Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Description

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

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The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Publishers

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

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Content

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1

1 Comparison of the Classical Algorithm with the Training Algorithm in Scheduling Problem ADI Production

D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk , K. Chrzan , K. Jaśkowiec , Z. Pirowski , R. Żuczek , A. Bitka , D. Machulec

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 5-12 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140210

Keywords: production scheduling Austempered ductile iron Iron castings Foundry industry Training algorithm Tabu search

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Abstract

A classical algorithm Tabu Search was compared with Q Learning (named learning) with regards to the scheduling problems in the Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) manufacturing process. The first part comprised of a review of the literature concerning scheduling problems, machine learning and the ADI manufacturing process. Based on this, a simplified scheme of ADI production line was created, which a scheduling problem was described for. Moreover, a classic and training algorithm that is best suited to solve this scheduling problem was selected. In the second part, was made an implementation of chosen algorithms in Python programming language and the results were discussed. The most optimal algorithm to solve this problem was identified. In the end, all tests and their results for this project were presented.

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Bibliography

[1] Yang, L., Jiang, G., Chen, X., Li, G., Li, T. & Chen, X. (2019). Design of integrated steel production scheduling knowledge network system. Claster Comput. 10197-10206.
[2] Żurada, J. Barski, M., Jędruch, W. (1996). Artificial Neural Networks. Fundamentals of theory and application. Warszawa: PWN. (in Polish).
[3] Janiak, A. (2006). Scheduling in computer and manufacturing systems. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności.
[4] Smutnicki, C. (2002). Scheduling algorithms. Warszawa: Akademicka Oficyna Wydawnicza EXIT. (in Polish).
[5] Coffman, E.G. (1980). Task scheduling theory. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne. (in Polish).
[6] Janczarek, M. (2011). Managing production processes in the enterprise. Lublin: Lubelskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. (in Polish).
[7] Szeliga, M. (2019) Practical machine learning. Warszawa: PWN. (in Polish).
[8] Raschka, S. (2018) Python machine learning. Gliwice: Helion. (in Polish).
[9] Choi, H-S, Kim, J-S. & Lee, D-H. (2011). Real-time scheduling for reentrant hybrid flow shops: A decision tree based mechanism and its application to a TFT-LCD line. Expert System with Application. 38, 3514-3521.
[10] Agarwal, A., Pirkul, H. & Jacob, V.S. (2003). Augmented neutral network for task scheduling. European Journal of Operational Research. 151, 481-502.
[11] Jain, A.S. & Meeran, S. (1998). Jop-shop scheduling using neutral networks. International Journal of Production Research. 36(5), 1249-1272
[12] Fonseca-Reyna, Y.C., Martinez-Jimenez, Y. & Nowe, A. (2017). Q-Learning algorithm performance for m-machine, n-jobs flow shop scheduling problems to minimize makespan, Revista Investigacion Operacional. 38(3), 281-290.
[13] Dewi, Andriansyah, & Syahriza, (2019). Optimization of flow shop scheduling problem using classic algorithm: case study, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 506.
[14] Putatunda, K. (2001) Development of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) with simultaneous high yield strength and fracture toughness by a novel two-step austempering process. Material Science and Engineering A. 315, 70-80.
[15] Dayong Han, Hubei Key, Qiuhua Tang; Zikai Zhang; Jun Cao, (2020). Energy-efficient integration optimization of production scheduling and ladle dispatching in steelmaking plants. IEEE Access. 8, 176170-176187.
[16] Perzyk, M. (2017). The use of production data mining methods in the diagnosis of the causes of product defects and disruptions in the production process. Utrzymanie Ruchu. 4, 45-47. (in Polish).
[17] Perzyk, M., Dybowski, B. & Kozłowski, J. (2019). Introducing advanced data analytics in perspective of industry 4.0 in a die casting foundry. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(1), 53-57.
[18] Yescas, M. (2003). Prediction of the Vickers hardness in austempered ductile irons using neural networks. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 15(5), 513-521.
[19] Report on the contract no. U / 227/2014 implemented at the Foundry Research Institute. (in Polish).

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Chrzan

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Jaśkowiec

e-mail:

ORCID:

Z. Pirowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Żuczek

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Bitka

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Machulec

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopiańska Str., 30-418 Kraków, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

2 Flaw Detection of Cast-Steel Safety Parts in Automotive Application

K.C. Dizdar , H. Sahin , M. Ardicli , D. Dispinar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 13-17 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140211

Keywords: NDT Cast steel CT Porosity Leakage

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Abstract

Casting is the most economical way of producing parts for many industries ranging from automotive, aerospace to construction towards small appliances in many shares. One of the challenges is the achievement of defect-free cast parts. There are many ways to do this which starts with calculation and design of proper runner system with correct size and number of feeders. The first rule suggests starting with clean melt. Yet, rejected parts can still be found. Although depending on the requirement from the parts, some defects can be tolerated, but in critical applications, it is crucial that no defect should exist that would deteriorate the performance of the part. Several methods exist on the foundry floor to detect these defects. Functional safety criteria, for example, are a must for today's automotive industry. These are not compromised under any circumstances. In this study, based on the D-FMEA (Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) study of a functional safety criterion against fuel leakage, one 1.4308 cast steel function block, which brazed-on fuel rail port in fuel injection unit, was investigated. Porosity, buckling, inclusion and detection for leak were carried out by non-destructive test (NDT) methods. It was found that the best practice was the CT-Scan (Computed Tomography) for such applications.

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Bibliography

[1] Stefanescu, D.M. (2005). Computer simulation of shrinkage related defects in metal castings–a review. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 18(3), 129-143.
[2] Kweon, E.S., Roh, D.H., Kim, S.B. & Stefanescu, D.M. (2020). Computational modeling of shrinkage porosity formation in spheroidal graphite iron: a proof of concept and experimental validation. International Journal of Metalcasting. 14, 601-609.
[3] Campbell, J. (2015). Complete casting handbook: metal casting processes, metallurgy, techniques and design. Butterworth-Heinemann.
[4] Duckers, (2015). AISI Materials Content Analysis: Final Report.
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[7] Ushakov, V.M., Davydov, D.M. & Domozhirov, L.I. (2011). Detection and measurement of surface cracks by the ultrasonic method for evaluating fatigue failure of metals. Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing. 47(9), 631-641.
[8] Vazdirvanidis, A., Pantazopoulos, G. & Louvaris, A. (2009). Failure analysis of a hardened and tempered structural steel (42CrMo4) bar for automotive applications. Engineering Failure Analysis. 16(4), 1033-1038.
[9] Gupta, R.K., Ramkumar, P. & Ghosh, B.R. (2006). Investigation of internal cracks in aluminium alloy AA7075 forging. Engineering Failure Analysis. 13(1), 1-8.
[10] Smokvina Hanza S. & Dabo, D. (2017). Characterization of cast iron using ultrasonic testing, HDKBR INFO Mag. 7(1), 3-7.
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[12] Ziółkowski, G., Chlebus, E., Szymczyk, P. & Kurzac, J. (2014). Application of X-ray CT method for discontinuity and porosity detection in 316L stainless steel parts produced with SLM technology. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 14(4), 608-614.
[13] A. du Plessis, A., le Roux, S.G. & Guelpa, A. (2016). Comparison of medical and industrial X-ray computed tomography for non-destructive testing. Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation. 6(A), 17-25.
[14] Kurz, J.H., Jüngert, A., Dugan, S., Dobmann, G. & Boller, C. (2013). Reliability considerations of NDT by probability of detection (POD) determination using ultrasound phased array. Engineering Failure Analysis. 35, 609-617.
[15] Sika, R., Rogalewicz, M., Kroma, A. & Ignaszak, Z. (2020). Open atlas of defects as a supporting knowledge base for cast iron defects analysis. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 55-60.

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Authors and Affiliations

K.C. Dizdar

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Sahin

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Ardicli

D. Dispinar

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Bosch Powertrain Solutions, Bursa, Turkey
Foseco Non-Ferrous Metal Treatment, Netherlands

3 The Effect of Sulphur Content on the Microstructure of Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron

Marek Mróz , A.W. Orłowicz , M. Tupaj , M. Lenik , M. Kawiński , M.. Kawiński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 18-22 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140212

Keywords: Pig iron sulphur content Vermicular graphite cast iron Microstructure

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Abstract

The application of ferritic-matrix vermicular graphite cast iron in the production of fireplace fireboxes improves their thermal output, but the consumer market for these products prioritises their price. Given this consideration, this work concerns a comparison of the quality of vermicular graphite cast iron types produced from 0.025%S pig iron (a less expensive material) and 0.010%S pig iron (a more expensive material) in terms of the number and shape of vermicular graphite precipitates varying with the magnesium level in the alloy. It turned out that the vermicular graphite cast iron made with the 0.025%S pig iron demonstrated a slightly lower number of vermicular graphite precipitates. For both vermicular graphite cast iron melts, 0.028%Mg and 0.020%Mg in the alloys provided a vermicular graphite precipitate share of approx. 50% and 95%, respectively.

