Applied sciences

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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Archives of Electrical Engineering | Early access

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Abstract

A study of the relative permittivity and electric strength of dielectrics printed by focus deposition modeling was presented. These electrical parameters determined the life-time reliability of devices made of dielectrics. Samples of PLA, ABS, PETG and ASA were tested according to IEC specifications. The dependence of the electrical properties of the samples on the type of material and printing precision was observed. Relative permittivity tests were carried out in the acoustic frequency band from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. It allowed analysis in a higher band than has been done in other publications to date. The electric strength of materials at 1.2/50 μs surge voltage was examined, which has not been widely analyzed before. Weibull plots, as a basis for determining the risk of failure, were prepared. The PETG FR (flame retardant) had the highest electric strength value, while PLA had the lowest. The differences with respect to tests at AC voltage were demonstrated. The printing technique affects the electrical strength value and location of potential electrical break-down.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Hajder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Wiśniowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamil Filik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Radosław Drożdżowski
1

  1. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

This paper introduces an innovative design for the super-twisting sliding mode control (ST-SMC) strategy, which is applied for the first time to a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) utilizing a flying capacitor multicellular inverter (FCMI). The objective of the proposed ST-SMC is to enhance control over filter currents, flying capacitor voltages and the DC bus voltage. Simulation results, under balanced and unbalanced nonlinear load conditions, demonstrated exceptional capabilities in harmonic reduction while maintaining robust dynamic response characteristics. Additionally, it showed remarkable performance in tracking both filter currents, DC voltage, and flying capacitor voltages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kheira Hemici
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohand Oulhadjmahmoudi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adil Yahdou
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Process Control Laboratory (PCL), National Polytechnic School BP. 182 El-Harrach, 16200 Algiers, Algeria
  2. Electrical Engineering and Renewable Energy Laboratory (LGEER) University of Hassiba Ben Bouali 02000 Chlef, Algeria
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Abstract

In order to ensure the safety of the train, the reliability of the catenary system in icy weather must be analyzed. The Kriging model was used to predict and analyze the reli-ability changes of the catenary system under three different icing conditions: rime, mixed, rime and rime. The change in icing thickness of the contact line of a high-speed railway was selected as a representative of the icing change of the catenary, and the actual icing cross-section was converted into an ice-covered cross-section under the ideal state that was easy to calculate, and the relationship between icing quality and thickness was discussed. The catenary components that are more affected by ice and snow weather are selected, the reliability of the catenary system is quantified, and the fault tree is used to analyze and construct the relevant model parameters. Compared with other catenary system reliability analysis methods, the prediction function of the Kriging model can meet the requirements of the analysis and study of catenary reliability. Comparing the simulation results of the models under the three icing conditions, it is found that the change rate of catenary reliabil-ity in the hoarfrost, mixed rime and glaze ice states increases sequentially, and the catenary reliability changes the least and causes the least harm in the hoarfrost state. The catenary reliability changes the most in the glace ice state, and the harm caused is also the most serious. The research results can further provide a reference for the selection of catenary maintenance and de-icing methods in icy weather.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jingjing Tian
1
Liguo Hu
1
Ying Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Feng Zhao
1
Xiaoqiang Chen
1
Leijiao Ge
1 2
Aiping Ma
3

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University No.88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
  2. School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University
  3. China Railway Lanzhou Group Co., Ltd.
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Abstract

The paper presents a refined approach for integrating a solar power system and supercapacitor energy storage system into the urban railway traction power supply system. The primary aim is to optimize the use of renewable energy by efficiently utilizing solar power to meet traction power demands, thereby reducing the dependence on energy from traction transformers. The proposed solution involves utilizing a combination of Newton's method with a dynamic programming algorithm. The dynamic programming algorithm de-termines the optimal energy distribution strategy among supercapacitors, solar panels, and traction transformers to minimize the objective function for each supercapacitor capacity and solar power rating. Newton's method estimates the optimal supercapacitor value to achieve the minimum objective function. The proposed method is validated through a sim-ulation model developed in MATLAB using data from the Cat Linh-Ha Dong urban railway line. The results demonstrate a 65.56% reduction in energy supplied from the grid, and further reductions are achievable in areas with higher radiation levels or expanded solar panel deployment along the railway line.
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Authors and Affiliations

Van Khoi Tran
1
Thi Hoai Thu Anh An
1

  1. Faculty of Electrical - Electronic Engineering, University of Transport and Communications No.3 Cau Giay Street, Lang Thuong Ward, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Abstract

Hybrid excitation in electrical machines is a technology that combines the ad-vantages of field windings and permanent magnets for exciting magnetic flux. Hybrid ex-citation with controllable flux gives specific benefits that can be used in applications, such as electric vehicle motors and wind power generators. The paper presents an analysis of the influence of additional magnets and iron components embedded in rotor geometry on mag-netic flux control of the Electric Controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous machine (ECPMS-machine). 3D-finite element analyses of no-load magnetic flux density distribu-tion, magnetic flux linkage, back electromotive force (BEMF) characteristics performed at different field windings conditions of the machine in three rotor design cases have been carried out and discussed. Experimental verification on the machine prototype with a se-lected case of the rotor design has been performed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr : West Pomeranian University of Technology Department of Electrical Machines and Drives ul. Sikorskiego 37 70-313 Szczecin Poland Paplicki
ORCID: ORCID
Ryszard : West Pomeranian University of Technology Department of Electrical Machines and Drives ul. Sikorskiego 37 70-313 Szczecin Poland Palka
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

 The article presents the investigation of the AC dielectric properties of optical glass rods co-doped with Ag nanoparticles. The samples presented a molar composition of 20Sb2O3–30GeO2–(45 – x )H3BO3–5Al2O3xAg and differed with Ag concentration x in the range of 0.1 mol.%-0.6 mol.% as well as geometric dimensions. The rods have been prepared by the standard melt-quenching technique. An impedance spectroscopy in the measurement frequency range of 4 Hz–8 MHz at room temperature was used to determine the dielectric properties of rods. The paper shows frequency characteristics for impedance, phase shift angle, resistance, conductivity, dissipation factor, and both components of permittivity. The samples demonstrate high resistance (4.4 x 106 < R < 2.0 x 1011 Ω) and mostly negative phase shift angle (0 < θ ≤ –90°), which indicates the purely dielectric nature of the materials and their capacitive character. Introducing Ag NPs into the rod’s structure causes growth in the impedance of about 40–120%, amplifies the real part of the per-mittivity over fivefold, and increases the electrical conductivity from two to 4.5 times, de-pending on frequency f. Resistance, conductivity, dissipation factor, and imaginary part of permittivity demonstrate two-step saddle-shape dependencies that reflect dielectric and conduction processes between non- or partly oxidized or fully oxidized Ag nanoparticles separated by a glass matrix. The saddle points are different for low and high frequency regions, the values of which are next to 500 Hz and 5 x 105 Hz, respectively, referring to two relaxation times in the interphase polarization process. Hopping conductivity has been proposed as the charge transfer mechanism in nanocomposite rods.

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Authors and Affiliations

Oleksandr Boiko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Mariusz Żmojda
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kochanowicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Ragiń
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Markiewicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Markowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Karol Komarzyniec
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Superconductivity Technologies 38A Nadbystrzycka St., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Białystok University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering 45D Wiejska St., 15-351 Białystok, Poland
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Abstract

This research investigates the application of nearest level control (NLC) in a three-phase transistor-clamped H-bridge (TCHB) multilevel inverter (MLI) to enhance power quality and reduce harmonic distortion. The TCHB topology offers high perfor-mance with fewer components compared to traditional MLI configurations, making it par-ticularly suitable for renewable energy applications. By operating at fundamental switching frequency, the NLC technique effectively minimizes switching losses while reducing total harmonic distortion (THD). The study includes MATLAB/Simulink-based simulation modeling and experimental validation using dSPACE, tested under varying load conditions. For a 13-level TCHB inverter with equal DC supplies and a modulation index of M = 1, the voltage THD was 5.22% (resistive load) and 5.17% (inductive-resistive load) in simula-tions, which was further reduced to 4.5% and 4.2% in experiments. The NLC technique demonstrated superior harmonic performance and efficiency compared to conventional methods, particularly at higher voltage levels. This study highlights the practical advantages of the TCHB inverter, including reduced component count, simplified control implementa-tion, and enhanced output waveform quality. These findings confirm the potential of the NLC-based TCHB inverter for high-performance motor drives and grid-tied renewable en-ergy systems, positioning it as a promising solution for modern power electronics applica-tions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Md Showkot Hossain
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Md Akib Hasan
3
ORCID: ORCID
Nurul Ain Mohd Said
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Wahidah Abd Halim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Auzani Jidin
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electrical Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Melaka, 76100, Malaysia
  2. Power Electronics and Drive Research Group, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Melaka, 76100Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis Perlis, 02100, Malaysia
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Abstract

The hybrid excitation starter generator (HESG) of range-extended electric vehi-cles is at risk of permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization under overload conditions. Therefore, this paper analyzes the operating process of PMs and the impact of armature reaction fields on PM operating points and demagnetization under various operating condi-tions. The variation patterns of average flux density operating points and minimum flux density values in the HESG under different load conditions are derived. The demagnetiza-tion points of each PM and their contributing factors are determined. Furthermore, the pa-rameters of the magnetic isolation air gap between the PMs are optimized while considering leakage flux and demagnetization at the ends of the PMs. The simulation analysis and pro-totype test results show that a reasonable design and optimization of the ends of PMs can effectively enhance the demagnetization resistance of PMs and improve the output perfor-mance of HESG.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jinbin Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Automotive Engineering College, Zibo Vocational InstituteNo. 506, Lian Tong Road, Zhoucun District, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
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Abstract

RF energy harvesters require a precise design and verification. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) is affected by a number of factors. Among others, there are: design of emitting and transmitting circuits, transmission conditions, frequency, bandwidth and dis-tance between antennas. All of those factors contribute to the final effectiveness of RF en-ergy harvesting (RFEH) circuits. This is why it is important to standardize conditions of simulating and measuring the circuits performance. Only then it will be possible to compare usefulness of different designs. This article discusses such conditions and proposes some standardizations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Szut
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Pauluk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Piątek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automation, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering AGH University of Krakow al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, the torque generation mechanism of the reverse salient permanent magnet synchronous machine (RSPMSM) is investigated. The magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) and the equivalent reluctance of different magnetic circuits are used to determine the air-gap magnetic density without slotting. By incorporating the influence of the slotted Carter factor, a model for the air-gap magnetic density at no-load is deduced and compared to finite element analysis results. The strong agreement observed between the analytical method and finite element analysis validates the precision of the proposed methodology. Moreover, the Maxwell stress method is employed to analyze and demonstrate the genera-tion mechanism of electromagnetic torque. The contributions of the fundamental wave and each order harmonic to the torque components and their proportions are determined. This analysis provides valuable insights into the generation process of torque in the machine. Additional prototype experiments were conducted to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis and finite element simulations. The experimental results further confirm the accu-racy and validity of the proposed methodologies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiping Liu
1
Jiao Guo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhangqi Liu
1
Baoyu Sun
1

  1. School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology No. 1958, Kejia Road, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China

Instructions for authors

ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

Manuscript submission:

All manuscripts should be submitted electronically on Editorial System.

Submission of paper to the Archives of Electrical Engineering is understood to imply that the article is original, unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. All articles will be reviewed. Since 2013, Authors wishing to use the facility of colour printing should consult the editors.

Template:

Microsoft Word is recommended as a standard word processor to prepare the paper to the AEE journal. If you use the LaTex format, please transfer your document to Microsoft Word and then use Template AEE.

While editing your paper, make sure that all the mathematical characters (symbols, identifiers, variables, vectors, axis marks, etc.) have the required shape, thickness, and slant kept throughout the whole article. The same appearance of a given mathematic character must be retained regardless of its place (text, equations, tables or figures).

The articles that don’t conform to the above will not be processed and published.

The reviewing process:

Each paper submitted for publication in Archives of Electrical Engineering is subjected to the following review procedure:

a) the paper is reviewed by the editor in chief or guest editor for general suitability for publication in AEE

b) if it is judged suitable two reviewers are selected and a double blind peer review process takes place

c) based on the recommendations of the reviewers, the editor then decides whether the paper should be accepted in its present form, revised or rejected

d) the author(s) is(are) informed by e-mail on the results of the reviewing procedure.

The papers are published on average within 3 months after acceptance.

Requirements for preparation of manuscripts:

The manuscript submitted for publication should have no less than 12 pages and no more than 16 pages. In the case of the manuscript longer than 16 pages, please contact the AEE Editorial Board before submitting your paper. The manuscripts, written in UK English, should be typed using Template AEE according to the following instructions and should include: a title page with the title of a manuscript, a short title; abstract; key words, text; list of references. A DOI number as well as received and revised data will be completed by Editor. When you open Template.doc, select "Print Layout" from the "View" menu in the menu bar (View > Print Layout). Then type over sections of Template.doc or cut and paste from another document and then use markup styles (Home > Styles). For example, the style at this point in the document is "main text").

All papers submitted for publication are assessed on the basis of the mutual anonymity rule as to the names of reviewers and authors. Authors' names and affiliations should not appear in the attached text/tables/figures.

If English is not your first language, ask an English-speaking colleague to proofread your manuscript. The manuscripts that fail to meet basic standards of literacy are likely to be immediately declined or after the language assessment, sent to the authors for linguistic improvement.

The manuscripts are published on average within 3 months after their acceptance.

Do not change the font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a limited number of pages. Leave some open space around your figures.

The AEE journal publishes an ORCID for all authors. You will need a registered ORCID in order to submit your paper for peer review. ORCID registration is free and only takes a minute. Please note that ORCIDs will be added in the course of the author's proofreads.

Text:

The pages must be numbered consecutively. Articles should be divided into numbered sections, and if necessary subsections, preferably: Introduction, Material, Methods, Results, Conclusion and References. Any special characters (e.g. Greek, script, etc.) should be named in the margin where the character first occurs in the text. Names of species are to be accentuated with wavy underlining (italics). Equations should be numbered serially (1), (2), ... on the right side of the page. Footnotes should be avoided, if required, they should be used only for brief notes which do not fit well into the text. Figures and tables have to be included into the text. If table is typed on a separate page its position in the text should be marked. Abbreviations should be explained when they first appear in the text.

Math:

Please use the MathML editor as well as MathType editor to build an equation in your manuscript.

Equations:

Equations should be typed within the text, centred, and should be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Their numbers should be typed in parentheses, flush right. Equations should be referred to in text, e.g. (1), except at the beginning of a sentence: "Equation (1) is ...". All symbols appearing in equations have to be defined in the text, before or just after the equation.

If the symbols are written in Times New Roman use italic fonts. Symbols of vectors and matrices should be written in bold fonts. Do not italicize Greek fonts and mathematical symbols like e.g.: the derivative symbol d, max, min, etc. The indices of symbols that are indices themselves should be written in a clear manner.

Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. Please keep the same font in the formulas and text.

Unit Symbols, Abbreviations:

Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.

Si units are recommended for use in formulas, drawings and tables., for example the SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m. Apply the center dot to separate compound units.

Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: "Wb/m2" or "webers per square meter," not "webers/m2." Spell units when they appear in text: "...a few henries…", not "...a few H…".

Use a zero before decimal points: "0.25," not ".25." Use "cm3," not "cc."

Unit Symbols, SI Prefixes as well as Abbreviations should be writing in accordance with the IEEE standard

Tables, figures (illustrations) and captions:

The illustrations (line diagrams and photographs) should be suitable for direct reproduction. The lettering as well the details should have proportional dimensions to maintain their legibility after the usual reduction. All illustrations should be numbered consecutively (Fig. X). Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals.

All figures, figure captions, and tables in the text must be inserted into the correct places.

Figures, photos, tables or other parts of a manuscript that have previously appeared in another publication or are not the property of the authors must be properly acknowledged in the manuscript. Permission to republish these items must be obtained by the corresponding author from a person or institution holding the copyright, usually the publisher.

Authors are requested to send all drawings used in the article in additional files. Create a separate file for each image. Images should be submitted in a bitmap format (.jpeg) or/and in a vector format (.eps, .pdf or .cdr). Each file must be saved according to the number in the original article, e.g.: FIG1.JPG, FIG2.EPS, or FIG3.PDF. Bitmap illustrations must be “flattened”, which means no additional layers, for example, covering old descriptions.

Photographs, colour, and greyscale figures should be at least at a resolution of 400 dpi.

All colour figures should be generated in the RGB or CMYK colour space, while greyscale images in the greyscale colour space.

When preparing your figures/graphics etc., we suggest the use of the Arial 8 point font for axis numbers and Arial 9 point font for axis names. Figures/graphics etc. can be prepared in one of two proposed ways - see Template AEE.

Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals. Use 9 point Times New Roman for the title of the table and 9 point Times New Roman for the filling of the table (9 in the case of symbols with subscripts).

AEE journal allows an author to publish color figures in e-version at no charge, and automatically convert them to grayscale for print versions. Authors wishing to use the facility of color printing should consult the editors.

Conclusions:

A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the manuscript, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion.

References:

References in text must be numbered consecutively by Arabic numerals placed in square brackets. Please make sure that you use full names of journals i.e. Archives of Electrical Engineering. Please ensure that all references in the Reference list are cited in the text and vice versa.

Please provide name(s) and initials of author(s), the title of the manuscript, editors (if any), the title of the journal or book, a volume number, the page range, and finally the year of publication in brackets.

You can use the rules presented on the site: IEEE standard.

Examples of the ways in which references should be cited are given below:

Journal manuscript

[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

Proofs:

Authors will receive proofs for correction, which should be returned promptly. All joint contributions must indicate the name and address of the authors to whom proofs should be sent.

Fees for printing the papers in Archives of Electrical Engineering:

AEE is published in Open Access, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication free of charge for the readers. Authors will be asked to a declaration that they are ready to cover the costs of printing their article.

The publication cost in the AEE journal is estimated at 2 000 PLN, (approx. €500 Euro) up to 20 pages of the journal format and mandatory over-length charges of 120PLN (approx. 40EUR) per page. The publication cost does not include bank transfer costs.

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