Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Opis

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

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The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Wydawcy

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

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Zawartość

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3

1 Corrosion Resistance of Cast Duplex Steels

P. Müller , V. Pernica , V. Kaňa

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 5-10 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140230

Słowa kluczowe: Cast duplex steel Pitting resistance equivalent number Ferric chloride Critical pitting temperature Mechanical properties

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Abstrakt

The aim of this work is to investigate the resistance of cast duplex (austenitic-ferritic) steels to pitting corrosion with respect to the value of PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number). Pitting corrosion is one of the most common types of corrosion of stainless steels. In most cases, it is caused by the penetration of aggressive anions through the protective passive layer of the steel, and after its disruption, it leads to subsurface propagation of corrosion. The motivation for the research was a severe pitting corrosion attack on the blades of the gypsum-calcium water mixer in a thermal power plant operation.
In order to examine the corrosion resistance, 4 samples of 1.4517 steel with different concentrations of alloying elements (within the interval indicated by the steel grade) and thus with a different PREN value were cast. The corrosion resistance of the samples was evaluated by the ASTM G48 – 11 corrosion test in a 6% aqueous FeCl3 solution at room and elevated solution temperatures. To verify the possible effect of different alloying element concentrations on the mechanical properties, the research was supplemented by tensile and Charpy impact tests. Based on the results, it was found that a significant factor in the resistance of duplex steels to pitting corrosion is the temperature of the solution. For the components in operation, it is therefore necessary to take this effect into account and thoroughly control and manage the temperature of the environment in which the components operate.

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Bibliografia

[1] Reardon, A. (2011). 12.5 Duplex Stainless Steels. In metallurgy for the non-metallurgist (2nd Edition). Ohio: ASM International, ISBN 978-1-61503-821-3, Retrieved from https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt009JBTT4/metallurgy-non-metallurgist/duplex-stainless-steels
[2] McGuire, M.F. (2008). Duplex stainless steels. in stainless steels for design engineers (91–108) [online]. Materials Park, Ohio 44073-000: ASM International, [cit. 2020-05-19]. ISBN 978-1-61503-059-0., Retrieved from: https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt008GRPY2/stainless-steels-design/duplex-stainless-introduction
[3] O'Brien, A. ed. (2011) Stainless and Heat-Resistant Steels. In Welding Handbook, Volume 4 - Materials and Applications, Part 1 [online]. 9th Edition. Miami: American Welding Society (AWS), p. 351 [cit. 2020-05-27]. ISBN 978-1-61344-537-2. Retrieved from https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt0095SGE2/welding-handbook-volume/duplex-sta-composition
[4] Revie, R.W. ed. (2011). In Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook [online]. Third edition. Duplex stainless steels. (695–705). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011 [cit. 2020-06-14]. ISBN 978-1-61344-161-9. Retrieved from https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt008TZY32/uhlig-s-corrosion-handbook/duplex-sta-history
[5] Prošek, T. & Šefl, V. (2018). Corrosion resistance of stainless steel in drinking water treatment plants and water storage units. Koroze a ochrana materialu. 62(4), 141-147. DOI: 10.2478/kom-2018-0020.
[6] Cicek, V. (2014). Corrosion engineering. Hoboken, New Jersey: Scrivener Publishing/Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-72089-9. Retrieved from https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpCE00004B/corrosion-engineering/corrosion-engineering.
[7] Marcus, P. ed. (2012). Corrosion mechanisms in theory and practice. Third edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Corrosion technology (Boca Raton, Fla.). ISBN 978-1-4200-9463-3.
[8] G48 - 11(2015). Standard test methods for pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels and related alloys by use of ferric chloride solution. West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2015.
[9] Jargelius-Pettersson, R.F.A. (1998). Application of the pitting resistance equivalent concept to some highly alloyed austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion. 54(2), 162-168. DOI: 10.5006/1.3284840.
[10] (2015). Austenitic-ferritic (duplex) casting materials [online]. Otto Junker, 2015 [cit. 2020-06-25]. Retrieved from: https://www.otto-junker.com/cache/dl-Austenitic-Ferritic-DUPLEX-Casting-Materials-aa4d1dd1db00d37343728c6ba0598a75.pdf

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

P. Müller

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Pernica

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Kaňa

e-mail:

ORCID:

Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic

2 Elimination of Zinc from Aluminum During Remelting in an Vacuum Induction Furnace

Albert Smalcerz , Leszek Blacha , B. Węcki , D.G. Desisa , J. Łabaj , M. Jodkowski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 11-18 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140231

Słowa kluczowe: Mass transfer coefficient Zinc evaporation Vacuum induction furnace Meniscus

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Abstrakt

In this paper, the results of the study on aluminium evaporation from the Al-Zn alloys (4.2% weight) during remelting in a vacuum induction furnace (VIM) are presented. The evaporation of components of liquid metal alloys is complex due to its heterogeneous nature. Apart from chemical affinity, its speed is determined by the phenomena of mass transport, both in the liquid and gas phase. The experiments were performed at 10-1000 Pa for 953 K - 1103 K. A significant degree of zinc loss has been demonstrated during the analysed process. The relative values of zinc loss ranged from 4 to 92%. Lowering the pressure in the melting system from 1000 Pa to 10 Pa caused an increase in the value of density of the zinc evaporating stream from 3.82⋅10-5 to 0.000564 g⋅cm-2⋅s-1 at 953 K and 3.32⋅10-5 to 0.000421 g⋅cm-2⋅s-1 for 1103 K. Based on the results of the conducted experiments. it was found that evaporation of zinc was largely controlled by mass transfer in the gas phase and only for pressure 10 Pa this process was controlled by combination of both liquid and gas phase mass transfer.