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Bibliography

[1] Mróz, M., Orłowicz, A.W., Tupaj, M., Lenik, M., Kawiński, M., Kawiński, M. Influence of microstructure and heat transfer surface on the thermal power of cast iron heat exchangers. Archives of Foundry Engineering. (in progres).
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[7] Żyrek, A. (2014). Manufacture of vermicular cast iron by the Inmould method with the use of magnesium mortars and evaluation of its resistance to thermal fatigue. PhD thesis AGH Kraków. (in Polish).
[8] Nodżak, G. (2002). Analysis of the possibilities produced in the foundry of WSK "PZL Rzeszów" S.A. castings of a high-power diesel engine head from vermicular cast iron. Master thesis, AGH Kraków. (in Polish).
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Mróz

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.W. Orłowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Tupaj

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Lenik

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kawiński

M.. Kawiński

Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Cast Iron Foundry KAWMET, ul. Krakowska 11, 37-716 Orły, Poland

4 Influence of the Interface of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites on the Mechanical Properties – a Review

Rong Li , Zhilin Pan , Qi. Zeng , Xiaoli Ye

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 23-36 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140213

Keywords: aluminum matrix composites carbon nanotubes bonding interface mechanical properties

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Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a good reinforcement for metal matrix composite materials; they can significantly improve the mechanical, wear-resistant, and heat-resistant properties of the materials. Due to the differences in the atomic structure and surface energy between CNTs and aluminum-based materials, the bonding interface effect that occurs when nanoscale CNTs are added to the aluminum alloy system as a reinforcement becomes more pronounced, and the bonding interface is important for the material mechanical performance. Firstly, a comparative analysis of the interface connection methods of four CNT-reinforced aluminum matrix composites is provided, and the combination mechanisms of various interface connection methods are explained. Secondly, the influence of several factors, including the preparation method and process as well as the state of the material, on the material bonding interface during the composite preparation process is analyzed. Furthermore, it is explained how the state of the bonding interface can be optimized by adopting appropriate technical and technological means. Through the study of the interface of CNT-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials, the influence of the interface on the overall performance of the composite material is determined, which provides directions and ideas for the preparation of future high-performance CNT-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rong Li

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ORCID:

Zhilin Pan

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ORCID:

Qi. Zeng

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ORCID:

Xiaoli Ye

School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Guizhou Normal University, Guyiang, Guizhou, China

5 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Aluminum Foams Manufactured by Investment Casting Method

A. Dmitruk , H. Kapłon , K. Naplocha

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 37-42 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140214

Keywords: mechanical properties Innovative foundry technologies and materials Metal foams Investment casting compressive strength

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Abstract

A method for the open-cell aluminum foams manufacturing by investment casting was presented. Among mechanical properties, compressive behaviour was investigated. The thermal performance of the fabricated foams used as heat transfer enhancers in the heat accumulator based on phase change material (paraffin) was studied during charging-discharging working cycles in terms of temperature distribution. The influence of the foam on the thermal conductivity of the system was examined, revealing a two-fold increase in comparison to the pure PCM. The proposed castings were subjected to cyclic stresses during PCM’s subsequent contraction and expansion, while any casting defects present in the structure may deteriorate their durability. The manufactured heat transfers enhancers were found suitable for up to several dozen of cycles. The applied solution helped to facilitate the heat transfer resulting in more homogeneous temperature distribution and reduction of the charging period’s duration.

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[20] Novak, N., Vesenjak, M., Duarte, I., Tanaka, S., Hokamoto, K., Krstulović-Opara, L., Guo, B., Chen, P., Ren, Z. (2019). Compressive behaviour of closed-cell aluminium foam at different strain rates. Materials. 12(24), 4108. DOI: 10.3390/MA12244108.
[21] Naplocha, K., Dmitruk, A., Mayer, P. & Kaczmar, J.W. (2019). Design of honeycomb structures produced by investment casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(4), 76-80. DOI: 10.24425/AFE.2019.129633.
[22] Zhou, J. & Soboyejo, W.O. (2004). Compression–compression fatigue of open cell aluminum foams: macro-/micro- mechanisms and the effects of heat treatment. Materials Science and Engineering A. 369(1-2), 23-35. DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2003.08.009.
[23] Jang, W.Y. & Kyriakides, S. (2009). On the crushing of aluminum open-cell foams: Part I. Experiments. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 46(3-4), 617-634. DOI: 10.1016/J.IJSOLSTR.2008.09.008.
[24] Krstulović-Opara, L., Vesenjak, M., Duarte, I., Ren, Z. & Domazet, Z. (2016). Infrared thermography as a method for energy absorption evaluation of metal foams. Materials Today: Proceedings. 3(4), 1025-1030. DOI: 10.1016/J.MATPR.2016.03.041.
[25] Naplocha, K., Koniuszewska, A., Lichota, J. & Kaczmar, J. W. (2016). Enhancement of heat transfer in PCM by vellular Zn-Al structure. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 91-94. DOI: 10.1515/AFE-2016-0090

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Dmitruk

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Kapłon

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Naplocha

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Lightweight Elements Engineering, Foundry and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland

6 Effect of Methyl Silicone Oil to Moisture Resistance of Sodium Silicate Sands by Microwave Hardening

Huafang Wang , Xiang Gao , Lei Yang , Wei He , Jijun Lu

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 43-47 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140215

Keywords: Sodium silicate sands Microwave hardening Methyl silicone oil Moisture absorption

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Abstract

The sodium silicate sands hardened by microwave have the advantages of high strength, fast hardening speed and low residual strength with the lower addition of sodium silicate. However, the sodium ion in the sands will absorb moisture from the atmosphere, which would lead to lower storing strength, so the protection of a bonding bridge of sodium silicate between the sands is crucial. Methyl silicone oil is a cheap hydrophobic industrial raw material. The influence of the addition amount of methyl silicone oil modifier on compressive strength and moisture absorption of sodium silicate sands was studied in this work. The microscopic analysis of modified before and after sodium silicate sands has been carried on employing scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy spectrum analysis(EDS). The results showed that the strength of modified sodium silicate sands was significantly higher than that of unmodified sodium silicate sands, and the best addition of methyl silicone oil in the quantity of sodium silicate was 15%. It was also found that the bonding bridge of modified sodium silicate sands was the density and the adhesive film was smooth, and the methyl silicone oil was completely covered on the surface of the sodium silicate bonding bridge to protect it.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Huafang Wang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Xiang Gao

Lei Yang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wei He

Jijun Lu

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China

7 Evaluation of Collapsibility of Selected Core Systems

T. Obzina , V. Merta , J. Rygel , P. Lichý , K. Drobíková

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 48-52 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140216

Keywords: Foundry Foundry cores De-coring Knocking-out Collapsibility

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Abstract

There are mainly two different ways of producing sand cores in the industry. The most used is the shooting moulding process. A mixture of sand and binder is injected by compressed air into a cavity (core), where it is then thermally or chemically cured. Another relatively new method of manufacturing cores is the use of 3D printing. The principle is based on the method of local curing of the sand bed. The ability to destroy sand cores after casting can be evaluated by means of tests that are carried out directly on the test core. In most cases, the core is thermally degraded and the mechanical properties before and after thermal exposure are measured. Another possible way to determine the collapsibility of core mixtures can be performed on test castings, where a specific casting is designed for different binder systems. The residual strength is measured by subsequent shake-out or knock-out tests. In this paper, attention will be paid to the collapsibility of core mixtures in aluminium castings.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Obzina

V. Merta

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Rygel

P. Lichý

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Drobíková

VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic

8 Scanning Electron Microscopy as a Tool for Castings Quality Analysis

J. Jezierski , M. Dojka , M. Stawarz , R. Dojka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 53-61 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140217

Keywords: Castings defects Castings quality Internal defects Bifilm Scanning Electron Microscopy

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Abstract

Nowadays, the best castings’ manufacturers have to meet very demanding requirements and specifications applicable to mechanical properties and other characteristics. To fulfill those requirements, more and more sophisticated methods are being used to analyze the internal quality of castings. In many cases, the commonly used Non-Destructive Methods, like X-ray or ultrasonic testing, are not enough to ensure precise and unequivocal evaluation. Especially, when the properties of the casting only slightly fail the specification and the reasons for such failures are very subtle, thus difficult to find without the modern techniques. The paper presents some aspects of such an approach with the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to analyze internal defects that can critically decrease the performance of castings. The paper presents the so-called bifilm defects in ductile and chromium cast iron, near-surface corrosion caused by sulfur, micro-shrinkage located under the risers, lustrous carbon precipitates, and other microstructure features. The method used to find them, the results of their analysis, and the possible causes of the defects are presented. The conclusions prove the SEM is now a powerful tool not only for scientists but it is more and more often present in the R&D departments of the foundries.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Jezierski

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Dojka

M. Stawarz

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Dojka

Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o.o., 1 Staszica, 47-420 Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland

9 The Use of Phosphate Binder for Ablation Casting of AlSi7Mg Modified TiB Alloy

S. Puzio , J. Kamińska , K. Major-Gabryś , M. Angrecki

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 62-68 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140218

Keywords: Ablation casting technology alumina Phosphate binder Self-hardening sands Inorganic binder

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Abstract

The possibilities of using an inorganic phosphate binder for the ablation casting technology are discussed in this paper. This kind of binder was selected for the process due to its inorganic character and water-solubility. Test castings were made in the sand mixture containing this binder. Each time during the pouring liquid alloy into the molds and solidification process of castings, the temperature in the mold was examined. Then the properties of the obtained castings were compared to the properties of the castings solidifying at ambient temperature in similar sand and metal molds. Post-process materials were also examined - quartz matrix and water. It has been demonstrated that ablation casting technology promotes refining of the microstructure, and thus upgrades the mechanical properties of castings (Rm was raised about approx. 20%). Properties of these castings are comparable to the castings poured in metal moulds. However, the post-process water does not meet the requirements of ecology, which significantly reduces the possibility of its cheap disposal.

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Bibliography

[1] Puzio, S., Kamińska, J., Angrecki, M. & Major-Gabryś, K. (2020). The Influence of Inorganic Binder Type on Properties of Self-Hardening Moulding Sands Intended for the Ablation Casting Process. Journal of Applied Materials Engineering. 60(4), 99-108.
[2] United States Patent No. US 7,159,642 B2.
[3] Dudek, P., Fajkiel, A., Reguła, T. & Bochenek, J. (2014). Research on the ablation casting technology of aluminum alloys. Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa, LIV(2). (in Polish).
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[9] Taghipourian, M., Mohammadalihab, M., Boutorabic, S. & Mirdamadic, S. (2016). The effect of waterjet beginning time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminium alloy during the ablation casting process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 238, 89-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.05.004
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[11] Bohlooli, V., Shabani Mahalli, M. & Boutorabi, S. (2013). Effect of ablation casting on microstructure and casting properties of A356 aluminium casting alloy. Acta Metallurgica Sininca (English letters). 26(1), 85-91.
[12] Grassi, J., Campbell, J. (2010). Ablation casting. A Technical paper, pp. 1-9.
[13] Jordon, L. (2011). Characterization of five different casting process on a common magnesium alloy. Inte Natl, Manuf. Sci. Eng. Conf. MSEC. Proceeding ASME.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Puzio

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Kamińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Major-Gabryś

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Angrecki

e-mail:

ORCID:

ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network - Foundry Research Institute, Zakopianska 73, 30-418 Cracow, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland

10 The Effect of the Return Material Implementation into the Production of Silumin Casts on Technological and Economic Indicators of Production Process

S. Gaspar , J. Majerník , A. Trytek , M. Podaril , Z. Benova

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1 | 69-76 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140219

Keywords: HPDC Product development Quality management Mechanical properties Castings defects

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Abstract

The production of high pressure die casts also brings difficulties regarding the processing of the waste material. It is mainly formed by runners, overflows and other foundry supplements used and, in the case of machines using the cold chamber, also the remainder from this chamber. As this material is often returned to the production process, we refer to it as return material. In the production process, it is therefore essential to deal with the proportion issue of return material against primary material that can be added to the melt to maintain the required cast properties. The submitted article monitors the quality properties of the alloy, selected mechanical properties of casts and porosity depending on the proportion of the return material in the melt. At the same time, the material savings are evaluated with regards to the amount of waste and the economic burden of the foundries. To monitor the above-mentioned factors, series of casts were produced from the seven melting process variants with a variable ratio of return to the primary material. The proportion ratio of return material in the primary alloy was adjusted from 100% of the primary alloy to 100% of the return material in the melting process. It has been proven that with the increasing proportion of the return material, the chemical composition of the melt changes, the mechanical properties of the alloy decrease and the porosity of the casts increases. Based on the results of the tests and analyzes, the optimal ratio of return and primary material in the melting process has been determined. Considering the prescribed quality of the alloy and mechanical properties, concerning the economic indicator of the savings, the ratio is set at 70:30 [%] in favor of the primary material.

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[5] Majerník, J., Podařil, M., Socha, L., Gryc, K. (2019). Implementation aspects of the remelting material in the production of high pressure die casts on the aluminum based alloys. In 28th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 22-24 May 2019 (pp. 1652-1657). Brno, Czech Republic: TANGER Ltd.
[6] Paško, J. & Gašpár, Š. (2014). Technological factors of die casting. Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag. ISBN: 978-3-942303-25-5.
[7] Capuzzi, S. & Timelli, G. (2018). Preparation and melting of scrap in aluminum recycling: A review. Metals. 8(4), 249. DOI: 10.3390/met8040249.
[8] Mwema F.M. et al. (2019). Wear characteristics of recycled cast Al-6Si-3Cu alloys. Tribology in Industry. 41(4), 613-621. DOI: 10.24874/ti.2019.41.04.13.
[9] Lazaro-Nebreda J., Patel, J.B., Chang, I.T.H., Stone, I.C., Fan Z. (2019). Solidification processing of scrap Al-alloys containing high levels of Fe. In Joint 5th International Conference on Advances in Solidification Processes, ICASP 2019 and 5th International Symposium on Cutting Edge of Computer Simulation of Solidification, Casting and Refining, CSSCR 2019, 17-21 June 2019 (Article number 012059). Salzburg: Institute of Physics Publishing. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/529/1/012059.
[10] Noga, P., Tuz, L., Żaba, K., & Zwoliński, A. (2021). Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of alsi11 after chip recycling, co-extrusion, and arc welding. Materials. 14(11), 3124. DOI: 10.3390/ma14113124.
[11] Bolibruchová, D. & Matejka, M. (2018). Analysis of microstructure changes for AlSi9Cu3 Alloy caused by remelting. Manufacturing Technology. 18(6), 883-888. DOI: 10.21062/ujep/195.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/6/883.
[12] Bjurenstedt, A., Seifeddine, S. & Jarfors, A.E.W. (2016). The effects of Fe-particles on the tensile properties of Al-Si-Cu alloys. Metals. 6(12), 314. DOI: 10.3390/met6120314.
[13] Fu, J., Yang, D. & Wang, K. (2018). Correlation between the liquid fraction, microstructure and tensile behaviors of 7075 aluminum alloy processed by recrystallization and partial remelting (RAP). Metals. 8(7), 508. DOI: 10.3390/met8070508.
[14] Krolo, J., Lela, B., Ljumović, P. & Bagavac, P. (2019). Enhanced mechanical properties of aluminium alloy EN AW 6082 recycled without remelting. Technicki Vjesnik. 26(5), 1253-1259. DOI: 10.17559/TV-20180212160950.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Gaspar

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Majerník

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Trytek

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Podaril

e-mail:

ORCID:

Z. Benova

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies of the Technical University of Košice with the seat in Prešov, Slovak Republic
Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
The Faculty of Mechanics and Technology in Stalowa Wola, Poland

Instructions for authors

Submission

To submit the article, please use the Editorial System provided here:

https://www.editorialsystem.com/afe

Papers submitted in any other way will not be accepted.

The Journal does not have submission charges.

The APC Article Processing Charge is 110 euros (500zł for Polish authors). In some cases, the APC is paid as a part of the scientific conference fee, for which the AFE journal is a supportive one. If not, it is payable after the acceptance of the final article by direct money transfer.

Bank account details:

Account holder: Stowarzyszenie Wychowankow Politechniki Slaskiej Kolo Odlewnikow
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Instructions for the preparation of an Archives of Foundry Engineering Paper

Publication Ethics Policy

Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

Duties of Editors
1. Monitoring the ethical standards: Editorial Board monitors the ethical standards of the submitted manuscripts and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices.
2. Fair play: Submitted manuscripts are evaluated for their scientific content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship, political ideology or any other issues that is a personal or human right.
3. Publication decisions: The Editor in Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject the article is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal and is made after the review process.
4. Confidentiality: The Editor in Chief and the members of the Editorial Board t ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential during the review process. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the publishing process i.e., authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
5. Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the Editor and the Editorial Board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.
6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure

Review Procedure

The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.

The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject

5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors

Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject

The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland