-Al network. The study used the non-stationary method of measuring thermal diffusivity to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient of geopolymer mortars modified with perlite powder, cenospheres and perlite sand, which are porous components that affect the bulk density and thermal conductivity of the composite. The study had two specific objectives: to assess the significance of the factors related to the composition and bulk density on the thermal conductivity coefficient and to test the suitability of the non-stationary method for geopolymers. The study found that all the composites met the RILEM standards for a Class II composite, with a thermal conductivity coefficient below 0.75 W/(m∙K). The most influential factor was the dosage of perlite sand, which reduced the composite density and decreased the thermal conductivity. The study concluded that geopolymer composites modified with low-density grain additives are a promising thermal insulation material, but they need more research on their durability.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maja Kępniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Prałat
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Prochoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Majewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Luc Courard
2
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Ciemnicka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Urban and Environmental Engineering, University of Licge, Allée de la Découverte 9, 4000 Licge, Belgium

Abstrakt

In order to validate the reinforcing effect of the prestressed wire strand-composite mortar method on actual bridges, this paper applies the reinforcing method to a T-shaped simply supported beam bridge and conducts load tests before and after the reinforcement to explore its improvement effect. A finite element model was established to obtain the theoretical calculation values of the mid-span deflection and strain of the beam under test load before and after bridge reinforcement, which serve as the basis for determining the results of static load tests. Static load tests were conducted on the original bridge, and it was determined that the stiffness of the original beam was insufficient. Through a comparative analysis of data such as deflection and strain before and after reinforcement. Under partial load and medium load, the average deflection of reinforced bridge at the mid-span section of the main beam decreases by 63% and 62% respectively, indicating that the stiffness increased significantly. Compared with before strengthening, the strain of the bridge decreased by 23% and 25.5%, indicating that the strength increased significantly. The prestressed wire strand reinforcement method can significantly have a good shrinkage effect on stress cracks in bridge structures. The composite mortar can also prolong the service life of the prestressed wire strand and has good durability performance.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Xilong Zheng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Harbin University, School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, No.109 Zhongxing Da Dao, Harbin, China

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Editor Responsibilities
1. Qualifying individual manuscripts for publication only on the basis of: (a) compliance with the guidelines provided to the authors, (b) substantive value, (c) originality, (d) transparency of presentation
2. Deciding whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published. In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
3. Evaluating manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
4. Ensuring scientific accuracy and complying with the principle of authorship; making sure that individual authors who contribute to the publication accept its form after the scientific editing
5. Providing a fair and appropriate peer review process.
6. Withdrawing manuscripts from publication, if any information about its unreliability appeared, also as a result of unintentional errors, features of plagiarism or violation of the rules of publishing ethics were identified.
7. Requiring all contributors to disclose relevant competing interests and publish corrections if competing interests are revealed after publication. If needed, other appropriate action should be taken, such as the publication of a retraction or expression of concern.
8. Maintaining the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
9. Not disclosing any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewer Responsibilities
1. Cooperating with the scientific editor and / or editorial office and the authors in the field of improving the reviewed material;
2. Being objective and expressing the views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
3. Assessing of the entrusted works in a careful and objective manner, if possible with an assessment of their scientific reliability and with appropriate justification of the comments submitted;
4. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
5. calling to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge
6. Maintaining the principle of fair play, excluding personal criticism of the author (s)
7. Maintaining confidentiality, which is not showing or discussing with others except those authorized by the editor. Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents.
8. Performing a review within the set time limit or accepting another solution jointly with ACE in the event of failure to meet this deadline.
9. Notifying the editor if the invited reviewer feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible.
10. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
11. Not considering evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission.

Author Responsibilities
1. Results of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the manuscript. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behaviour and are unacceptable.
2. The authors should follow the principle of originality, which is submitting only their own original works, and in the case of using the works of other authors, marking them in accordance with the rules of quotation, or obtaining consent for the publication of previously published materials from their owners or administrators;
3. An author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Parallel submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.
4. Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study and phenomena such as ghostwriting or guest authorship in the event of their detection must be actively counteracted.
5. All authors should report in a Reliable manner the sources they used to create their own study and their inclusion in the attachment bibliography;
6. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be named in an Acknowledgement section.
7. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors (according to the above definition) and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the author list of the manuscript, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
8. All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or their interpretation in the manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.
9. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal’s editor or publisher and cooperate with them to either retract the paper or to publish an appropriate erratum.

Publisher’s Confirmation
In cases of alleged or proven scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication or plagiarism the publisher, in close collaboration with the editors, will take all appropriate measures to clarify the situation and to amend the article in question. This includes the prompt publication of an erratum or, in the most severe cases, the complete retraction of the affected work.

Procedura recenzowania

Manuscript Peer-Review Procedure

”Archives of Civil Engineering” makes sure to provide transparent policies for peer-review, and reviewers have an obligation to conduct reviews in an ethical and accountable manner. There is clear communication between the journal and the reviewers which facilitates consistent, fair, and timely review.

-The model of peer-review is double-blind: the reviewers do not know the names of the authors, and the authors do not know who reviewed their manuscript (but if the research is published reviewers can eventually know the names of the authors). A complete list of reviewers is published in a traditional version of the journal: in-print.
-It is the editor who appoints two reviewers; however, if there are discrepancies in the assessment the third reviewer can be appointed.
-After having accepted to review the manuscript (one-week deadline), the reviewers have approximately 6 weeks to finish the process.
-The paper is published in ACE provided that the reviews are positive. All manuscripts receive grades from 1-5, 5 being positive, 1 negative, the authors receive reviews to read and consider the comments.
-Manuscript evaluations are assigned one of five outcomes: accept without changes, accept after changes suggested by the reviewer, rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review, reject, withdraw.
-Manuscripts requiring minor revision (accept after changes suggested by the reviewer) does not require a second review. All manuscripts receiving a "Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review " evaluation must be subjected to a second review. Rejected manuscripts are given no further consideration. There are cases when the article can be withdrawn, often upon the request of an author, technical reason (e.g. names of authors are placed in the text, lack of references, or inappropriate structure of the text), or plagiarism.
-The revised version of the manuscript should be uploaded to the Editorial System within six weeks. If the author(s) failed to make satisfactory changes, the manuscript is rejected.
-On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to suit house style.
-Paper publication requires the author's final approval.
- As soon as the publication appears in print and in electronic forms on the Internet there is no possibility to change the content of the article.

Editor’s responsibilities
-The editor decides whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published.
-In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
-The editor maintains the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
-The editor evaluates manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
-The editor does not disclose any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewers' responsibilities
Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except if authorized by the editor. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review is kept confidential and not used for personal advantage Any invited reviewer who feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should immediately notify the editor so that alternative reviewers can be contacted. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is unacceptable. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments. All reviews must be carried out on a special form available in the Editorial System.

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