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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Description

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications (IJET, eISSN 2300-1933, untill 2013 also print ISSN 2081-8491) is a periodical of Electronics and Telecommunications Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences and it is published by Warsaw Science Publishers of PAS. It continues tradition of the Electronics and Telecommunications Quarterly (ISSN 0867-6747) established in 1955 as the Rozprawy Elektrotechniczne. The IJET is a scientific periodical where papers present the results of original, theoretical, experimental and reviewed works. They consider widely recognized aspects of modern electronics, telecommunications, microelectronics, optoelectronics, radioelectronics and medical electronics.

The authors are outstanding scientists, well‐known experienced specialists as well as young researchers – mainly candidates for a doctor's degree. The papers present original approaches to problems, interesting research results, critical estimation of theories and methods, discuss current state or progress in a given branch of technology and describe development prospects. All the papers published in IJET are reviewed by international specialists who ensure that the publications are recognized as author's scientific output.

The printed periodical is distributed among all those who deal with electronics and telecommunications in national scientific centers as well as in numeral foreign institutions, and it is subscribed by many specialists and libraries. Its electronic version is available at http://ijet.pl.

The papers received are published within half a year if the cooperation between author and the editorial staff is efficient. The papers may be submitted to the editorial office by the journal web page http://ijet.pl.


Journal Metrics:

IMPACT FACTOR 2023: 0.5

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2023: 1.5

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.200

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.364

Citation Indicator (JCI): 0.15

ISSN
eISSN 2300-1933 (since 2013), ISSN 2081-8491 (until 2012)
Publishers
Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications

Editor-in-Chief
Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Managing Editor
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Editors
Grzegorz Borowik, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland
Maciej Linczuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Secretary in-Charge
Danuta Ojrzenska-Wojter, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland

Administrative Assistant
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Secretary
Michał Ramotowski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland


Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Victor-Valeriu Patriciu, Director Doctoral School of Electronics, Informatics and Communications for Defense and Security, Military Technical Academy Bucharest, Romania, Romania

Prof. Bart Scheers, Royal Military Academy, Belgium

Dr. Eli Winjum, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway

Wladyslaw Skarbek, Warsaw University of Technology, IRE, Poland

Christian Napoli, University of Catania, Italy

Rosario Giunta, University of Catania, Italy

Christopher Chiu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Prof. Emiliano Tramontana, University of Catania, Italy

Prof Robin Braun, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Dr David Davis, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

dr Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde, UK, United Kingdom

Grzegorz Chmaj, University of Nevada, United States

Giuseppe Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy

Michael Affenzeller, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria

Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos, Laboratory of Hearing Science Audiology Dept., University of Ferrara, Italy, Italy

Prof Nikita M Ryskin, Saratov State University, Russian Federation

Prof. Adam Wolisz, Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Telecommunication Networks

Prof. Edmundo Monteiro, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica Universidade de Coimbra Portugal, Portugal

Prof. Zoubir Mammeri, IRIT, Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 FRANCE, France

Dr Paul D Polishuk, IGI, Boston, MA, USA

Giuseppe Macchiarella, Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Italy

Prof. Bernd Steinbach, Bergakademie Freiberg Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik Institut, Germany

Jan Szmidt, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zenon Chaczko, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Józef Modelski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Wiesław Woliński, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Ryszard Klempous, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Radomir Stanković, University of Niš, Serbia

Javier Poncela, University of Malaga, Spain

Marek Turowski, CFD Research Corporation, United States

Dawid Zydek, NV Energy, United States

Wojciech Szpankowski, Purdue University, United States

Jacek Żurada, University of Louisville, United States

Tadeusz Luba, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Stefan Hahn, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Gilbert De Mey, Ghent University, Belgium

Svetlana Yanushkevich, University of Calgary, Canada

Viktor Krozer, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Adam Morawiec, European Electronic Chips & Systems Design Initiative, France

Herman Rohling, Technical University of Hamburg, Germany

Franco Davoli, University of Genowa, Italy

Michał Mrozowski, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland

Włodzimierz Janke, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland

Principal Contact
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
Professor
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, room 217, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw 00-665, Poland
Phone: +48222345110
Fax: +48228252300
Email: ryszard.romaniuk@pw.edu.pl

Support Contact
Danuta Bartosiewicz
Email: danuta.bartosiewicz@pw.edu.pl

 

 

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.


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Content

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1

1 Implementation of auto failover on SD-WAN technology with BGP routing method on Fortigate routers at XYZ company
Lukman Medriavin Silalahi , Vahira Amaada , Setiyo Budiyanto , Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak , Agus Dendi Rochendi
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 5-11 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149540
Keywords: BGP SD-WAN IP-VPN QoS Fail Over ISPs
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Abstract

The current technological development is SD-WAN (Software-Defined Wide Area Network) which provides highperformance access for users located far from the head office so as to allow faster network connections and has been facilitated automation techniques for branch offices. This research solves the problem of XYZ company because it is known that the company requires network connectivity with a high SLA (Service Level Agreement) and no downtime in the information exchange process. This research hypothesis assumes that using SD-WAN would be ideal and the problems with XYZ company were resolved. The purpose of this research is the implementation of a WAN network using SD-WAN technology against two ISPs on the FortiGate router, as well as testing QoS (Quality of Service) that has been configured using the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) routing method. This research plan consists of ISP-A using IP-VPN (Internet Protocol-Virtual Private Network) and ISP-B using broadband Internet. The test scenario was carried out using 3 methods, namely Full Service Scenario, Fail Over Scenario-1 when the IP VPN service is down and Fail Over Scenario-2 when the broadband Internet service is down. The final results of the research have obtained "Satisfactory" results for both services, including the average index on ISP-A and ISP-B of 3.7.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lukman Medriavin Silalahi
1
Vahira Amaada
2
Setiyo Budiyanto
1
Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak
1
Agus Dendi Rochendi
1 3
  1. Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia
  2. PT Aplikanusa Lintasarta Indonesia, Indonesia
  3. Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional RepublikIndonesia, Indonesia
2 Evaluation of popular path planning algorithms
Mehmet Kara
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 13–22 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2023.147699
Keywords: mobile robots navigation algorithms evaluation robotics
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Abstract

The navigation of mobile robots is a key element of autonomous systems, which allows robots to move effectively and securely in changing environments with greater autonomy and precision. This study aims to provide researchers with a comprehensive guide for selecting the best path-planning methods for their particular projects. We evaluate some popular algorithms that are regularly used in mobile robot navigation, in order to demonstrate their specifications and determine where they are most effective. For example, one algorithm is used to model the problem as a standard graph, and another algorithm is found to be the most suitable for highly dynamic and highly dimensional environments, due to its robust path-planning capabilities and efficient route construction. We also filter high-performance algorithms in terms of computational complexity, accuracy, and robustness. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on its individual strengths and weaknesses, helping robotics and engineers make informed decisions when selecting the most appropriate algorithm for their specific applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mehmet Kara
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
3 Comparison of power consumption in pipelined implementations of the BLAKE3 cipher in FPGA devices
Jarosław Sugier
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 23-30 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2023.147710
Keywords: cryptographic hash function KECCAK SHA-3 dynamic dissipated power
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Abstract

This article analyzes the dynamic power losses generated by various hardware implementations of the BLAKE3 hash function. Estimations of the parameters were based on the results of post-route simulations of designs implemented in Xilinx Spartan-7 FPGAs. The algorithm was tested in various hardware organizations: based on a standard iterative architecture with one round instance in the programmable array, various derived versions with pipeline processing were elaborated, which ultimately led to a set of 6 architectural variants of the cipher, from the iterative case (without pipeline) to one with maximum of 6 pipeline stages. Moreover, the results obtained for the iterative architecture were compared with analogous implementations of the BLAKE2 (direct predecessor) and KECCAK (the foundation of the current SHA-3 standard) algorithms. This case study illustrates the differences (or lack thereof) in the power requirements of these three hash functions when they are implemented on an FPGA platform, and illustrate the significant savings that can be achieved by introducing pipeline to the processing of the BLAKE round.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Sugier
1
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland, Faculty of Information and Telecommunication Technology, Department of Computer Engineering, Poland
4 Examining the possibility of short-term prediction of traffic volume in smart city control systems with the use of regression models
Peweł Dymora , Mirosław Mazurek , Maksymilian Jucha
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 31-38 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2023.147711
Keywords: Smart City traffic flow prediction regression polynomial-trigonometric model trigonometric model RandomForest model
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Abstract

This article deals with issues related to the optimization of traffic management in modern cities, the so-called Smart City. In particular, the article presents the process of evolution of the traffic flow prediction model at a selected crossroads in a selected city in Poland - the city of Rzeszów. Rzeszow is an example of a smart city equipped with an extensive system of real-time data collection and processing from multiple road points in the city. The research was aimed at a detailed analysis of the feasibility and degree of fit of different variants of the regression model: linear, polynomial, trigonometric, polynomial-trigonometric, and regression-based Random Forest algorithm. Several studies were carried out evaluating different generations of models, in particular, an analysis was carried out based on which the superiority of the trigonometric model was demonstrated. This model had the best fit and the lowest error rate, which could be a good conclusion for widespread use and implementation in Smart City supervisory systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Peweł Dymora
1
Mirosław Mazurek
1
Maksymilian Jucha
2
  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
  2. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Applied Physics
5 Dependability model of automated intelligent regenerative life support system for space missions
Igor Kabashkin , Sergey Glukhikh
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 39-44 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149512
Keywords: life support system dependability automation modelling Petri net
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Abstract

Long-duration human space missions require intelligent regenerative life support systems that can recycle resources and automatically manage failures. This paper explores using Petri nets to model the reliability and complex interactions of such closed-loop systems. An architecture consisting of primary systems, backups, and consumable reserves is outlined. The automation system that controls everything is described. Petri nets can capture concurrency, failure modes, redundancy, and dynamic behavior. A modular modeling methodology is presented to develop hierarchical Petri net models that scale in fidelity. Elementary fragments represent failures and redundancy. Subsystem modules can be substituted for more detailed models. Analysis and simulation assess system reliability and failure response. This supports designing ultra-reliable systems to safely sustain human life in space.
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Authors and Affiliations

Igor Kabashkin
1
Sergey Glukhikh
1
  1. Transport andTelecommunication Institute, Latvia
6 Smart non-destractive test of a concrete wall using a hammer
Atsushi Ito , Masafumi Koike , Katsuhiko Hibino
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 45–50 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149513
Keywords: hammering test non-destructive testing neural network transfer learning
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Abstract

Large concrete structures such as buildings, bridges, and tunnels are aging. In Japan and many other countries, those built during economic reconstruction after World War II are about 60 to 70 years old, and flacking and other problems are becoming more noticeable. Periodic inspections were made mandatory by government and ministerial ordinance during the 2013-2014 fiscal year, and inspections based on the new standards have just begun. There are various methods to check the soundness of concrete, but the hammering test is widely used because it does not require special equipment. However, long experience is required to master the hammering test. Therefore, mechanization is desired. Although the difference between the sound of a defective part and a normal part is very small, we have shown that neural network is useful in our research. To use this technology in the actual field, it is necessary to meet the forms of concrete structures in various conditions. For example, flacking in concrete exists at various depths, and it is impossible to learn about flacking in all cases. This paper presents the results of a study of the possibility of finding flacking at different depths with a single inspection learning model and an idea to increase the accuracy of a learning model when we use a rolling hammer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Atsushi Ito
1
ORCID: ORCID
Masafumi Koike
2
Katsuhiko Hibino
3
  1. Faculty of Economics, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
  2. Department of Engineering, Utsunomiya University,Tochigi, Japan
  3. Port Denshi Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
7 The system of headlights operation recognition using the digital twin method
Aleksander Dawid , Paweł Buchwald
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 51-58 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149514
Keywords: digital twin road safety headlamps operation detection lighting model Unity 3D YOLOv7
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Abstract

Virtual digital representation of a physical object or system, created with precision through computer simulations, data analysis, and various digital technologies can be used as training set for real life situations. The principal aim behind creating a virtual representation is to furnish a dynamic, data-fueled, and digital doppelgänger of the physical asset. This digital counterpart serves multifaceted purposes, including the optimization of performance, the continuous monitoring of its well-being, and the augmentation of informed decision-making processes. Main advantage of employing a digital twin is its capacity to facilitate experimentation and assessment of diverse scenarios and conditions, all without impinging upon the actual physical entity. This capability translates into substantial cost savings and superior outcomes, as it allows for the early identification and mitigation of issues before they escalate into significant problems in the tangible world. Within our research endeavors, we've meticulously constructed a digital twin utilizing the Unity3D software. This digital replica faithfully mimics vehicles, complete with functioning headlamp toggles. Our lighting system employs polygons and normal vectors, strategically harnessed to generate an array of dispersed and reflected light effects. To ensure realism, we've meticulously prepared the scene to emulate authentic road conditions. For validation and testing, we integrated our model with the YOLO (You Only Look Once) neural network. A specifically trained compact YOLO model demonstrated impressive capabilities by accurately discerning the status of real vehicle headlamps. On average, it achieved an impressive recognition probability of 80%, affirming the robustness of our digital twin.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Dawid
1
Paweł Buchwald
1
  1. WSB University, Department of Transport and Computer Science, Poland
8 Optimization of a task schedule for teams with members having various skills
Marek Bazan , Czesław Smutnicki , Maciej E. Marchwiany
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 59–69 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149515
Keywords: unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem task scheduling for corporation teams genetic algorithms tabu search branch and bound
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Abstract

We consider the real-life problem of planning tasks for teams in a corporation, in conditions of some restrictions. The problem takes into account various constraints, such as for instance flexible working hours, common meeting periods, time set aside for self-learning, lunchtimes and periodic performance of tasks. Additionally, only a part of the team may participate in meetings, and each team member may have their own periodic tasks such as self-development. We propose an algorithm that is an extension of the algorithm dedicated for scheduling on parallel unrelated processors with the makespan criterion. Our approach assumes that each task can be defined by a subset of employees or an entire team. However, each worker is of a different efficiency, so task completion times may differ. Moreover, the tasks are prioritized. The problem is NP-hard. Numerical experiments cover benchmarks with 10 instances of 100 tasks assigned to a 5-person team. For all instances, various algorithms such as branch-and-bound, genetic and tabu search have been tested.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Bazan
1 2
Czesław Smutnicki
1
Maciej E. Marchwiany
2
  1. Wroclaw University of Scienceand Technology, Department of Computer Engineering, Wrocław, Poland
  2. JT Weston sp. z o.o. Warszawa, Poland
9 Sofcomputing approach to melody generation based on harmonic analysis
Jarosław Mazurkiewicz
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 71-78 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149516
Keywords: music generation harmonic wave analysis ANN musical improviser
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Abstract

This work aims to create an ANN-based system for a musical improviser. An artificial improviser of "hearing" music will create a melody. The data supplied to the improviser is MIDItype musical data. This is the harmonic-rhythmic course, the background for improvisation, and the previously made melody notes. The harmonic run is fed into the system as the currently ongoing chord and the time to the next chord, while the supplied few dozen notes performed earlier will indirectly carry information about the entire run and the musical context and style. Improvisation training is carried out to check ANN as a correctlooking musical improvisation device. The improviser generates several hundred notes to be substituted for a looped rhythmicharmonic waveform and examined for quality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Mazurkiewicz
1
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Department of Computer Engineering
10 Deep learning in the classification and recognition of cardiac activity patterns
Łukasz Jeleń , Piotr Ciskowski , Konrad Kluwak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 79–85 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149517
Keywords: ECG signal deep learning arrhythmia signal processing ECG classification
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Abstract

Electrocardiography is an examination performed frequently in patients experiencing symptoms of heart disease. Upon a detailed analysis, it has shown potential to detect and identify various activities. In this article, we present a deep learning approach that can be used to analyze ECG signals. Our research shows promising results in recognizing activity and disease patterns with nearly 90% accuracy. In this paper, we present the early results of our analysis, indicating the potential of using deep learning algorithms in the analysis of both onedimensional and two–dimensional data. The methodology we present can be utilized for ECG data classification and can be extended to wearable devices. Conclusions of our study pave the way for exploring live data analysis through wearable devices in order to not only predict specific cardiac conditions, but also a possibility of using them in alternative and augmented communication frameworks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Jeleń
1
Piotr Ciskowski
1
Konrad Kluwak
2
  1. Department of Computer Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
  2. Department of Control Systems and Mechatronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
11 Architecture optimization techniques for Convolutional Neural Networks: further experiments and insights
Artur Sobolewski , Kamil Szyc
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 87–94 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149518
Keywords: Model Compression Convolutional Neural Network computer vision
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Abstract

In this paper, we have researched implementing convolutional neural network (CNN) models for devices with limited resources, such as smartphones and embedded computers. To optimize the number of parameters of these models, we studied various popular methods that would allow them to operate more efficiently. Specifically, our research focused on the ResNet-101 and VGG-19 architectures, which we modified using techniques specific to model optimization. We aimed to determine which approach would work best for particular requirements for a maximum accepted accuracy drop. Our contribution lies in the comprehensive ablation study, which presents the impact of different approaches on the final results, specifically in terms of reducing model parameters, FLOPS, and the potential decline in accuracy. We explored the feasibility of implementing architecture compression methods that can influence the model’s structure. Additionally, we delved into post-training methods, such as pruning and quantization, at various model sparsity levels. This study builds upon our prior research [1] to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter at hand.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Sobolewski
1
Kamil Szyc
1
  1. Wrocław University of Scienceand Technology, Wrocław, Poland
12 Direct Tensor Voting in line segmentation of handwritten documents
Tomasz Babczyński , Roman Ptak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 95–102 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149519
Keywords: document image analysis off-line cursive scriptre cognition reliability of handwriting processing handwritten text line segmentation Tensor Voting ICDAR09 competition
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Abstract

In the vast archives and libraries of the world, countless historical documents are tucked away, often difficult to access. Thankfully, the digitization process has made it easier to view these invaluable records. However, simply digitizing them is not enough – the real challenge lies in making them searchable and computer-readable. Many of these documents were handwritten, which means they need to undergo handwriting recognition. The first step in this process is to divide the document into lines. This article introduces a solution to this problem using tensor voting. The algorithm starts by conducting voting on the binary image itself. Then, using the local maxima found in the resulting tensor field, the lines of text are precisely tracked and labeled. To ensure its effectiveness, the algorithm’s performance was tested on the data-set delivered by the organizers of the ICDAR 2009 competition and evaluated using the criteria from this contest.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Babczyński
1
Roman Ptak
1
  1. Department of Computer Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
13 Selection of clusters based on internal indices in multi-clustering collaborative filtering recommender system
Urszula Kużelewska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 103–114 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149520
Keywords: multi-clustering collaborative filtering evaluation of clustering schemes
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Abstract

The successful application of a multi-clusteringbased neighborhood approach to recommender systems has led to increased recommendation accuracy and the elimination of divergence related to differences in clustering methods traditionally used. The Multi-Clustering Collaborative Filtering algorithm was developed to achieve this, as described in the author’s previous papers. However, utilizing multiple clusters poses challenges regarding memory consumption and scalability. Not all partitionings are equally advantageous, making selecting clusters for the recommender system’s input crucial without compromising recommendation accuracy. This article presents a solution for selecting clustering schemes based on internal indices evaluation. This method can be employed for preparing input data in collaborative filtering recommender systems. The study’s results confirm the positive impact of scheme selection on the overall recommendation performance, as it typically improves after the selection process. Furthermore, a smaller number of clustering schemes used as input for the recommender system enhances scalability and reduces memory consumption. The findings are compared with baseline recommenders’ outcomes to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Kużelewska
1
  1. Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok Uni-versity of Technology, Wiejska 45a, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
14 Association of Polish Electrical Engineers and the Chamber of Licensed Experts
Maria Zastawny , Andrzej Skorupski , Ryszard S. Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 115-122 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149521
Keywords: licensed expertises in electrical engineering industrial expertices chamber of engineering experts
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Abstract

At the beginning of the year 2024, 65 years will have passed since the establishment of the Chamber of Experts of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP). During this period, SEP underwent significant changes. Particularly serious changes in the conditions for practicing association expertises have occurred in recent years, along with dynamic economic and political changes in Poland. Expertise is strongly based on economic conditions and the ways in which scientific, technical and industrial competences are expanded and available in the society. In the past, these highest competencies were quite strictly limited to well-organized professional communities related to scientific and technical associations such as SEP, and federal bodies such as NOT. Competencies were also generated in the best industrial centres associated with academic polytechnic centres. Today the role of expertises in electrical, electronics and ICT engineering is undergoing significant changes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Zastawny
1
Andrzej Skorupski
2
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
2
  1. SEP
  2. WUT, Poland
15 Virtuality engineering in esports
Andrzej Białecki , Jan Gajewski , Ryszard Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 123–134 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149522
Keywords: esports enhanced and virtual realities AR VR gaming human-computer interaction
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Abstract

Traditional sports and esports benefit from the development of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including gaming, 4D image/video processing, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), big data, high-performance computing (HPC), and cloud computing. On the fuzzy border between the areas of physical and modified reality, both types of sports can coexist. The hardware layer of esports includes PC, consoles, smartphones, and peripherals used to interface with computers, including sensors and feedback devices. The IT layer of esports includes algorithms required in the development of games, online platforms, and virtual reality. The esports community includes amateur and professional players, spectators, esports organizers, sponsors, and other stakeholders. Esports and gaming research spans throughout law (intellectual rights, insurance, safety, and age restrictions), administration (teams, clubs, organizations, league regulations, and tournaments) biology (medicine, psychology, addiction, training and education) Olympic and non- Olympic disciplines, ethical issues, game producers, finance, gambling, data acquisition and analysis. Our article aims to presents selected research issues of esports in the ICT virtualization layer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Białecki
1
Jan Gajewski
2
Ryszard Romaniuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology
  2. Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education
16 Adding parallelism to sequential programs – a combined method
Wiktor B. Daszczuk , Denny B. Czejdo , Wociech Grześkowiak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 135-144 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149523
Keywords: programming languages algorithms concurrency parallelism parallel programming
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Abstract

The article outlines a contemporary method for creating software for multi-processor computers. It describes the identification of parallelizable sequential code structures. Three structures were found and then carefully examined. The algorithms used to determine whether or not certain parts of code may be parallelized result from static analysis. The techniques demonstrate how, if possible, existing sequential structures might be transformed into parallel-running programs. A dynamic evaluation is also a part of our process, and it can be used to assess the efficiency of the parallel programs that are developed. As a tool for sequential programs, the algorithms have been implemented in C#. All proposed methods were discussed using a common benchmark.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiktor B. Daszczuk
1
Denny B. Czejdo
2
Wociech Grześkowiak
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Instituteof Computer Science, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Fayetteville State University, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fayetteville, USA
17 Authorial approach to the detection of selected psychological traits based on handwritten texts
Marek Woda , Grzegorz Oliwa
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 145-152 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149524
Keywords: prediction handwritten texts personality traits machine learning neural networks
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Abstract

The study sought to use computer techniques to detect selected psychological traits based on the nature of the writing and to evaluate the effectiveness of the resulting software. Digital image processing and deep neural networks were used. The work is complex and multidimensional in nature, and the authors wanted to demonstrate the feasibility of such a topic using image processing techniques and neural networks and machine learning. The main studies that allowed the attribution of psychological traits were based on two models known from the literature, KAMR and DA. The evaluation algorithms that were implemented allowed the evaluation of the subjects and the assignment of psychological traits to them. The DA model turned out to be more effective than the KAMR model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Woda
1
Grzegorz Oliwa
  1. Department of Computer Engineering, WroclawUniversity of Technology, Poland
18 Implementation of language models within an infrastructure designed for Natural Language Processing
Bartosz Walkowiak , Tomasz Walkowiak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 153–159 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149525
Keywords: language model deployment quantization Llama-2 E5 model ONNX llama.cpp CLARIN-PL
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Abstract

This paper explores cost-effective alternatives for resource-constrained environments in the context of language models by investigating methods such as quantization and CPUbased model implementations. The study addresses the computational efficiency of language models during inference and the development of infrastructure for text document processing. The paper discusses related technologies, the CLARIN-PL infrastructure architecture, and implementations of small and large language models. The emphasis is on model formats, data precision, and runtime environments (GPU and CPU). It identifies optimal solutions through extensive experimentation. In addition, the paper advocates for a more comprehensive performance evaluation approach. Instead of reporting only average token throughput, it suggests considering the curve’s shape, which can vary from constant to monotonically increasing or decreasing functions. Evaluating token throughput at various curve points, especially for different output token counts, provides a more informative perspective.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Walkowiak
1
Tomasz Walkowiak
1
  1. Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
19 Comparison of openEHR open-source servers
Jacek Kryszyn , Waldemar T. Smolik , Damian Wanta , Przemysław Wróblewski , Mateusz Midura
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 161-167 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149526
Keywords: medical information systems electronic health record openEHR
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Abstract

Medical information systems could benefit from electronic health records management using openEHR. On the other hand, such a standard adds an additional software layer to the system, which might impact performance. In this article, we present an in-depth comparison of open-source openEHR servers and propose tools for testing them. Load tests for selected opensource servers were prepared using Apache JMeter. Statistics of elapsed time of requests and throughput of each solution were calculated. Results show that open-source openEHR servers significantly differ in performance and stability and prove that load testing should be a crucial part of a development process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Kryszyn
1
Waldemar T. Smolik
1
Damian Wanta
1
Przemysław Wróblewski
1
Mateusz Midura
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology
20 Individual emission assessment of harmonics in DSO environment
Szymon Barczentewicz , Tomasz Rodziewicz , Andrzej Bień , Andrzej Firlit
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 169-174 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149527
Keywords: individual emission assessment voltage harmonics voltage fluctuations
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Abstract

The paper presents the propagation assessment and power quality parameters improvement system in power distribution grid. In this work main functionalities of the system are described focusing on the individual assessment module. The module is using CIRED/CIGRE C4.109 method which is based on the 10-minutes aggregated data. Three cases of individual emission assessment using real measurement data in the distribution system operator environment ware analyzed. The obtained results confirmed the legitimacy of using 10-minute data to assess the emissions of harmonics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Barczentewicz
1
Tomasz Rodziewicz
2
Andrzej Bień
1
Andrzej Firlit
1
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
  2. TAURON Dystrybucja S.A., Poland
21 IR detection module with integrated real-time FIR filter implemented in FPGA
Krzysztof Achtenberg , Janusz Mikołajczyk , Zbigniew Bielecki
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 175-182 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149528
Keywords: IR detectors FIR FPGA DSP noise filtering
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Abstract

Infrared detectors are usually characterized by 1/f noise when operating with biasing. This type of noise significantly reduces detection capabilities for low-level and slow signals. There are a few methods to reduce the influence of 1/f noise, like filtering or chopper stabilization with lock-in. Using the first one, a simple 1st-order analog low-pass filter built-in amplifier usually cuts off 1/f noise fluctuations at low frequencies. In comparison, the stabilization technique modulates the signal transposing to a higher frequency with no 1/f noise and then demodulates it back (lock-in amplifiers). However, the flexible tuned device, which can work precisely at low frequencies, is especially desirable in some applications, e.g., optical spectroscopy or interferometry. The paper describes a proof-of-concept of an IR detection module with an adjustable digital filter taking advantage of finite impulse response type. It is based on the high-resolution analog-to-digital converter, field-programmable gate array, and digital-to-analog converter. A microcontroller with an implemented user interface ensures control of such a prepared filtering path. The module is a separate component with the possibility of customization and can be used in experiments or applications in which the reduction of noises and unexpected interferences is needed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Achtenberg
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Mikołajczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Bielecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
22 Revision of the formula describing the spectrum of output signals at A/D converters
Andrzej Borys
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 183-190 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149529
Keywords: Modelling of output signals of A/D converters forcalculation of their spectra and a corrected formula forperforming this task
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Abstract

This paper crowns efforts, made by its author, aiming in showing and proving that the current formula for calculation of the spectra of output signals at A/D converters requires a correcting factor in it. A number of partial results obtained and published in the last years are referred to here. They paved the way to a fully satisfactory and correct result; it is presented in this work. The corrected formula for spectrum calculation is derived using a description of the output signal of an A/D converter by means of the so-called Dirac comb, however not in a direct form, but with taking into account physical reality. In addition, the paper contains a number of interpretative remarks, comments, and explanations - clarifying those matters that have so far been omitted in analyses of the sampling process, despite the fact that they raised various types of doubts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Borys
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Marine Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
23 Optimization of computer ontologies for e-courses in information and communication technologies
Nazym Sabitova , Yuriy Tikhonov , Valerii Lakhno , Makulov Kariyrbek , Olena Kryvoruchko , Vitalyi Chubaievskyi , Alona Desiatko , Mereke Zhumadilova
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 191-197 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149530
Keywords: electronic courses electronic textbooks computer ontologies graph matrix description subject area genetic algorithm
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Abstract

A methodology is proposed for modifying computer ontologies (CO) for electronic courses (EC) in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT) for universities, schools, extracurricular institutions, as well as for the professional retraining of specialists. The methodology includes the modification of CO by representing the formal ontograph of CO in the form of a graph and using techniques for working with the graph to find optimal paths on the graph using applied software (SW). A genetic algorithm (GA) is involved in the search for the optimal CO. This will lead to the division of the ontograph into branches and the ability to calculate the best trajectory in a certain sense through the EC educational material, taking into account the syllabus. An example is considered for the ICT course syllabus in terms of a specific topic covering the design and use of databases. It is concluded that for the full implementation of this methodology, a tool is needed that automates this procedure for developing EC and/or electronic textbooks. An algorithm and a prototype of software tools are also proposed, integrating machine methods of working with CO and graphs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nazym Sabitova
1
Yuriy Tikhonov
2
Valerii Lakhno
3
Makulov Kariyrbek
4
Olena Kryvoruchko
5
Vitalyi Chubaievskyi
5
Alona Desiatko
5
Mereke Zhumadilova
4
  1. Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  2. Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Poltava, Ukraine
  3. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  4. Yessenov University, Aktau, Kazakhstan
  5. State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
24 Doctoral Theses in the Digital Age – ICT use by Social Sciences PhD Students of The Maria Grzegorzewska University
Miłosz W. Romaniuk , Aneta Szarfenberg , Izabela Pawłowska , Katarzyna Choszczyk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 199-204 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149531
Keywords: ICT social sciences PhD students higher education digital competencies education and support for researchers technology and researcher’s skills balance
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Abstract

The article is a result of a complementary advanced publication workshop accompanying the curriculum course exercises for PhD students, on the role of ICT in the research work of a scientist. To fulfill the extended course requirements the participants decided to write relevant paper, if possible, related to their individual research endeavors and their relations to the digital world. The paper consists of a collection of short chapters written by young researchers. They express their own views, based on early research experience, relevant generally to the inclusion of critical digital age components in their theses. The chapters are only moderately consulted by the tutor in the direction of finding a common denominator related to social sciences.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miłosz W. Romaniuk
1
Aneta Szarfenberg
1
Izabela Pawłowska
1
Katarzyna Choszczyk
1
  1. The Maria Grzegorzewska University (APS), Warsaw, Poland
25 Method of assessing the information reliability of in 5G wireless transmission systems
Vladyslav Vasylenko , Serhii Zaitsev , Yuliia Tkach , Oleksandr Korchenko , Ruslana Ziubina , Olga Veselska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 205-210 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149532
Keywords: logarithmic ratio of the likelihood function turbo codes LDPC-codes
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Abstract

The article proposes a method of assessing information transmission reliability by using the output normalized logarithmic ratio of the likelihood function (LRLF) of the decoder. Based on the evaluation, the method allows adapting system parameters with turbo codes (TC) or LDPC code. This method can be used in combination with other methods of parametric and structural adaptation using turbo codes or LDPC codes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vladyslav Vasylenko
1
Serhii Zaitsev
2
Yuliia Tkach
3
Oleksandr Korchenko
4
Ruslana Ziubina
5
Olga Veselska
5
  1. Institute of Telecommunications and Global Information Space of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. University of Technology, Kielce, Poland
  3. Chernihiv Polytechnic National University, Chernihiv, Ukraine
  4. Department of Information Technology Security of National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine
  5. Department of Computer Science and Automatics of the University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
26 Multi-fragmental and multi-phase availability models of the safety-critical I&C systems with two-cascade redundancy
Vyacheslav Kharchenko , Yuriy Ponochovnyi , Ievgen Babeshko
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 211-218 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149533
Keywords: safety availability reliability I&C modeling multi-fragmental models multi-phase models
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Abstract

Traditional availability, reliability, and safety models face the dimension problem due to a huge number of components in modern systems, motivating further research in this field. This paper focuses on multi-fragmental and multiphase models for availability and functional safety assessment of the information and control (I&C) systems with two-cascade redundancy considering design faults manifestation during operation. The methodology of the research is based on Markov and semi-Markov chains with the utilization of multi-phase modeling. Several multi-phase models are developed and investigated considering different conditions of operation and failures caused by version faults. The case study of the research is based on the analysis of safety-critical nuclear power plant I&C systems such as the reactor trip systems developed using the programmable platform RadICS.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vyacheslav Kharchenko
1
Yuriy Ponochovnyi
2
Ievgen Babeshko
3 4
  1. National Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute”
  2. Poltava State Agrarian University
  3. National Aerospace University “KharkivAviation Institute”
  4. Istituto diScienza e Tecnologie dell’Informazione Alessandro Faedo-CNR
27 Low-cost ANS encoder for lossless data compression in FPGAs
Magdalena Pastuła , Paweł Russek , Kazimierz Wiatr
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 219–228 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149534
Keywords: Lossless compression Asymmetric Numeral Systems(ANS) Hardware codecs FPGA
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Abstract

We present the implementation of the hardware ANS compressor in FPGAs. The main goal of the design was to propose a solution suitable to low-cost, low-energy embedded systems. We propose the streaming-rANS algorithm of the ANS family as a target for the implementation. Also, we propose a set of algorithm parameters that substantially reduce the use of FPGA resources, and we examine what is the influence of the chosen parameters on compression performance. Further, we compare our design to the lossless codecs found in literature, and to the streaming-rANS codecs with arbitrary parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Pastuła
1
Paweł Russek
1
Kazimierz Wiatr
1
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
28 Discussion on different controllers used for the navigation of mobile robot
Ravi Raj , Andrzej Kos
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 229-239 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149535
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI) autonomous mobile robot(AMR) deep learning (DL) human-robot interaction (HRI) mobile robot (MR) machine learning (ML) PID controller
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Abstract

Robots that can comprehend and navigate their surroundings independently on their own are considered intelligent mobile robots (MR). Using a sophisticated set of controllers, artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL), machine learning (ML), sensors, and computation for navigation, MR's can understand and navigate around their environments without even being connected to a cabled source of power. Mobility and intelligence are fundamental drivers of autonomous robots that are intended for their planned operations. They are becoming popular in a variety of fields, including business, industry, healthcare, education, government, agriculture, military operations, and even domestic settings, to optimize everyday activities. We describe different controllers, including proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers, model predictive controllers (MPCs), fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), and reinforcement learning controllers used in robotics science. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate a comprehensive idea and basic working principle of controllers utilized by mobile robots (MR) for navigation. This work thoroughly investigates several available books and literature to provide a better understanding of the navigation strategies taken by MR. Future research trends and possible challenges to optimizing the MR navigation system are also discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ravi Raj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Kos
1
  1. Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics, and Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
29 Students’ view of Quantum Information Technologies, part 2
Marcin Wojtkowski , Michał Bartoszewski , Wojciech Buchwald , Karolina Joachimczyk , Ada Kawala , Ryszard S. Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 241-246 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149536
Keywords: ICT QIT biomedical engineering electronics and communications engineering sensors quantum Internet quantum computing cybersecurity quantum networks
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is to show how graduated engineering students in classical ICT view practically the advent of the QIT. The students do their theses in El.Eng. and ICT and were asked how to implement now or in the future the QIT in their current or future work. Most of them have strictly defined research topics and in some cases the realization stage is advanced. Thus, most of the potential QIT application areas are defined and quite narrow. In such a case, the issue to be considered is the incorporation of QIT components and interfaces into the existing ICT infrastructure, software and hardware alike, and propose a solution as a reasonable functional hybrid system. The QIT components or circuits are not standalone in most cases, they should be somehow incorporated into existing environment, with a measurable added value. Not an easy task indeed. We have to excuse the students if the proposed solutions are not ripe enough. The exercise was proposed as an on-purpose publication workshop, related strictly to the fast and fascinating development of the QIT. The paper is a continuation of publishing exercises with previous groups of students participating in QIT lectures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Wojtkowski
1
Michał Bartoszewski
1
Wojciech Buchwald
1
Karolina Joachimczyk
1
Ada Kawala
1
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
30 Resonant Frequencies of TE0mn modes in multilayered dielectric-ferrite resonators with complex shapes
Krzysztof Derzakowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 247-252 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149537
Keywords: dielectric resonator Maxwell’s equations radialmodes matching method initial permeability
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Abstract

The method of evaluating the resonant frequencies of multilayered resonator containing demagnetized ferrites is presented. The detailed solution of Maxwell's equations for such a structure by means of the radial modes matching method for TE0mn modes is given. The results of calculations using developed and launched computer program are given. Results of calculations are compared with those obtained by other method using CST simulator. These results are in close agreement, which proves the correctness of the method. The developed solution, and the software program can be used to measure the initial permeability of ferrites.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Derzakowski
1
  1. Institute of Radiolectronics and MultimediaTechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
31 The analytical framework for optimizing TCP retransmission algorithm based on adjustment of its EWMA parameters
Michał Grabowski , Robert Janowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 253-260 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149538
Keywords: TCP EWMA Jacobson’s algorithm retransmission timeout retransmission probability
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Abstract

In this paper we derive mathematical description of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) retransmission probability based on Jacobson’s smoothing algorithm that belongs to EWMA (Exponentially Weighted Moving Average) category. This description is parametrized on the probability density function (pdf) of RTT (Round Trip Time) samples and α, β – two primary parameters of Jacobson’s algorithm. Although it is not a close form expression, it is formulated as an effective algorithm that let us to explicitly calculate the values of RTO (Retransmission Time Out) probability as a function of α, β and the pdf of RTT samples. We achieve the effectiveness of this approach by applying smart discretization of the state space and replacement of continuous functions with discrete approximate equivalents. In this way, we mitigate the cardinality of discrete distributions we deal with that results in linear (n+m) instead of multiplicative (n⋅m) growth of computational complexity. We provide the evaluation of RTO probability for a wide set of α, β parameter values and differently shaped Normal and Laplace pdfs the RTT samples are taken from. The obtained numerical results let us to draw some conclusions regarding the choice of optimal values of α, β parameters as well as the impact of pdf the RTT samples are taken from.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Grabowski
1
Robert Janowski
1
  1. Warsaw School of Computer Science, Warsaw, Poland
32 An innovative sCMOS based autonomous astronomical camera dedicated to universal use for SST and other fields of optical astronomy
Paweł Zienkiewicz , Katarzyna Karpińska , Mikołaj Jamroży , Bartłomiej Juszczyk , Dmytro Pochapskyi , Tomasz Przedpełski , Jerzy Łukasiewicz , Natalia Czortek , Grzegorz Brona
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 261-266 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149539
Keywords: sCMOS camera series astronomical camera SpaceSurveillance and Tracking (SST)
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Abstract

Creotech Instruments is advancing a game-changing sCMOS camera series. The Final Prototype Model of an astronomical camera for Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) is in the test campaign phase. Designed for SST, NEO, and debris detection, its adaptable platform suits quantum tech and biological microscopy. Edge computing sets it apart, leveraging FPGA-based SoC for real-time processing and Linux-based pre-processing. Operating autonomously, it supports on-camera ML algorithms, revolutionizing astronomy. Data pre-processing, like frame stacking, reduces data load. This paper introduces the camera's concept, architecture, and prototype test results, emphasizing specific use cases and future product line development.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Zienkiewicz
1
Katarzyna Karpińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mikołaj Jamroży
1
Bartłomiej Juszczyk
1
Dmytro Pochapskyi
1
Tomasz Przedpełski
1
Jerzy Łukasiewicz
2
Natalia Czortek
1
Grzegorz Brona
1
  1. Creotech Instruments S.A., Poland
  2. Air Force Institute of Technology (ITWL), Poland

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