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Bibliografia

[1] Guo, J., Liu, Y. & Su, Y. (2002). Evaporation of multi-components in Ti-25Al-25Nb melt during induction skull melting process. Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 12(4), 587-591.
[2] Blacha, L., Mizera, J. & Folega, P. (2013). The effects of mass transfer in the liquid phase on the rate of aluminium evaporation from the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Metalurgija, 53(1), 51-54.
[3] HSC Chemistry ver. 6.1. Outocumpu Research Oy. Pori.
[4] Plewa, J. (1987). Examples of calculations from the theory of metallurgical processes. Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej. (in Polish).
[5] Ozberk, E. & Guthrie, R. (1986). A kinetic model for the vacuum refining of inductively stirred copper melts. Metallurgical Transactions B. 17, 87-103.
[6] Nash, P.M. & Steinemann, S.G. (2006). Density and thermal expansion of molten manganese. Iron. Nickel. Copper. Aluminium and Tin by Means of the Gamma-Ray Attenuation Technique. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids, An International Journal. 29(1), 43-58.
[7] Assael, M., Kakosimos, K. & Banish, R. (2006). Reference data for the density and viscosity of liquid aluminum and liquid iron. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35(1), 285-301.
[8] Smalcerz, A., Węcki B. & Blacha L. (2021) Influence of the power of various types of induction furnaces on the shape of the metal bath surface. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal. 15(3), 34-42. DOI: 10.12913/22998624/138245
[9] Homma, M., Ohno, R., & Ishida, T. (1996). Evaporation of manganese. copper. and tin from molten iron under, vacuum. Science Reports of the Research Institutes, Tohuku University. Series A – Physics. chemistry and metallurgy. 18, 356-365.
[10] Ohno, R. & Ishida, T. (1967). Solution rate of solid iron in liquid copper, ISIJ International. 31(10), 1164-1169.
[11] Chen, X. & Ito, N. (1995). Evaporation rate of copper in high carbon iron melt under reduced pressure. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 81(10), 959-964.
[12] Savov, L. & Janke, D. (2000). Evaporation of cu and sn from induction-stirred iron-based melts treated at reduced pressure. ISIJ International. 40(2), 95-104.
[13] Łabaj, J. (2012). Kinetics of cooper evaporation from the Fe-Cu Alloys under Reduced Pressure. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 57(1), 165-172.
[14] Maruyama, T., Katayama, H., Momono, T., Tayu, Y, & Takenouchi, T. (1998). Evaporation rate of copper from molten iron by urea spraying under reduced pressure. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 84(4), 243-248.
[15] Ono-Nakazato, H. & Taguchi, K. (2003). Effect of silicon and carbon on the evaporation rate of copper in molten iron. ISIJ International. 43(11), 1691-169.
[16] Bellot, J.P., Duval, H., Ritchie, M., Mitchell, A. & Ablitzer, D. (2001). Evaporation of Fe and Cr from induction-stirred austenitic stainless steel-influence of the inert gas pressure, ISIJ International. 41(7), 696-705.
[17] Siwiec, G. (2013). The kinetics of aluminium evaporation from the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 58(4), 1155-1160.
[18] Blacha, L. Golak, S. Jakovics, S. & Tucs A. (2014) Kinetic analysis of aluminum evaporation from Ti-6Al-7Nb. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59, 275-279. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0045.
[19] Blacha, L., Burdzik, R. Smalcerz, A. & Matuła, T. (2013). Effects of pressure on the kinetics of manganese evaporation from the OT4 alloy. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 58(1), 197-201.
[20] Harris, R. (1984). Vacuum refining copper melts to remove bismuth, arsenic and antimony. Metallurgical Transaction B. 15, 251-257.
[21] Harris, R., McClincy, R.J. & Riebling, E.F. (1987). Bismuth, arsenic and antimony removal from anode copper via vacuum distillation. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 26(1), 1-4.
[22] Ozberk, B., Guthire, R.I.L. (1987). Vacuum melting of copper evaporation – evaporation of impurities. Proc. 6th Int. Vacuum Metallurgy Conf. American Vacuum Society. San Diego. 248-267.
[23] Machlin, E.S. (1961). Kinetics of vacuum induction refining – theory. the american institute of mining. Metallurgical. and Petroleum Engineers.
[24] Tarapore, E.D. & Evans, J. (1976). Fluid velocities in induction melting furnaces: Part I. Theory and laboratory experiments. Metallurgical Transaction B. 7, 343-351.
[25] Tarapore, E.D., Evans, J. & Langfeld, J. (1977). Fluid velocities in induction melting furnaces: Part II. large scale measurements and predictions. Metallurgical Transaction B. 8, 179-184.
[26] Szekely, J., Chang, W. & Johnson, W. (1977). Experimental measurement and prediction of melt surface velocities in a 30.000 lb inductively stirred melt. Metallurgical Transaction B. 8, 514-517.
[27] Przyłucki, R. Golak, S. Oleksiak, B. & Blacha L. (2012). Influence of an induction furnace's electric parameters on mass transfer velocity In the liquid phase. Metalurgija. 1, 67-70.
[28] Blacha, L. Przylucki, R. Golak, S. & Oleksiak B. (2011). Influence of the geometry of the arrangement inductor - crucible to the velocity of the transport of mass in the liquid metallic phase mixed inductive. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 11, 171-179 DOI: 10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60181-2
[29] Du, Y., Chang, Y., Huang, B., Gong, W. & Jin, Z. (2003). Diffusion coefficients of some solutes in fcc and liquid Al: critical evaluation and correlation. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 363(1-2), 140-151.
[30] Harris, R. & Davenport, W.G. (1982). Vacuum distillation of liquid metals: Part I. Theory and experimental study. Metallurgical Transactions B. 13, 581-588.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Albert Smalcerz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Leszek Blacha

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Węcki

e-mail:

ORCID:

D.G. Desisa

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Łabaj

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Jodkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Testing and Certification "ZETOM", Poland
Department of Industrial, Informatics Silesian University of Technology, Joint Doctorate School, Poland
Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Poland

3 Inoculation of Gray Cast Iron Intended for Large Scale and Heavy Weight Castings of Bottom Plates and Counterweights Manufactured in the Krakodlew S.A.

A. Szczęsny , D. Kopyciński , Edward Guzik

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 19-24 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140232

Słowa kluczowe: Heavy castings Large scale casting Grey cast iron Inoculation

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Abstrakt

The paper presents research carried out during the development of new technology for the production of heavy-weight castings of counterweights. The research concerns the procedure of inoculation gray cast iron with flake graphite and indicates guidelines for the development of new technology for obtaining inoculated cast iron for industrial conditions.
The research was conducted in order to verify the possibility of producing large size or heavy-weight castings of plates in a vertical arrangement. The aim is to evenly distribute graphite in the structure of cast iron and thus reduce the volumetric fraction of type D graphite. The tests were carried out using the ProCast program, which was used to determine the reference chemical composition, and the inoculation procedure was carried out with the use of three different inoculants. The work was carried out in project no. RPMP.01.02.01-12-0055 / 18 under the Regional Operational Program of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in Krakow (Poland).

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Bibliografia

[1] Benedetti, M., Torresani, E., Fontanari, V. & Lusuardi, D. (2017). Fatigue and fracture resistance of heavy-section ferritic ductile cast iron. Metals. 7(3), 88.
[2] Dorula, J., Kopyciński, D., Guzik, E., Szczęsny, A. & Gurgul, D. (2021). The influence of undercooling ΔT on the structure and tensile strength of grey cast iron. Materials. 14(21), 6682.
[3] Wang, Q., Cheng, G. & Hou, Y. (2020). Effect of titanium addition on as-cast structure and high-temperature tensile property of 20Cr-8Ni stainless steel for heavy castings. Metals. 10(4), 529.
[4] Wang, Q., Chen, S. & Rong, L. (2020). -Ferrite formation and its effect on the mechanical properties of heavy-section AISI 316 stainless steel casting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 51, 2998-3008.
[5] Kalandyk, B., Zapała, R., Sobula, S., Górny, M. & Boroń, Ł. (2014) Characteristics of low nickel ferritic-austenitic corrosion resistant cast steel. Metalurgija-Metallurgy. 53(4), 613-616.
[6] Kalandyk, B. & Zapała, R. (2013). Effect of high-manganese cast steel strain hardening on the abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(4), 63-66.
[7] Tęcza, G. & Zapała, R. (2018). Changes in impact strength and abrasive wear resistance of cast high manganese steel due to the formation of primary titanium carbides. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 119-122.
[8] Tęcza, G. & Garbacz-Klempka, A. (2016). Microstructure of cast high-manganese steel containing titanium. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 163-168.
[9] Celis, M., Domengès, B., Hug, E. & Lacaze, J. (2018). Analysis of nuclei in a heavy-section nodular iron casting. Materials Science Forum. 925, 173-180.
[10] Kopyciński, D., Siekaniec, D., Szczęsny, A., Sokolnicki, M. & Nowak, A. (2016). The Althoff-Radtke test adapter for high chromium cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 74-77.
[11] Szczęsny, A., Kopyciński, D., Guzik, E. Soból, G., Piotrowski, K., Bednarczyk, P. & Paul, W. (2020). Shaping of ductile cast iron dedicated for slag ladle. Acta Metallurgica Slovaca. 26, 74-77. https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.26.2.312
[12] Mourad, M.M. & El-Hadad, S. (2015). Effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of heavy section ductile iron. Journal of Metallurgy. 2015, 1-11.
[13] Foglio, E., Gelfi, M., Pola, A. & Lusuardi, D. (2017). Effect of shrinkage porosity and degenerated graphite on fatigue crack initiation in ductile cast iron. Key Engineering Materials. 754, 95-98.
[14] Kavicka, F., Sekanina, B., Stetina, J., Stransky, K., Gontarev, V. & Dobrovska, J. (2009). Numerical optimization of the method of cooling of a massive casting of ductile cast-iron. Materials and Technology. 43, 73-78.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Szczęsny

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Kopyciński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Edward Guzik

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Foundry, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Kraków, Polska

4 Wettability of the System of Cast Iron and Magnesia Ceramics with Graphite

M. Hosadyna-Kondracka , R. Nowak , P. Turalska , G. Bruzda , Ł. Boroń , M. Wawrylak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 25-33 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140233

Słowa kluczowe: Composites Metal-ceramic bonding Wettability Sessile drop method Cast iron

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Abstrakt

In this paper examinations of high-temperature wetting tests of 3 systems of liquid alloy – cast iron in contact with ceramic materials: magnesia ceramics in combination with natural graphite were presented. After wettability testing, the microscopic observations of the morphology of the sample surface and the cross-section microstructure with the chemical composition in micro-areas were examined. One of the objective of this work was also to verify whether the graphite content would affect the wettability of the magnesia ceramics. The study of high-temperature wetting kinetics of the liquid alloy in contact with the ceramic material, by the "sessile drop" method with capillary purification (CP) procedure was conducted. Under the test conditions, at a temperature of 1450°C and time 15 minutes, all 3 experimental systems showed a non-wetting behaviour. The average contact angle for the system with cast iron drop on magnesia ceramics was 140°, on magnesia ceramics with 10 parts per weight of graphite was 137° and on magnesia ceramics with 30 parts per weight of graphite - 139°.
Microscopic observations revealed that in the case of the sample consisting of the cast iron drop on the substrate with magnesia ceramics, the formation of fine separations was not observed, unlike the systems with the substrate with magnesia ceramics and the addition of natural graphite. Numerous, fine droplets accumulate on the graphite flakes and consist mainly of Si as well as Fe and O. On the other hand, the rough MgO grains have a gray, matt surface, without fine separations. The conducted observations indicate the mechanical nature of the bonding - liquid metal penetrates into the pores of the rough ceramics of the substrate. However, in the case of systems of cast iron drop with magnesia ceramics and addition of graphite, probably the adhesive connection and the physical attraction of elements derived from cast iron drop with the flake graphite appeared as well.

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Bibliografia

[1] Sobczak, N., Sobczak, J.J., Kolev, M., Drenchev, L., Turalska, P., Homa, M., Kudyba, A. & Bruzda, G. (2020). High-temperature interaction of molten gray cast iron with Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 ceramic. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 29, 2499-2505. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-020-04695-z. [2] Malaki, M., Fadaei Tehrani, A., Niroumand, B. & Gupta, M. (2021). Wettability in metal matrix composites. Metals. 11(7), 1034. DOI: 10.3390/met11071034. [3] Sobczak, N., Singh, M. & Asthana, R. (2005). High-temperature wettability measurements in metal/ceramic systems – Some methodological issues. Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science. 9(4-5), 241-253. DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2006.07.007. [4] Szafran, M., Rokicki, G., Lipiec, W., Konopka, K. & Kurzydłowski K. (2002). Porous ceramics infilted with metals and polymers. Composites. 2(5), 313-317. (in Polish). [5] Madzivhandila T., Bhero, S. & Varachia F. (2019). The influence of titanium addition on wettability of high-chromium white cast iron-matrix composites. Journal of Composite Materials. 53(11), 1567-1576. DOI: 10.1177/0021998318804616. [6] Asthana R. & Sobczak N. (2000). Wettability, spreading, and interfacial phenomena in high-temperature coatings. Retrieved September 28, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natalia-Sobczak/publication/234787198_Wettability_Spreading_and_Interfacial_Phenomena_in_HighTemperature_Coatings/links/02e7e51acdbb31120a000000.pdf. [7] Janas, A., Kolbus, A. & Olejnik, E. (2009). On the character of matrix-reinforcing particle phase boundaries in MeC and MeB (Me = W, Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta) in-situ composites. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 54(2), 319-327. [8] Moreira, A. B., Sousa, R. O., Lacerda, P., Ribeiro, L. M. M., Pinto, A. M. & Vieira, M. F. (2020). Microstructural characterization of TiC–white cast-iron composites fabricated by in situ technique. Materials. 13(1), 209. DOI: 10.3390/ma13010209. [9] Sobczak, N., Nowak, R., Radziwill, W., Budzioch, J. & Glenz A. (2008). Experimental complex for investigations of high temperature capillarity phenomena. Materials Science and Engineering 495(1-2), 43-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.11.094. [10] ASTRA Reference book. IENI, Report, Oct. 2007 [11] Liggieri, L. & Passerone, A.(1989). An automatic technique for measuring the surface tension of liquid metals. High Temperature Technology. 7, 80-86. [12] Bacior, M., Sobczak, N., Homa, M., Turalska, P., Kudyba, A., Bruzda, G., Nowak, R. & Pytel, A. (2017). High-temperature interaction of molten vermicular graphite cast iron with Al2O3 substrate. The Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 4/2017, 375-384. DOI: 10.7356/iod.2017.41. [13] Shen, P., Zhang, L., Zhou, H., Ren, Y. & Wang, Y. (2017). Wettability between Fe-Al alloy and sintered MgO. Ceramics International. 43(10), 7674-7681. DOI: 10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2017.03.067

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M. Hosadyna-Kondracka

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Nowak

P. Turalska

G. Bruzda

Ł. Boroń

M. Wawrylak

Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland

5 Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Aluminium Alloy, EN AC-Al Si12CuNiMg

G.G. Sirata , K. Wacławiak , M. Dyzia

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 34-40 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140234

Słowa kluczowe: Mechanical properties Metallography Microstructure Fracture properties Aluminium alloy

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Abstrakt

Aluminum alloys have low density and good mechanical properties, making them suitable for the manufacture of mechanical structures where low weight is critical. However, when these alloys are subjected to elevated temperatures, their mechanical properties deteriorate significantly. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy, EN AC-Al Si12CuNiMg. For this purpose, an experimental investigation was performed at ambient and elevated temperatures on aluminium alloy samples prepared by casting. Tensile and hardness tests were carried out to characterize the mechanical properties of this material. Additionally, an optical microscope was used to examine the microstructures of this alloy. Finally, a scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the fracture modes of this material. The results show that the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and Young's modulus of this alloy dramatically decrease when the temperature exceeds 250C. The microstructural investigation reveals several factors that are detrimental to the mechanical properties of this alloy. This includes coarse-grained structures, micro-pores, and several intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, fractography reveals a minor cleavage-like pattern and micro-cracks on the fracture surface of all failed samples under various temperatures, indicating semi-brittle fracture mode.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

G.G. Sirata

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Wacławiak

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Dyzia

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland

6 Modelling of Plastic Flow Behaviour of Metals in the Hot Deformation Process Using Artificial Intelligence Methods

Barbara Mrzygłód , A. Łukaszek-Sołek , Izabela Olejarczyk-Wożeńska , K. Pasierbiewicz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 41-52 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140235

Słowa kluczowe: Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System Rheological model Inconel 718 Hot deformation

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Abstrakt

Hot deformation of metals is a widely used process to produce end products with the desired geometry and required mechanical properties. To properly design the hot forming process, it is necessary to examine how the tested material behaves during hot deformation. Model studies carried out to characterize the behaviour of materials in the hot deformation process can be roughly divided into physical and mathematical simulation techniques.
The methodology proposed in this study highlights the possibility of creating rheological models for selected materials using methods of artificial intelligence, such as neuro-fuzzy systems. The main goal of the study is to examine the selected method of artificial intelligence to know how far it is possible to use this method in the development of a predictive model describing the flow of metals in the process of hot deformation.
The test material was Inconel 718 alloy, which belongs to the family of austenitic nickel-based superalloys characterized by exceptionally high mechanical properties, physicochemical properties and creep resistance. This alloy is hardly deformable and requires proper understanding of the constitutive behaviour of the material under process conditions to directly enable the optimization of deformability and, indirectly, the development of effective shaping technologies that can guarantee obtaining products with the required microstructure and desired final mechanical properties.
To be able to predict the behaviour of the material under non-experimentally tested conditions, a rheological model was developed using the selected method of artificial intelligence, i.e. the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS).
The source data used in these studies comes from a material experiment involving compression of the tested alloy on a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator at temperatures of 900, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150oC with the strain rates of 0.01 - 100 s-1 to a constant true strain value of 0.9.
To assess the ability of the developed model to describe the behaviour of the examined alloy during hot deformation, the values of yield stress determined by the developed model (ANFIS) were compared with the results obtained experimentally. The obtained results may also support the numerical modelling of stress-strain curves.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Barbara Mrzygłód

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Łukaszek-Sołek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Izabela Olejarczyk-Wożeńska

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Pasierbiewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Cracow, Poland

7 Influence of Melt Quality on the Formation of Fe Intermetallic in A360 Alloy

E.N. Bas , S. Alper , T. Tuncay , D. Dispinar , S. Kirtay

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 53-59 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140236

Słowa kluczowe: A360 Fe intermetallic Melt quality Cooling rate

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Abstrakt

The solubility of Fe in aluminium alloys is known to be a problem in the casting of aluminium alloys. Due to the formation of various intermetallic phases, the mechanical properties decrease. Therefore, it is important to determine the formation mechanisms of such intermetallic. In this work, A360 alloy was used, and Fe additions were made. The alloy was cast into the sand and die moulds that consisted of three different thicknesses. In this way, the effect of the cooling rate was investigated. The holding time was selected to be 5 hours and every hour, a sample was collected from the melt for microstructural analysis. Additionally, the melt quality change was also examined by means of using a reduced pressure test where the bifilm index was measured. It was found that the iron content was increased after 2 hours of holding and the melt quality was decreased. There was a correlation between the duration and bifilm index. The size of Al-Si-Mn-Fe phases was increased in parallel with the bifilm content regardless of the iron content.

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Bibliografia

[1] Bjurenstedt, A., Ghassemali, E., Seifeddine, S. & Dahle, A.K. (2019). The effect of Fe-rich intermetallics on crack initiation in cast aluminium: An in-situ tensile study. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 756, 502-507. DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.044
[2] Ferraro, S. & Timelli, G. (2015). Influence of sludge particles on the tensile properties of die-cast secondary aluminum alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 46(2), 1022-1034. DOI:10.1007/s11663-014-0260-3
[3] Ma, Z., Samuel, A., Samuel, F., Doty, H. & Valtierra, S. (2008). A study of tensile properties in Al–Si–Cu and Al–Si–Mg alloys: Effect of β-iron intermetallics and porosity. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 490(1-2), 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.028
[4] Zahedi, H., Emamy, M., Razaghian, A., Mahta, M., Campbell, J. & Tiryakioğlu, M. (2007). The effect of Fe-rich intermetallics on the Weibull distribution of tensile properties in a cast Al-5 pct Si-3 pct Cu-1 pct Fe-0.3 pct Mg alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 38(3), 659-670. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-006-9068-3
[5] Tunçay, T., Özyürek, D., Dişpinar, D. & Tekeli, S. (2020). The effects of Cr and Zr additives on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 73(5), 1273-1285. DOI: 10.1007/s12666-020-01970-4
[6] Gao, T., Hu, K., Wang, L., Zhang, B. & Liu, X. (2017). Morphological evolution and strengthening behavior of α-Al (Fe, Mn) Si in Al–6Si–2Fe–xMn alloys. Results in physics. 7, 1051-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.02.040
[7] Gorny, A., Manickaraj, J., Cai, Z. & Shankar, S. (2013). Evolution of Fe based intermetallic phases in Al–Si hypoeutectic casting alloys: Influence of the Si and Fe concentrations, and solidification rate. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 577, 103-124. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013. 04.139
[8] Taylor, J.A. (2012). Iron-containing intermetallic phases in Al-Si based casting alloys. Procedia Materials Science. 1, 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2012.06.004
[9] Khalifa, W., Samuel, F. & Gruzleski, J. (2003). Iron intermetallic phases in the Al corner of the Al-Si-Fe system. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 34(13), 807-825. DOI:10.1007/s11661-003-1009-9
[10] Liu, L., Mohamed, A., Samuel, A., Samuel, F., Doty, H. & Valtierra, S. (2009). Precipitation of β-Al5FeSi phase platelets in Al-Si based casting alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 40(10), 2457-2469. DOI:10.1007/s11661-009-9944-8
[11] Tupaj, M., Orłowicz, A., Mróz, M., Trytek, M. & Markowska, O. (2016). Usable properties of AlSi7Mg alloy after sodium or strontium modification. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 129-132. DOI:10.1515/afe-2016-0064
[12] Dinnis, C.M., Taylor, J.A. & Dahle, A. (2006). Iron-related porosity in Al–Si–(Cu) foundry alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 425(1-2), 286-296. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.03.045
[13] Mikołajczak, M. & Ratke, L. (2015). Three dimensional morphology of β-Al5FeSi intermetallics in AlSi alloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(1), 47-50. DOI:10.1515/afe-2015-0010
[14] Tunçay, T., Tekeli, S., Özyürek, D. & Dişpinar, D. (2017). Microstructure–bifilm interaction and its relation with mechanical properties in A356. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 30(1), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2016.1192826
[15] Cao, X. & Campbell, J. (2000). Precipitation of primary intermetallic compounds in liquid Al 11.5 Si 0.4 Mg alloy. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 13(3), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2000.11819400
[16] Cao, X. & Campbell, J. (2003). The nucleation of Fe-rich phases on oxide films in Al-11.5 Si-0.4 Mg cast alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 34(7), 409-1420.
[17] Cao, X. & Campbell, J. (2004). Effect of precipitation and sedimentation of primary α-Fe phase on liquid metal quality of cast Al–11.1 Si–0.4 Mg alloy. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1179/136404604225014792
[18] Cao, X. & Campbell, J. (2004). The solidification characteristics of Fe-rich intermetallics in Al-11.5 Si-0.4 Mg cast alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 35(5), 1425-1435. DOI:10.1007/s11661-004-0251-0
[19] Bjurenstedt, A., Casari, D., Seifeddine, S., Mathiesen, R.H. & Dahle, A.K. (2017). In-situ study of morphology and growth of primary α-Al (FeMnCr) Si intermetallics in an Al-Si alloy. Acta Materialia. 130, 1-9.
[20] Shabestari, S. (2004). The effect of iron and manganese on the formation of intermetallic compounds in aluminum–silicon alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 383(2), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.022
[21] Ferraro, S., Fabrizi, A. & Timelli, G. (2015). Evolution of sludge particles in secondary die-cast aluminum alloys as function of Fe, Mn and Cr contents. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 153, 168-179. DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys. 2014.12.050
[22] Dispinar D. & Campbell, J. (2014). Reduced pressure test (RPT) for bifilm assessment. In: Tiryakioğlu, M., Campbell, J., Byczynski, G. (eds) Shape Casting: 5th International Symposium 2014. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48130-2_30.
[23] Gyarmati G. et al., (2021). Controlled precipitation of intermetallic (Al, Si) 3Ti compound particles on double oxide films in liquid aluminum alloys. Materials Characterization. 181, 111467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111467
[24] Podprocká, R., Malik, J. & Bolibruchová, D. (2015). Defects in high pressure die casting process. Manufacturing technology. 15(4), 674-678. DOI: 10.21062/ujep/x.2015/a/ 1213-2489/MT/15/4/674
[25] Samuel, A. Samuel, F. & Doty, H. (1996). Observations on the formation of β-Al5FeSi phase in 319 type Al-Si alloys. Journal of Materials Science. 31(20), 5529-5539. DOI:10.1080/13640461.2001.11819429
[26] Gyarmati, G., Fegyverneki, G., Mende, T. & Tokár, M. (2019). Characterization of the double oxide film content of liquid aluminum alloys by computed tomography. Materials Characterization. 157, 109925. DOI:10.1016/j.matchar. 2019.109925
[27] Liu, K., Cao, X. & Chen, X.-G. (2011). Solidification of iron-rich intermetallic phases in Al-4.5 Cu-0.3 Fe cast alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 42(7), 2004-2016. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-010-0578-7

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

E.N. Bas

S. Alper

T. Tuncay

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Dispinar

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

S. Kirtay

e-mail:

ORCID:

Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey
Karabuk University, Turkey
Foseco, Netherlands

8 The Influence of Optimization Parameters on the Efficiency of Aluminium Melt Refining by using Physical Modelling

J. Walek , K. Michalek , M. Tkadlečková

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 60-66 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140237

Słowa kluczowe: physical modelling Refining ladle Blowing of inert gas Degassing of the melt Impeller

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Abstrakt

The article describes the influence of optimization parameters on the efficiency of aluminium melt refining by using physical modelling. The blowing of refining gas, through a rotating impeller into the ladle is a widely used operating technology to reduce the content of impurities in molten aluminium, e.g. hydrogen. The efficiency of this refining process depends on the creation of fine bubbles with a high interphase surface, wide-spread distribution, the residence time of its effect in the melt, and mostly on the wide-spread dispersion of bubbles in the whole volume of the refining ladle and with the long period of their effect in the melt. For physical modelling, a plexiglass model on a scale of 1:1 is used for the operating ladle. Part of the physical model is a hollow shaft used for gas supply equipped with an impeller and also two baffles. The basis of physical modelling consists in the targeted utilization of the similarities of the processes that take place within the actual device and its model. The degassing process of aluminium melt by blowing inert gas is simulated in physical modelling by a decrease of dissolved oxygen in the model liquid (water).

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Bibliografia

[1] Michalek, K., Tkadlečková, M., Socha, L., Gryc, K., Saternus, M., Pieprzyca, J. & Merder, T. (2018). Physical modelling of degassing process by blowing of inert gas. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 63(2), 987-992. DOI: 10.24425/122432.
[2] Hernández-Hernández, M., Camacho-Martínez, J., González-Rivera, C. & Ramírez-Argáez, M.A. (2016). Impeller design assisted by physical modelling and pilot plant trials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 236, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.04.031.
[3] Mostafei, M., Ghodabi, M., Eisaabadi, G.B., Uludag, M. & Tiryakioglu, M. (2016). Evaluation of the effects rotary degassing process variables on the quality of A357 aluminium alloy castings. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 47(6), 3469-3475. DOI: 10.1017/s11663-016-0786-7.
[4] Merder, T., Saternus, M. & Warzecha, P. (2014). Possibilities of 3D Model application in the process of aluminium refining in the unit with rotary impeller. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(2), 789-794. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0134.
[5] Saternus, M., Merder, T. & Pieprzyca, J. (2015). The influence of impeller geometry on the gas bubbles dispersion in URO-200 reactor – RTD curves. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(4), 2887-2893. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0461.
[6] Yamamoto, T., Suzuki, A., Komarov, S.V. & Ishiwata, Y. (2018). Investigation of impeller design and flow structures in mechanical stirring of molten aluminium. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 261, 164-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.06.012.
[7] Gao, G., Wang, M., Shi, D. & Kang, Y. (2019). Simulation of bubble behavior in a water physical model of an aluminium degassing ladle unit employing compound technique of rotary blowing and ultrasonic. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 50(4), 1997-2005. DOI: 10.1017/j.s11663-019-01607-y. [8] Yu, S., Zou, Z.-S., Shao, L. & Louhenkilpi, S. (2017). A theoretical scaling equation for designing physical modelling of gas-liquid flow in metallurgical ladles. Steel Research International. 88(1), 1600156. DOI: 10.1002/srin.201600156.
[9] Abreu-López, D., Dutta, A., Camacho-Martínez, J.L., Trápaga-Martínez, G. & Ramírez-Argáez, M. A. (2018). Mass transfer study of a batch aluminium degassing ladle with multiple designs of rotating impellers. JOM. 70, 2958-2967. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-018-3147-y.
[10] Walek, J., Michalek, K., Tkadlečková, M. & Saternus, M. (2021). Modelling of technological parameters of aluminium melt refining in the ladle by blowing of inert gas through the rotating impeller. Metals. 11(2), 284. DOI: 10.3390/met11020284.
[11] Saternus, M. & Merder, T. (2018). Physical modelling of aluminium refining process conducted in batch reactor with rotary impeller. Metals. 8(9), 726. DOI: 10.3390/met8090726.
[12] Lichý, P., Bajerová, M., Kroupová, I. & Obzina, T. (2020). Refining aluminium-alloy melts with graphite rotors. Materiali in Technologije. 54(2), 263-265. DOI: 10.17222/mit.2019.147.
[13] Lichý, P., Kroupová, I., Radkovský, F. & Nguyenová, I. (2016). Possibilities of the controlled gasification of aluminium alloys for eliminating the casting defects. 25th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, May 25th - 27th 2016 (1474-1479). Hotel Voroněž I, Brno, Czech Republic, EU: Lichý, P.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Walek

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Michalek

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Tkadlečková

e-mail:

ORCID:

VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Department of Metallurgical Technologies

9 Application of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method in Metal Processing: An Overview

Trang T.T. Nguyen , Marcin Hojny

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 67-80 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140238

Słowa kluczowe: Smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) Finite element method (FEM) Metal processing Lagrangian

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Abstrakt

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian formula-based non-grid computational method for simulating fluid flows, solid deformation, and fluid structured systems. SPH is a method widely applied in many fields of science and engineering, especially in the field of materials science. It solves complex physical deformation and flow problems. This paper provides a basic overview of the application of the SPH method in metal processing. This is a very useful simulation method for reconstructing flow patterns, solidification, and predicting defects, limitations, or material destruction that occur during deformation. The main purpose of this review article is to give readers better understanding of the SPH method and show its strengths and weaknesses. Studying and promoting the advantages and overcoming the shortcomings of the SPH method will help making great strides in simulation modeling techniques. It can be effectively applied in training as well as for industrial purposes.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Trang T.T. Nguyen

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Hojny

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Department of Applied Computer Science and Modeling, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

10 Impact of Values of Diffusion Coefficient on Results of Diffusion Modelling Driven by Chemical Potential Gradient

M. Wróbel , A. Burbelko

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 81-90 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140239

Słowa kluczowe: Application of information technology to the foundry industry Diffusion modelling Calphad Chemical potential Diffusion coefficient

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Abstrakt

In the paper critical role of including the right material parameters, as input values for computer modelling, is stressed. The presented model of diffusion, based on chemical potential gradient, in order to perform calculations, requires a parameter called mobility, which can be calculated using the diffusion coefficient. When analysing the diffusion problem, it is a common practice to assume the diffusion coefficient to be a constant within the range of temperature and chemical composition considered. By doing so the calculations are considerably simplified at the cost of the accuracy of the results. In order to make a reasoned decision, whether this simplification is desirable for particular systems and conditions, its impact on the accuracy of calculations needs to be assessed. The paper presents such evaluation by comparing results of modelling with a constant value of diffusion coefficient to results where the dependency of D_i on temperature, chemical composition or both are added. The results show how a given deviation of diffusivity is correlated with the change in the final results. Simulations were performed in a single dimension for the FCC phase in Fe-C, Fe-Si and Fe-Mn systems. Different initial compositions and temperature profiles were used.

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Bibliografia

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[3] Wróbel, M., & Burbelko, A. (2022). A diffusion model of binary systems controlled by chemical potential gradient. Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering. 6(2), 39-44. DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2022.6.2.39.
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[12] Bergner, D., Khaddour, Y. & Lorx, S. (1989). Diffusion of Si in bcc- and fcc-Fe. Defect and Diffusion Forum. 66-69, 1407-1412. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.66-69.1407.
[13] Nohara, K. & Hirano, K. (1973). Self-diffusion and Interdiffusion in γ solid solutions of the iron-manganese system. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals. 37(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.37.1_51
[14] Gegner, J. (2006). Concentration- and temperature-dependent diffusion coefficient of carbon in FCC iron mathematically derived from literature data. In the 4th Int Conf Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Materials Technologies, Ariel, College of Judea and Samaria.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M. Wróbel

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Burbelko

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

11 Experimental Verification of the Cast Iron Solidification Model

J. Mendakiewicz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 91-94 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140240

Słowa kluczowe: Application of information technology to the foundry industry Solidification process Numerical Techniques Thermal andderivative analysis

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Abstrakt

The article concerns the experimental verification of the numerical model simulating the solidification and cooling processes proceeding in the domain of cast iron casting. The approximate course of the function describing the evolution of latent heat and the value of substitute specific heat resulting from its course were obtained using the thermal and derivative analysis (TDA) method The TDA was also used to measure the cooling curves at the distinguished points of the casting. The results obtained in this way were compared with the calculated cooling curves at the same points. At the stage of numerical computations, the explicit scheme of the finite difference method was applied. The agreement between the measured and calculated cooling curves is fully satisfactory.

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Bibliografia

[1] Mendakiewicz, J. (2011). Identification of the solidification parameters of casting alloys on the example of grey cast iron. Monografia. Gliwice: Wyd. Pol. Śl. (in Polish).
[2] Jiji, L.M. (2009). Heat conduction. Third Edition. Springer.
[3] Mochnacki, B. & Majchrzak, E. (2007). Identification of macro and micro parameters in solidification model. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences. 55(1), 107-113.
[4] Kapturkiewicz, W. (2003). Modelling of cast iron solidification. Cracow: Akapit.
[5] Majchrzak, E., Mendakiewicz, J. & Piasecka-Belkhayat, A. (2005). Algorithm of mould thermal parameters identification in the system casting–mould–environment. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 162-163, 1544-1549.
[6] Mochnacki, B., Suchy, J.S. (1995). Numerical methods in computations of foundry processes. Cracow: PFTA.
[7] Ciesielski, M. & Mochnacki, B. (2019). Comparison of approaches to the numerical modelling of pure metals solidification using the control volume method. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 32(4), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2019.1607650
[8] Majchrzak, E., Mochnacki, B., Suchy, J.S (2008). Identification of substitute thermal capacity of solidifying alloy. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. 46(2), 257-268.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Mendakiewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Computational Mechanics and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

12 Effect of Filter Type on Mechanical Properties During Aluminium Alloy Casting

M. Bruna , M. Galčík

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 95-98 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140241

Słowa kluczowe: Aluminium alloys Filtration Mechanical properties Reoxidation Melt velocity

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Abstrakt

The naturally pressurized gating system was used for reoxidation suppression during aluminium alloy casting. A naturally pressurized gating system appears to be a suitable solution to reduce reoxidation processes, which was proven by our previous works. The disadvantage of this system is that without inserting deceleration elements, the melt velocity is supercritical. Therefore, the aim of paper is to find a proper way to reduce the melt velocity, which is the main parameter affecting the scale of reoxidation processes. For the purpose of the melt velocity reduction, labyrinth filters, foam filters and flat filters effect on the melt velocity and the number of oxides were investigated by numerical simulation software in the first stage of the experiment. After simulations observation, the effect of filters on the mechanical properties was investigated by experimental casts. The simulations and experimental casts proved that filters had a positive effect on the melt velocity reduction and it was associated with increased mechanical properties of castings. The best results were achieved by the foam filter.

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Bibliografia

[1] Campbell, J. (2015). Complete Casting Handbook. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
[2] Dobosz, St.M., Grabarczyk, A., Major-Gabrys, K. & Jakubski, J. (2015). Influence of quartz sand quality on bending strength and thermal deformation of moulding sands with synthetic binders. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(2), 9-12. ISSN (1897-3310)
[3] Lakoma, R., Camek, L., Lichý, P., Kroupová, I., Radkovský, F. & Obzina, T. (2021). Some possibilities of using statistical methods while solving poor quality production. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 18-22. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136073
[4] Baghani, A., Kheirabi, A., Bahmani, A. & Khalilpour, H. (2012). Removal of double oxide film defects by ceramic foam filters. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 21(7), 1352-1362. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-9991-3
[5] Jezierski, J., Dojka, R. & Janerka, K. (2018). Optimizing the Gating System for Steel Castings. Metals. 8(266), 1-13. DOI: 10.3390/met804026
[6] Pastirčák, R. & Ščury, J. (2016). Effect of technological parameters on microstructure in alloy AlCu4Ti using squeeze casting technology. The application of experimental and numerical methods in fluid mechanics and energy. ISBN 978-0-7354-1402-0.
[7] Gyarmati, G., Fegyverneki, G., Mende, T. & Tokár, M. 2019. Characterization of the double oxide film content of liquid aluminum alloys by computed tomography. Materials Characterization. 157, 109925.
[8] Remišová, A. & Brůna, M. (2019). Analysis of reoxidation processes with aid of computer simulation. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(4), 55-60.
[9] Brůna, M., Galčík, M., Sládek, A. & Martinec, D. (2021). Possibilities of bifilm amount reduction in Al castings by gating system design optimization. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 66(2), 549-559. ISSN 1733-3490

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M. Bruna

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Galčík

University of Žilina, Slovakia

13 Study on Reclamation of CO ₂-hardened Sodium Silicate Used Sands by CaO Powder

J. Lu , L. Yang , J. Qian , W. He , H. Wang

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 99-106 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140242

Słowa kluczowe: CO2 hardened sodium silicate used sands CaO reclamation Orthogonal experiment

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Abstrakt

Aiming at the problems of wet reclamation consuming a lot of water, dry(mechanical) reclamation having wear and power consumption, this paper to find suitable reclamation reagents to reduce the influence of harmful substances in used sodium silicate sands. By comparing the reclamation effect of CaO, Ca(OH) ₂ and Ba(OH) ₂ reclamation powder reagents, it was concluded that CaO had the best reclamation effect. Through the single factor experiment, the influence of CaO on the reclamation effect was explored: 1. addition amount of CaO;2. the additional amount of water ;3. reclamation time. The orthogonal results showed that the CaO reclamation effect was the best when the amount of CaO was 1.5%, the amount of sodium silicate was 4.0%, the amount of water added was 6.0%, and the reclamation time was 12.0h. In this experiment, 82.2% carbonate and 75.0 % silicate in used sands can be removed. The microscopic analysis of the reclamation sands was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM); The surface was relatively smooth, without large area cracks and powder accumulation. Compared with the used sands, the instant, 24h ultimate, and residual strengths of the reclaimed sands were increased by 536.5%, 458.1%, and 89.8%, respectively, which was beneficial to the reclamation of the CO2 sodium silicate used sands.

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Bibliografia

[1] Gong, X.L. & Fan, Z.T. (2020). Research and application of green casting materials. MW Metal Forming. (10), 15-18.
[2] Stachowicz, M., Granat, K., & Nowak, D. (2013). Dielectric hardening method of sandmixes containing hydrated sodium silicate. Metalurgija. 52(2), 169-172.
[3] Nowak, D. (2017). The impact of microwave penetration depth on the process of hardening the moulding sand with sodium silicate. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(4),115-118. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0140
[4] Stachowicz, M. & Granat, K. (2015). Influence of melt temperature on strength parameters of cyclically activated used-up sandsmixes containing water-glass, hardened with microwaves. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 15(4), 831-835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2015.06.003
[5] Stachowicz, M. & Granat, K. (2014). Research on reclamation and activation of moulding sands containing water-glass hardened with microwaves. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 14(2), 105-110. DOI: 10.2478/afe-2014-0046
[6] Sun, Q.Z., Zhong, Z.K. & Zhang, P.Q, et al. (2005). Modification mechanism of thermally regenerated quartz sands. Foundry. (10), 87-88.
[7] Wang, J.N., Fan, Z.T. & Zhang, H.M. (2009). Mechanical properties and reproducibility of used sodium silicate sands. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition). 37(02), 85-88.
[8] Mashifana, T. & Sithole, T. (2020). Recovery of silicon dioxide from waste foundry sands and alkaline activation of desilicated foundry sands. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 6(4), 700-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00303-5
[9] Zhu, C.X., Lu, C. & Ji, D.S, et al. (2007). Recent advances in waterglass sand technologies. China Foundry. 4(1),13-17.
[10] Ignaszak, Z. & Prunier, J.B. (2016). Effective laboratory method of chromite content estimation in reclaimed sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 162-166. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0071
[11] Stachowicz, M., Granat, K. & Nowak, D. (2011). Application of microwaves for innovative hardening of environment-friendly water-glass moulding sands used in manufacture of cast-steel castings. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 11(1), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60184-8
[12] Lu, J.J., Li, J.C., Li, H. & Wang, H.F. (2021). Study on sewage harmless treatment in wet reclamation process of used water glass sands. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition). 49(08), 127-132.
[13] Stachowicz, M., Granat, K. & Payga. (2017). Influence of sand base preparation on properties of chromite moulding sands with sodium silicate hardened with selected methods. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(1), 379-383. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0059
[14] Masuda, Y., Tsubota, K., Ishii, K., Imakoma, H. & Ohmura, N. (2009). Drying rate and surface temperature in solidification of glass particle layer with inorganic binder by microwave drying. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu. 35(2), 229-231.
[15] Tang, L.B., Lu, J.J. & Tan, Y.Y, et al. (2017). Determination of bicarbonate and carbonate contents in reclaimed sodium silicate-bonded sand. Inorganic Chemicals Industry. 49(04), 68-70.
[16] Wang, C., Wang, H.F. & Dai, Z. et al.(2015). Determination of carbonate content in sodium silicate-bonded sand by gas volumetry. Metallurgical Analysis. 35(05), 54-58.
[17] Tang, L.B. & Lu, J.J. (2018). Determination of sodium silicate in used sodium silicate sand by molybdenum blue spectrophotometry. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering. 36(05), 845-848.
[18] Chen, J.Q., Han, D.D., Qiu, A. & Zhu, H, et al. (2018). Orthogonal experimental design of liquid-cooling structure on the cooling effect of a liquid-cooled battery thermal management system. Applied Thermal Engineering.132, 508-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.12.115

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Lu

e-mail:

ORCID:

L. Yang

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Qian

e-mail:

ORCID:

W. He

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Wang

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China

14 Mulling and its Effect on the Properties of Sand-Water-Bentonite Moulding Mixture

M. Gawronová , Š. Kielar , P. Lichý

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 107-112 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140243

Słowa kluczowe: Bentonite Green sand mixture Mulling time Green compressive strength Cumulative mulling

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Abstrakt

Today, foundries are facing increasing demands for greener and more economical production while maintaining or improving the quality of the castings produced. The importance and use of green sand mixtures using bentonite as a binder are thus coming to the fore once again. They have the advantage of both eliminating the chemicalization of production and also allowing the immediate use of the already used mixture, including the binder, after adjustment of the composition and mulling. In order to maintain the quality of the resulting castings, it is necessary to monitor the properties of the moulding mixture through a series of laboratory tests. It is also essential to look at the processing quality of these mixtures, i.e. the combination of good mulling quality and efficient mulling time, which is often neglected. It is the quality of mulling and the effective mulling time that help to develop the bonding properties of the bentonite, improve the properties of the mixture, determine the efficiency of the muller and possibly reduce the time and energy required for mulling. The aim of this work is to present the effect of mulling on the properties of sand-water-bentonite mixtures. The properties studied are mainly the compactability, strength characteristics, moisture content of the mixture and the order of addition of raw materials.

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Bibliografia

[1] Jelínek, P. & Mikšovský, F. (1985). Contribution to the evaluation of the efficiency of uniform green moulding mixture. Slévárenství. XXXIII (7), 268-274. (in Czech)
[2] Troy, E.C. et al. (1971). A Mulling Index Applied to Sand-water-bentonite. AFS Transactions. 79, 213-224.
[3] Strobl, S.M. (1995). How to improve green sands through more effective mulling. Modern casting. 85(2), 40-43.
[4] Thambiah, T.R. & Sarkar, A.D. (1973). Effect of mulling time on the properties of greensands. Foundry Trade Journal. 1973, 683-684.
[5] Headington, F., Rothwell, M.D. & Green, R. (1998). Available clay control and mulling efficiency. AFS Transactions. 1998, 271-291.
[6] Dietert, H.W., Graham, A.L. & Schumacher, J.S. (1971). How Mulling Time Affects Sand Properties. Foundry. 1971, 42-47.
[7] Kyncl, M. (2008). Evaluation of mixers efficiency. Diploma thesis, VŠB-TU Ostrava, Fakulta metalurgie a materiálového inženýrství, Ostrava, Czech Republic. (in Czech)
[8] Jelínek, P. (2004). Binder systems of foundry moulding mixtures – chemistry of foundry binders. (1st ed.). Ostrava. ISBN: 80-239-2188-6. (in Czech)
[9] Weniger, C.E. & Volkmar, A.P. (1970) A new control tool: a graph for evaluating effectiveness of available bentonite within foundry system sand. AFS Transactions. 1970, 17-24.
[10] Kumari, A., Murari, A.K., Prasad, U. (2020). Prediction of Green Sand Moulding Properties Using Artificial Neural Network. In U. Prasad (Eds.), Advances in Science & Technology (pp. 39-52). India: Empyreal publishing house.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M. Gawronová

e-mail:

ORCID:

Š. Kielar

P. Lichý

e-mail:

ORCID:

VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Department of Metallurgical Technologies, Czech Republic

15 Microscopic Analysis of the Aluminium Castings Produced with the use of Polymer Composite Patterns

D. Czarnecka-Komorowska , K. Gawdzińska , P. Popielarski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 113-117 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140244

Słowa kluczowe: Casting Aluminium alloys Lost-wax method bentonite Digital microscope

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Abstrakt

The paper presents a microscopic analysis of the surface and fracture of aluminium castings produced using the lost-wax method for patterns made of a composite material, i.e. polyethylene with the addition of bentonite. Castings are made of AlSi7 aluminium alloy (silumin) in a plaster mould. A new type of polymer waxes enriched with bentonite was used to obtain new composites, minimizing the defects caused by the casting production process. The castings were made in the centrifugal casting process. The prepared plaster moulds were removed from the furnace and poured with liquid aluminium alloy (AlSi7) at 750°C. The surface and fracture of the castings was analysed using an optical digital microscope type VHX-7000 manufactured by KEYENCE. It has been proven that the studied castings feature surface defects (raw surface defects) in the form of high roughness and the presence of bentonite inclusions classified as casting contamination. During the tests, shape defects related to mechanical damage were also detected.

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Bibliografia

[1] Kozakowski, S. (2001). Study of castings. Warsaw: Biuro Gamma. (in Polish)
[2] Sozański, L. (2004). Visual examination of castings surface discontinuities according to European standards. Archives of Foundry. 4(11). 196-199. (in Polish)
[3] Sozański, L. (2006). Possibilities of assessment of surface discontinuities of castings. Archiwum Odlewnictwa. 6(2), 331-336. (in Polish)
[4] PN EN 1559-1 Founding – Technical delivery conditions – General provisions. (in Polish)
[5] PN EN 1371-2 Founding. Penetrant testing. Part 2: Castings made using the lost-wax method. (in Polish)
[6] PN EN 1370 Founding – Surface roughness testing using visual-tactile standards. (in Polish)
[7] Kuchariková, L., Tillová, E., Samardžiová, M. et al., (2019). Quality assessment of Al castings produced in sand molds using image and CT analyses. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28, 3966-3973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04040-z.
[8] Sika, R., Rogalewicz, M., Popielarski, P., Czarnecka-Komorowska, D., Przestacki, D., Gawdzińska, K. & Szymański, P. (2020). Decision support system in the field of defects assessment in the metal matrix composites castings. Materials. 13(16), 3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163552
[9] Tupaj, M., Orłowicz, A.W., Mróz, M., Trytek,. A., & Markowska, O. (2016). The effect of cooling rate on properties of intermetallic phase in a complex Al-Si alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 125-128. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0063
[10] Gawdzińska, K., Chybowski, L., Bejger J.A. & Krile, S. (2016). Determination of technological parameters of saturated composites based on SiC by means of a model liquid. Metalurgija. 55(4) 659-662. https://hrcak.srce.hr/157391
[11] Aziz, M.N., Munyensanga, P. & Widyanto, S.A. (2018). Application of lost wax casting for manufacturing of orthopedic screw: A review. Procedia CIRP. 78, 149-154.
[12] Zych, J., Kolczyk, J., & Snopkiewicz, T. (2012). Investigations of properties of wax mixtures used in the investment casting technology, New investigation methods. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(spec.1), 199-204. ISSN (1897-3310)
[13] Wen, J., Xie, Z., Cao, W. & Yang, X. (2016). Effects of different backbone binders on the characteristics of zirconia parts using wax-based binder system via ceramic injection molding. Journal of Advanced Ceramics. 5(4), 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-016-0205-1
[14] Czarnecka-Komorowska, D., Grześkowiak, K., Popielarski, P., Barczewski, M., Gawdzińska, K. & Popławski, M. (2020). Polyethylene wax modified by organoclay bentonite used in the lost-wax casting process: processing−structure−property relationships. Materials. 13(2255), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102255.
[15] Naplocha, K. & Granat, K. (2008). Dry sliding wear of Al/Saffil/C hybrid metal matrix composites. Wear. 265(11-12), 1734-1740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.04.006
[16] Olszówka-Myalska, A., Godzierz, M., Myalski, J. & Wrześniowski, P. (2019). Magnesium matrix composites with open-celled glassy carbon foam obtained using the infiltration method. Metals. 9(622), 1-14. DOI: 10.3390/met9060622
[17] Grzeskowiak, K., Czarnecka-Komorowska, D., Sytek K. & Wojciechowski, M. (2015). Influence of waxes remelting used in investment casting on their thermal properties and linear shrinkage. Metalurgija. 54(2), 350-352. https://hrcak.srce.hr/128959
[18] Trytek, A., Orłowicz, A.W., Tupaj, M., Mróz, M., Markowska, O., Bąk, G. & Abram, T. (2016). The effect of a thin459 wall casting mould cavity filling conditions on the casting surface quality. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 222-226. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0113
[19] Dolata, A.J., Dyzia, M., Putyra, P. & Jaworska, L. (2016). Cast hybrid composites designated for air compressor 549 pistons. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 61(2), 705-708. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2016-0120
[20] Staude, M. (2021). Porosity assessment of suspension and saturated composite castings with the use of microscopic examinations. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin. 67(139), 53-57.
[21] Skołek, E., Giętka, T., Świątnicki, W. & Myszka, D. (2017). The comparative study of the microstructure and phase composition of nanoausferritic ductile iron alloy using SEM, TEM, magnetometer, and X-ray diffraction methods. Acta Physica Polonica A. 5(131), 1319-1323, DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.131.1319
[22] Polish Standard PN-85/H-83105. Castings. Division and terminology of defects. (in Polish)

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

D. Czarnecka-Komorowska

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Gawdzińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Popielarski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznań University of Technology, Poland
Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland

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5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Procedura recenzowania

Review Procedure

The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.

The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject

5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors

Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject

The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Recenzenci

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland