Nauki Techniczne

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Opis

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications (IJET, eISSN 2300-1933, untill 2013 also print ISSN 2081-8491) is a periodical of Electronics and Telecommunications Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences and it is published by Warsaw Science Publishers of PAS. It continues tradition of the Electronics and Telecommunications Quarterly (ISSN 0867-6747) established in 1955 as the Rozprawy Elektrotechniczne. The IJET is a scientific periodical where papers present the results of original, theoretical, experimental and reviewed works. They consider widely recognized aspects of modern electronics, telecommunications, microelectronics, optoelectronics, radioelectronics and medical electronics.

The authors are outstanding scientists, well‐known experienced specialists as well as young researchers – mainly candidates for a doctor's degree. The papers present original approaches to problems, interesting research results, critical estimation of theories and methods, discuss current state or progress in a given branch of technology and describe development prospects. All the papers published in IJET are reviewed by international specialists who ensure that the publications are recognized as author's scientific output.

The printed periodical is distributed among all those who deal with electronics and telecommunications in national scientific centers as well as in numeral foreign institutions, and it is subscribed by many specialists and libraries. Its electronic version is available at http://ijet.pl.

The papers received are published within half a year if the cooperation between author and the editorial staff is efficient. The papers may be submitted to the editorial office by the journal web page http://ijet.pl.

Journal Metrics:

IMPACT FACTOR 2023: 0.5

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2023: 1.5

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.200

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.364

Citation Indicator (JCI): 0.15

ISSN

eISSN 2300-1933 (since 2013), ISSN 2081-8491 (until 2012)

Wydawcy

Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications

Editor-in-Chief
Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Managing Editor
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Editors
Maciej Linczuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Secretary in-Charge
Danuta Ojrzenska-Wojter, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland

Administrative Assistant
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Victor-Valeriu Patriciu, Director Doctoral School of Electronics, Informatics and Communications for Defense and Security, Military Technical Academy Bucharest, Romania, Romania

Prof. Bart Scheers, Royal Military Academy, Belgium

Dr. Eli Winjum, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway

Wladyslaw Skarbek, Warsaw University of Technology, IRE, Poland

Christian Napoli, University of Catania, Italy

Rosario Giunta, University of Catania, Italy

Christopher Chiu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Prof. Emiliano Tramontana, University of Catania, Italy

Prof Robin Braun, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Dr David Davis, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

dr Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde, UK, United Kingdom

Grzegorz Chmaj, University of Nevada, United States

Giuseppe Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy

Michael Affenzeller, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria

Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos, Laboratory of Hearing Science Audiology Dept., University of Ferrara, Italy, Italy

Prof Nikita M Ryskin, Saratov State University, Russian Federation

Prof. Adam Wolisz, Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Telecommunication Networks

Prof. Edmundo Monteiro, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica Universidade de Coimbra Portugal, Portugal

Prof. Zoubir Mammeri, IRIT, Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 FRANCE, France

Dr Paul D Polishuk, IGI, Boston, MA, USA

Giuseppe Macchiarella, Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Italy

Prof. Bernd Steinbach, Bergakademie Freiberg Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik Institut, Germany

Jan Szmidt, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zenon Chaczko, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Józef Modelski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Wiesław Woliński, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Ryszard Klempous, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Radomir Stanković, University of Niš, Serbia

Javier Poncela, University of Malaga, Spain

Marek Turowski, CFD Research Corporation, United States

Dawid Zydek, NV Energy, United States

Wojciech Szpankowski, Purdue University, United States

Jacek Żurada, University of Louisville, United States

Tadeusz Luba, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Stefan Hahn, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Gilbert De Mey, Ghent University, Belgium

Svetlana Yanushkevich, University of Calgary, Canada

Viktor Krozer, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Adam Morawiec, European Electronic Chips & Systems Design Initiative, France

Herman Rohling, Technical University of Hamburg, Germany

Franco Davoli, University of Genowa, Italy

Michał Mrozowski, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland

Włodzimierz Janke, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland</

Principal Contact
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
Professor
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, room 217, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw 00-665, Poland
Phone: +48222345110
Fax: +48228252300
Email: ryszard.romaniuk@pw.edu.pl

Support Contact
Danuta Bartosiewicz
Email: danuta.bartosiewicz@pw.edu.pl

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Zawartość

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3

1 Classification of Music Structural Functions using Deep Learning

Dina A. AbdulQader , Piotr Bilski

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-6 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153608

Słowa kluczowe: deep learning MSA music segments

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Abstrakt

Music Structure Analysis (MSA) is crucial for understanding and leveraging the arrangement of musical compositions in various applications, such as music information retrieval, multimedia description, and recommendation systems. The following paper presents a novel approach to MSA that aims to predict labels for structural music segments (such as verse or chorus), thereby it would enhance any MSA-based applications. This is the supervised approach in contrast to clustering-based methods. For the task, selected pre-trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), such as VGG, ResNet or MobileNet were applied to classify the segments of musical structures (verse, chorus, etc.). Results demonstrated that ResNet50 and DenseNet121 achieved the highest performance in terms of classification accuracy, with ResNet50 reaching 87% and DenseNet121 reaching 85.16%. This highlights the potential of deep learning models for accurate and efficient music structure segment labeling, opening possibilities for advanced applications in both offline and real-time music analysis scenarios.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dina A. AbdulQader

Piotr Bilski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology

2 A comparative study of deep End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition models for doctor-patient conversations in Polish in a real-life acoustic environment

Karolina Pondel-Sycz , Piotr Bilski , Piotr Bobiński , Leszek Morzyński , Marcin Lewandowski , Emil Kozłowski , Grzegorz Szczepański , Maciej Jasiński , Grzegorz Makarewicz , Agnieszka Paula Pietrzak , Andrzej Buchowicz , Paweł Mazurek , Adrian Bilski , Jacek Olejnik , Iwona Olejnik

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-8 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153609

Słowa kluczowe: Automatic Speech Recognition Transformers Encoder-Decoder Deep Neural Network

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Abstrakt

The following paper presents research on the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) methods for the construction of a system to automatically transcribe the medical interview in Polish language during a visit in the clinic. Performance of four ASR models based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) was evaluated. The applied structures included XLSR-53 large, Quartznet15x5, FastConformer Hybrid Transducer-CTC and Whisper large. The study was conducted on a self-developed speech dataset. Models were evaluated using Word Error Rate (WER), Character Error Rate (CER), Match Error Rate (MER), Word Accuracy (WAcc), Word Information Preserved (WIP), Word Information Lost (WIL), Levenshtein distance, Jaro - Winkler similarity and Jaccard index. The results show that the Whisper model outperformed other tested solutions in the vast majority of the conducted tests. Whisper achieved a WER = 20.84%, where XLSR-53 WER = 67.96%, Quartznet15x5 WER = 76.25%, FastConformer WER = 46.30%. These results show that Whisper needs further adaptation for medical conversations, as current volume of transcription errors is not practically acceptable (too many mistakes in the description of the patient's health description).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Karolina Pondel-Sycz

Piotr Bilski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Bobiński

Leszek Morzyński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Lewandowski

Emil Kozłowski

Grzegorz Szczepański

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maciej Jasiński

Grzegorz Makarewicz

Agnieszka Paula Pietrzak

Andrzej Buchowicz

Paweł Mazurek

Adrian Bilski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jacek Olejnik

Iwona Olejnik

Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Central Institute For Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Poland
Faculty of Applied Informatics and Mathematics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
JAS Technologie Sp. z o.o, Poland

3 SoundShape – Headphone Transfer Function Database

Szymon Jasiński , Bartłomiej Mróz , Bożena Kostek

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153610

Słowa kluczowe: SoundShape Headphone Transfer Function HpTF 3D sound

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Abstrakt

This article introduces the SoundShape database, which contains measured headphone transfer functions (HTFs). Details of the various stages of SoundShape’s implementation, including project assumptions, software used, and the measurement environment, are shown. The measurement process is explained. Moreover, the construction and processing of signal files within SoundShape are discussed. The AKtools script in MATLAB is employed to derive the HpTF functions. Analyses of selected audio signal samples from the database highlight similarities and differences among the three headphone models tested. The paper concludes with a summary of the results, including recommendations on how the database can be utilized. The presented SoundShape HpTF database is publicly available from https://doi.org/10.34808/4wya-z425.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Szymon Jasiński

Bartłomiej Mróz

Bożena Kostek

Department of Multimedia Systems, Gdańsk University of Technology
Audio Acoustics Laboratory, Gdańsk University of Technology

4 Quality assessment of synthetic speech

Stefan Brachmański , Maurycy Kin , Piotr Kozłowski

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-6 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153612

Słowa kluczowe: speech quality speech synthesis logatom intelligibility

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Abstrakt

This paper presents the results of a subjective study of the quality assessment of several selected speech synthesizers. The subjects of the study were logatom intelligibility and overall speech signal quality evaluation. Synthesizers generating both male and female voices were used for the study. An attempt was also made to apply objective quality assessment methods used to test the quality of transmission in telecommunications channels. The results of these attempts, however, showed the impossibility of using the PESQ method to assess the quality of synthetic speech, mainly due to the lack of temporal synchronization between the test signal and the reference signal.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Stefan Brachmański

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maurycy Kin

Piotr Kozłowski

Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland

5 The angular position of a sound source affects the perception of scariness in a circular loudspeaker array

Antonina Stefanowska , Sławomir K. Zieliński

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-6 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153613

Słowa kluczowe: spatial sound emotion scariness virtual reality systems

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Abstrakt

The quality of the user experience of virtual reality systems is contingent upon the emotional impact they provide. In this context, spatial audio technology emerges as a crucial area of focus. The existing literature provides evidence that sound source localization may influence the intensity of perceived emotions. However, the exact relationship between the localization of sound sources and the variation in listeners’ emotional responses remains unclear. This study examines the impact of the angular position of selected audio sources on listeners' perception of a single emotion, namely scariness. The listening tests were conducted in an acoustically treated room equipped with a circular array of eight loudspeakers distributed in the horizontal plane. A total of 36 listeners participated in the experiment. The level of scariness perceived by the listeners was assessed subjectively using selfreports. According to the obtained results, the sound sources positioned outside of the listener’s field of view were perceived as scarier. While the observed effect was statistically significant, its magnitude was relatively small. The potential future expansion of the study and its impact on the design of virtual reality systems is discussed further.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Antonina Stefanowska

Sławomir K. Zieliński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Computer Science, Białystok University of Technology, Poland

6 Robust speech parametrization based on pitch synchronized cepstral solutions

Stanisław Gmyrek , Robert Hossa

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153614

Słowa kluczowe: robust cepstral parameterization fundamenta period amplitude spectrum correction pitch synchronized STFT

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Abstrakt

In general, the speech signal can be described by the excitation signal, the impulse response of the vocal tract, and a system that describes the impact of speech emission through human lips. The characteristics of the vocal tract primarily shape the semantic content of speech. Regrettably, the irregular periodicity of glottal excitation represents a significant factor in generating substantial distortions (ripples) in the amplitude spectrum of voiced speech. In this study, a PS-STFT (Pitch- Synchronized Short-Time Fourier Transform) method was proposed to achieve a reliable amplitude spectrum of the vocal tract. Subsequently, a set of cepstral coefficient vectors, namely PSHFCC (Pitch Synchronized Human Factor Cepstral Coefficients), as a chosen representative of the commonly used classical cepstral parameterization methods was analyzed to investigate the statistical properties after correction. Additionally, the widely accepted in speech recognition applications, the GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model) was chosen as the statistical acoustic model of individual Polish speech phonemes. To evaluate the quality of the proposed method, the distances between the multivariate probability distributions of the GMM form were calculated. Modifying classical cepstral methods through the analysis of variable-length signal frames synchronized to the fundamental period resulted in a reduction in the variance of the estimators of the cepstral coefficients, leading to an increase in the distances between the probability distributions and, consequently, improved classification results.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Stanisław Gmyrek

Robert Hossa

Department of Acoustics, Multimedia and Signal Processing, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

7 Automatic questions generation based on keywords using language models

Tomasz Gniazdowski , Marek Bazan , Maciej E. Marchwiany

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–10 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153615

Słowa kluczowe: question generation finetuned Large Language Models generative AI Bart PLT5 Llama Bielik

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Abstrakt

In this paper, we presented a novel method for question generation, one of the most impactful NLP tasks in contacts of user interfaces, chatbots and intelligent assistants with a user. Our method outperforms commonly used methods in terms of quality and speed of question generation. Additionally, we benchmarked the most used methods of question generation that are based on the usage of Large Language Models in a fewshot approach as well as finetuned to that task. Our work is done for the Polish language, it has one of the most challenging and complex grammars, which makes the task even more difficult.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tomasz Gniazdowski

Marek Bazan

Maciej E. Marchwiany

1 3

JT Weston sp. z o.o. Warszawa, Poland
Wrocaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Department of Computer Engineering, Poland
Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling (ICM), University of Warsaw, Poland

8 Acquisition and presentation system for Energy Management – design and implementation

Lukasz Korus , Andrzej Jablonski

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153616

Słowa kluczowe: Data acquisition and presentation systems IIo Tsystems EDGE computing Cloud computing Energy management

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Abstrakt

Energy Management (EMS) is understood as the effort to minimize energy consumption in industrial facilities through a continuous improvement approach. Decentralized Control Systems (DCS) concentrated on optimizing energy consumption in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are still rarely used. The practical application of the continuous improvement approach relies on a Deming-like cycle, utilizing data gathered through Data Acquisition and Presentation Systems. The article addresses the issue of designing and implementing such type of systems as foundation of Energy Management in SMEs.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Lukasz Korus

Andrzej Jablonski

Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

9 Deep Learning in motion analysis for false start detection in speedway racing

Jacek Krakowian , Łukasz Jeleń

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–8 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153617

Słowa kluczowe: False start detection 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (3D CNNs) Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks motion analysis speedway racing

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Abstrakt

Accurately identifying false starts in speedway racing is a very challenging task due to the subtle nature of prestart movements. Manual detection methods, often dependent on the judgment of race officials, are prone to errors and subjectivity, leading to inconsistencies in decision-making. This paper introduces an automated approach that leverages computer vision methods to enhance detection precision. Here, we have expanded its use to detect false starts in speedway racing. The proposed approach introduces image processing techniques with 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Long-Short- Term Memory (LSTM) networks to analyze rider movements during the starting procedure. Unlike manual detection, which often misses fine movements at the start line, our method uses 3D CNNs to monitor racer movements and applies LSTM networks to assess time-based motion patterns that signal false starts. The presented results show that the 3D CNN achieved an accuracy of 86.36% with a higher precision when compared to traditional methods. This automated process not only enhances fairness in competitive racing, but also illustrates the broader capability of emerging technologies to refine decision-making in sports.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jacek Krakowian

Łukasz Jeleń

Foundation for the Support of Innovation, Research and Development Wrocław, Poland
Department of Computer Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

10 Generalisation of availability models for resilient systems with online verification

Vyacheslav Kharchenko , Yuriy Ponochovnyi , Oleksandr Ivasiuk , Oleg Illiashenko , Olena Ponochovna

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153618

Słowa kluczowe: instrumentation and control systems online verification Small Modular Reactors dependability resilience Markov models

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Abstrakt

This paper analyses online verification methods for safety- and security-critical systems, including aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and smart home systems. It emphasizes the need for resilience and adaptability in these systems to withstand various environmental conditions and potential threats. Several Markov models are developed to evaluate the dependability of control systems for small modular reactors. These models illustrate how online verification, by enabling early detection of failures, can enhance resilience and improve system performance. The findings suggest that optimising verification parameters is crucial for this enhancement, providing a foundation for future research in critical control systems.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Vyacheslav Kharchenko

Yuriy Ponochovnyi

Oleksandr Ivasiuk

1 3

Oleg Illiashenko

Olena Ponochovna

National Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute”
Poltava State Agrarian University
Institute of Informatics and Telematics of the National Research Council (IIT-CNR)

11 Evaluation of configurations of AWS Lambda functions

Ilona Bluemke , Arkadiusz Zdanowski

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-9 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153619

Słowa kluczowe: serverless computing Function-as-a-Service Amazon Web Services AWS Lambda

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Abstrakt

AWS Lambda is a widely used serverless computing service that executes code in response to events and automatically manages the underlying hardware resources. Lambda integrates with many AWS services and offers two processor architecture options for running functions: x86_64 (CISC) and arm64 (RISC). Determining the optimal settings for the lowest cost or execution time is not straightforward due to performance variations between processor architectures, the wide range of configuration options, and the workload-dependent nature of function execution efficiency. We developed a tool which we used in experiments examining different configurations and processors architectures for several algorithms. In this paper two of such experiments are presented in detail.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ilona Bluemke

Arkadiusz Zdanowski

Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

12 Infrastructure for the deployment of Large Language Models: challenges and solutions

Tomasz Walkowiak , Bartosz Walkowiak

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–8 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153620

Słowa kluczowe: large language models model deployment continuous batching chatbots function-calling LLM

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Abstrakt

Large Language Models are increasingly prevalent, and their capabilities are advancing rapidly due to extensive research in this field. A growing number of models are being developed, with sizes significantly surpassing 70 billion parameters. As a result, the ability to perform efficient and scalable inferences on these models is becoming crucial to maximize the utilization of valuable resources such as GPUs and CPUs. This thesis outlines a process for selecting the most effective tools for efficient inference, supported by the results of experiments. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive description of an end-to-end system for the inference process, encompassing all components from model inference and communication to user management and a userfriendly web interface. Furthermore, we detail the development of an LLM chatbot that leverages the function-calling capabilities of LLMs and integrates various external tools, including weather prediction, Wikipedia information, symbolic math, and image generation.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tomasz Walkowiak

Bartosz Walkowiak

Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

13 Development of fault detection system in irrigation pumping systems using machine learning methods with consideration of energy and water consumption

Gulnar Zholdangarova , Waldemar Wójcik

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-6 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153635

Słowa kluczowe: vibration signal time series earing fault particle swarm optimization normalization

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Abstrakt

Pumping systems play an important role in agriculture because they provide the necessary level of irrigation needed to increase crop yields. Pump malfunctions result in equipment downtime, reduced efficiency of agricultural production and significant financial losses. Thus, the development of an early fault detection and diagnosis system leveraging sensor analytic, filtering techniques, and machine learning (ML) technologies constitutes a critical applied research challenge. The aim of this research is to develop and validate early fault detection and classification methods for pumping systems using advanced machine learning algorithms and sensor data analysis.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Gulnar Zholdangarova

Waldemar Wójcik

L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland

14 Utilizing CNN architectures for non-invasive diagnosis of speech disorders – further experiments and insights

Filip Ratajczak , Mikołaj Najda , Kamil Szyc

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153621

Słowa kluczowe: Voice Disorder Diagnosis Vowel Sound Analysis Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)

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Abstrakt

This research investigated the application of deep neural networks for diagnosing diseases that affect the voice and speech mechanisms through the non-invasive analysis of vowel sound recordings. Using the Saarbruecken Voice Database, the voice recordings were converted to spectrograms to train the models, specifically focusing on the vowels /a/, /u/, and /i/. The study used Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methodologies to identify essential features within these spectrograms for pathology identification, with the aim of providing medical professionals with enhanced insight into how diseases manifest in sound production. The F1 Score performance evaluation showed that the DenseNet model scored 0.70 ± 0.03 with a top of 0.74. The findings indicated that neither vowel selection nor data augmentation strategies significantly improved model performance. Additionally, the research highlighted that signal splitting was ineffective in enhancing the models’ ability to extract features. This study builds on our previous research [1], offering a more comprehensive understanding of the topic.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Filip Ratajczak

Mikołaj Najda

Kamil Szyc

Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands

15 Reducing Power of BLAKE3 implementations with dedicated FPGA resources

Jarosław Sugier

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153622

Słowa kluczowe: cryptographic hash function dynamic dissipatedpower DSP slice

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Abstrakt

The BLAKE cryptographic hash functions are efficiently expressed in software; however, their hardware implementations do not match the speed and power efficiency of alternative methods. This paper assesses a possible method of decreasing power consumption in BLAKE3 FPGA implementations by application of dedicated DSP resources for binary summations in place of standard adders realized in logic cells within the programmable array. The analysis considers various viable configurations of cipher realization: from the standard iterative architecture (featuring one round instance in hardware), to organizations with 2, 4, and 6-stage pipelining employed for high processing efficiency. The power results are generated by simulating operation of the designs after their full implementation in a Spartan-7 device. Substituting the standard adders configured in programmable fabric with 7 series DSP48E1 elements can significantly decrease the high dynamic power consumption that adversely affected the standard non-pipelined BLAKE3 implementation, but can also bring some disadvantages with regard to hardware size or speed. Moreover, it does not offer any improvement in highly pipelined architectures. In addition to exploring one approach for reducing power consumption of this particular cipher, the paper can also serve as another case study on improving FPGA implementation by leveraging specialized resources that would otherwise remain unused but are available in the used device.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jarosław Sugier

Faculty of Information and Telecommunication Technology, Department of Computer Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland

16 Resilience of Named Entity Recognition models against adversarial attacks

Paweł Walkowiak

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–6 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153623

Słowa kluczowe: Named Entity Recognition Polish Adversarial Attacks

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Abstrakt

Adversarial Attacks are actions that aims to mislead models by introducing subtle and often imperceptible changes in model’s input. Providing resilience for such kind of risk is key for all Natural Language Processing (NLP) task specific models. Current state of the art solution for one of NLP task Named Entity Recognition (NER) is usage of transformer based solutions. Previous solution where based on Conditional Random Fields (CRF).This research aims to investigate and compare the robustness of both transformer-based and CRF-based NER models against adversarial attacks. By subjecting these models to carefully crafted perturbations, we seek to understand how well they can withstand attempts to manipulate their input and compromise their performance. This comparative analysis will provide valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each architecture, shedding light on the most effective strategies for enhancing the security and reliability of NER systems.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Paweł Walkowiak

Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

17 Multi-criteria vehicle routing problem for a real-life parcel locker-based delivery

Radosław Idzikowski , Jarosław Rudy , Michał Jaroszczuk

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–9 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153624

Słowa kluczowe: Vehicle Routing Problem parcel lockers multicriteria optimization operations research Pareto optimality metaheuristics

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In this paper, a multi-criteria Vehicle Routing Problem with distance and capacity constraints for modeling a delivery system with parcel locker, is considered. The problem is formulated and two optimization criteria are defined. The first criterion minimizes the total travel time of all vehicles and the second criterion minimizes the total penalty for late delivery of orders. Three solving methods, relying on the concept of Pareto-optimality, are proposed: a greedy constructive heuristic, a Tabu Search metaheuristic and a Genetic Algorithm. A number of benchmark instances are created using real-life parcel locker locations and traveling times, from one of the major cities in Poland. In preliminary research, sorting strategies for the greedy method are tested, with the sorting based on deadline–arrival difference to priority ratio yielding the best performance in all tested cases. Next, computer experiments are performed to evaluate the quality of the proposed methods, using the concept of Hypervolume Indicator. Results confirm that both Tabu Search and Genetic Algorithm significantly improve the solution provided by the greedy algorithm, with Genetic Algorithm being the most effective on average. However, results also indicate that both Tabu Search and Genetic Algorithm have different effectiveness in different cases. It is concluded that the best performance is achieved by both algorithms being used in parallel, complementing each other.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Radosław Idzikowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jarosław Rudy

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Jaroszczuk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Control Systems and Mechatronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland

18 High-precision indoor localization in multi-level buildings

Chokri Ajroud , Jamel Hattay , Mohsen Machhout

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–8 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153625

Słowa kluczowe: RFID multi-floor indoor localization Holographic Algorithm location-based services indoor tracking

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Accurate localization in multi-floor indoor environments is essential for applications such as large-scale inventory management, healthcare, and security systems. However, achieving high-precision tracking with passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags in these complex settings presents significant challenges, including managing vertical spatial data, reducing signal interference between floors, and maintaining computational efficiency. This paper presents a novel approach that leverages holographic algorithms to enhance the localization accuracy of passive RFID tags in multi-floor buildings. By deploying multiple RFID readers across floors and constructing 3D holographic representations from signal phase data, our approach effectively distinguishes vertical positions, allowing for precise floor-specific tracking. The proposed method achieves an average localization error of approximately 5 cm, even in multifloor environments, through optimized reader placement and computational overhead reduction. This advancement has broad applications in sectors requiring highly accurate object tracking across large, multi-level indoor spaces, positioning holographic localization as a promising solution for modern multi-floor localization needs.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Chokri Ajroud

Jamel Hattay

Mohsen Machhout

Laboratory of Electronics and Microelectronics LR99ES30, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia

19 BLE phase-based ranging: accuracy and capability under strong Wi-Fi interference

Igor Kravets , Nazarii Kotliar , Oleksandr Karpin , Andriy Luchechko

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153626

Słowa kluczowe: BLE Phase-Based Ranging Distance Estimation Wi-Fi Interference Inverse Furrier Transform Multiple Signal Classification

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Indoor positioning and asset tracking have become popular and essential for different applications and use cases. Many systems use Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) wireless personal area network technology for communication and ranging purposes. Unfortunately, due to limitations of the ISM radio band, other communication technologies such as Z-Wave, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi also use the same frequency bandwidth. This overlap often leads to interference that affects the performance of BLE systems. This work evaluates the effect of Wi-Fi interference on the phasebased ranging distance estimate for different BLE to Wi-Fi signal power ratios. We show the random distance error increasing more than 3 times for both Inverse Fourier Transform and Multiple Signal Classification algorithms at short distances. Based on simulation results and infield experiments, we identified that the interference becomes marginal for distances more than 10m, and the device can’t identify the location correctly in case of similar Wi- Fi and BLE Tx power. In the case of long-distance ranging, ignoring interfered frequencies improves the situation dramatically, but this results in worse resolution and sometimes may identify the distance incorrectly due to false peaks.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Igor Kravets

1 2

Nazarii Kotliar

1 2

Oleksandr Karpin

1 2

Andriy Luchechko

1 2

Department of Sensor and Semiconductor Electronics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine
Infineon Technologies, Ukraine

20 FPGA implementation of normalized correlation function

Krzysztof Mroczek

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-8 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153627

Słowa kluczowe: correlation hardware algorithms FPGA embedded systems time series analysis pulse recognition

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Correlation analysis is a frequently used tool in signal detection and classification tasks. This paper presents the design and FPGA implementations of a hardware module for calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. This module is designed for use in signal template matching, where a measurement signal is correlated with a template. It has been described in Verilog and implemented on Intel Cyclone V FPGA. The module consists of two main parts, which are: a correlation filter and normalization modules. Correlation filters performing the calculation in the time domain and in the frequency domain are described. The project has been verified in simulation using ModelSim and checked on hardware. As a result of this work, hardware IP cores are developed enabling parametrization and programming in data word-lengths, filter size, calculation speed, FFT/IFFT size, length, and number of processing templates. Developed resources are intended to be used in FPGA-based hardware, e.g. DAQ systems, working with sampling frequencies from kHz to above 130 MHz.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Mroczek

Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology (IRTM), Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

21 Space 4.0 – a common, democratic European space, part 5

Ryszard S. Romaniuk , Piotr Orleański

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-9 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153628

Słowa kluczowe: space policies Space 4.0 project European Space Agency space democratization space and satellite engineering

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Space 4.0 is a complex infrastructural, but also sociological process and political ideology, which we tried to present in the local context from various sides. Space 4.0 turned out too complex to show all its dynamically changing attributes. Space 4.0 is realized in complex economic and political environment even in the EU. Some of these issues are related to the existence of technological and economic boundaries in our region and particular political interests. Space 4.0 major goal is to build a democratic European space in real existing economic conditions, not theoretically, and in in the nearest future. Our intention was to present the image of the European space sector in an optimistic way, but simultaneously we did not omit some critical reflections. The great idea of Space 4.0 should not be reduced only to a technical and simple business layer connecting the LEO zone to the Industry 4.0 economy. Space 4.0 contains also space based services. Space 4.0 is not only a simple ecosystem of small and cheap satellites. It is much more than this. We are proud participants of the Space 4.0, learning from mistakes, encouraging SMEs to be active, undertaking important administrative initiatives, to build real new, active societal space sector.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ryszard S. Romaniuk

Piotr Orleański

Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

22 Error analysis of digital filters using fixed point arithmetic

Robert Wirski , Paweł Poczekajło

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–9 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153611

Słowa kluczowe: digital signal processing finite word length effects simulation quantization overflow

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Abstrakt

Based on an electrocardiogram filter, measurement methods of magnitude and phase responses, quantization and overflow errors, as well as limit circles in digital filters for fixed number representation are presented. A computer library for SCILAB has been created to simplify simulations. Direct form II, cascade, and rotation structures performance has been compared. It has been shown that there is no the best structure but the rotation one is superior to classical structures except for quantization errors. However, due to its low overflow errors, quantization noise can be further minimised by relocation of integer bits to fractional part of fixed point number representation.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Robert Wirski

Paweł Poczekajło

Faculty of Electronics and Computer Science, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, Poland

23 Smoothed per-tensor weight quantization: a robust solution for neural network deployment

Xin Chang

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153629

Słowa kluczowe: Per-tensor quantization edge device neural network compression

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This paper introduces a novel method to improve quantization outcomes for per-tensor weight quantization, focusing on enhancing computational efficiency and compatibility with resource-constrained hardware. Addressing the inherent challenges of depth-wise convolutions, the proposed smooth quantization technique redistributes weight magnitude disparities to pre-activation data, thereby equalizing channel-wise weight magnitudes. This adjustment enables more effective application of uniform quantization schemes. Experimental evaluations on the ImageNet classification benchmark demonstrate substantial performance gains across modern architectures and training strategies. The proposed method achieves improved accuracy to per-tensor quantization without noticeable computational overhead, making it a practical solution for edge-device deployments.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Xin Chang

Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

24 An evaluation of a medium-power grid-Integrated Solar Photovoltaic System MPPT Energy Capturing Capability Using ANN

Vijaychandra Joddumahanthi , Vedaprakash Kakinada , Vanajakshi Bammidi , Łukasz Knypiński

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-6 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153630

Słowa kluczowe: Artificial Neural Network Maximum power point tracking solar PV system Perturb and Observe method DC-DC converter

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Abstrakt

Technologies centered around renewable energy are now feasible options for providing everyone with quick and dependable access to electricity. Solar energy, in which photovoltaic (PV) cells can convert directly into electricity, is one of the most efficient renewable energy sources. The sun irradiation and temperature are the two factors that affect how much power photo voltaic systems can produce. In order to increase power, maximum power point tracking techniques have been developed and applied to PV systems. The proposed model was trained on a total of 1000 datasets containing information on voltage, temperature, and sun irradiation. Training, validation, and testing are the three categories into which the data are divided. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was compared with the classical method like the perturb and observe method (P&O).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Vijaychandra Joddumahanthi

Vedaprakash Kakinada

Vanajakshi Bammidi

Łukasz Knypiński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vizianagaram, AP, India
Faculty of Automatic Control, Robotic and Electrical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

25 Real-Time Ton/Toff adjustment and fault prediction in high-voltage IGBT serial switch for pulsed power applications

Sylwester Bułka

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-6 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153631

Słowa kluczowe: microwave klystron modulator HV pulse switch adaptive regulation pulse slope correction series transistor HV ballancing

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This paper presents a control architecture for dynamic voltage balancing in high-voltage IGBT stacks, addressing transient overvoltage phenomena during switching transitions. The system integrates a three-layer protection scheme - local RC snubbers, TVS diodes, and a global snubber - with adaptive gate timing correction at 20 ns resolution. Realtime edge control is performed locally for each device, based on optical feedback and independent Ton/Toff adjustment. A reduced 14-dimensional control space is achieved by anchoring a reference transistor, ensuring temporal stability and synchronization. The operational behavior of TVS devices under burst-mode stress is characterized as transitional buffering during system tuning. Additionally, methods for predictive degradation analysis-based on UCES(on), Ton/Toff drift, thermal trends, and correction statistics - are outlined, supporting fault diagnostics and preventive maintenance strategies. Preliminary results obtained from the prototype system indicate that it is feasible to develop an algorithm that exhibits desirable trends in adaptive regulation, supporting the overall concept of closedloop switching control in stacked HV structures.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sylwester Bułka

Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Poland

26 Student review of innovations in quantum technologies. Part 5

Wojciech Buchwald , Maciej Scheffer , Kamil Kośnik , Aleksander Topolewski , Jan Klimas , Jan Mrozowski , Hubert Pogorzelski , Małgorzata Dulikowska , Aleksander Przyborek , Patryk Konwa , Ryszard Romaniuk

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–11 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153632

Słowa kluczowe: quantum technologies quantum sensors qantum algorithms

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Abstrakt

The aim of the paper is to show how graduated engineering students in classical ICT view practically the advent of the QIT. The students do their theses in El.Eng. and ICT and were asked how to implement now or in the future the QIT in their current or future work. Most of them have strictly defined research topics and in some cases the realization stage is advanced. Thus, most of the potential QIT application areas are defined and quite narrow. In such a case, the issue to be considered is the incorporation of QIT components and interfaces into the existing ICT infrastructure, software and hardware alike, and propose a solution as a reasonable functional hybrid system. The QIT components or circuits are not standalone in most cases, they should be somehow incorporated into existing environment, with a measurable added value. Not an easy task indeed. We have to excuse the students if the proposed solutions are not ripe enough. The exercise was proposed as an on-purpose publication workshop, related strictly to the fast and fascinating development of the QIT. The paper is a continuation of publishing exercises with previous groups of students participating in QIT lectures.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wojciech Buchwald

Maciej Scheffer

Kamil Kośnik

Aleksander Topolewski

Jan Klimas

Jan Mrozowski

Hubert Pogorzelski

Małgorzata Dulikowska

Aleksander Przyborek

Patryk Konwa

Ryszard Romaniuk

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Poland

27 Student review of innovations in quantum technologies. Part 6

Jan Potaszyński , Wojciech Buchwald , Adam Moszczyński , Julita Wasilewska , Daria Danieluk , Jan Magnuszewski , Adrian Kaźmierczuk , Monika Czarnomska-Wyżlic , Przemysław Żerański , Richard Staszkiewicz , Tymoteusz Kosiński , Aneta Gołebiowska , Ryszard Romaniuk

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–11 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153633

Słowa kluczowe: QIT cryptanalysis differential equations quantum materials quantum radar tomography quantum dot magnetometer facial expression recognition quantum sensor atomic layer deposition

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Abstrakt

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jan Potaszyński

Wojciech Buchwald

Adam Moszczyński

Julita Wasilewska

Daria Danieluk

Jan Magnuszewski

Adrian Kaźmierczuk

Monika Czarnomska-Wyżlic

Przemysław Żerański

Richard Staszkiewicz

Tymoteusz Kosiński

Aneta Gołebiowska

Ryszard Romaniuk

Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

28 Student review of innovations in quantum biophotonics

Wojciech Buchwald , Natalia Czuba , Kamil Kośnik , Julita Wasilewska , Adam Moszczyński , Jan Klimas , Wiktor Styk , Adam Kliś , Monika Czarnomska-Wyżlic , Patryk Konwa , Tomasz Żarnovsky , Borys Leczycki , Ryszard S. Romaniuk

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–12 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153634

Słowa kluczowe: quantum technologies nanorobitics quantum sensors qantum algorithms

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Abstrakt

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wojciech Buchwald

Natalia Czuba

Kamil Kośnik

Julita Wasilewska

Adam Moszczyński

Jan Klimas

Wiktor Styk

Adam Kliś

Monika Czarnomska-Wyżlic

Patryk Konwa

Tomasz Żarnovsky

Borys Leczycki

Ryszard S. Romaniuk

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Poland

29 Efficient transient simulation of efuse

Zbigniew Jaworski

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–6 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153636

Słowa kluczowe: Efuse Verilog-A transient simulation OTP memory FD-SOI CMOS

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This paper presents a novel approach to model efuse device. An efuse is a simple semiconductor device which can be referred to as a programmable resistor and is available in many modern CMOS technologies. The efuse resistance can be changed by burning procedure, i.e. applying specific electric current value for particular time. The new efuse resistance is retained permanently. The typical efuse application is one-time programmable (OTP) memory. However, process design kits do not provide any model covering the transition from initial to burned state. Thus, verification of programming of an OTP cell is practically impossible. To address this problem, a behavioral Verilog-A model of efuse has been developed. This paper presents the model and its application to verify the example OTP cell designed in 22 nm FD-SOI technology. The proposed model is easy to use and to allow for effective transient simulation of efuse-based designs.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Zbigniew Jaworski

Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Poland

30 New structure of dielectric resonator with greater separation of higher order modes from fundamental mode

Krzysztof Derzakowski , Adam Abramowicz

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-9 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.155448

Słowa kluczowe: dielectric resonator microwave filters radial mode matching method modified cone shaped resonators

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The paper presents a new dielectric resonator structure that allows to obtain a larger distance between the resonant frequency of TE011 mode and higher resonant modes: HE111, TM011 and EH111. Obtaining a sufficiently large frequency distance of the higher modes from the basic one allows realization of filters with much better spurious response. The proposed structure is based on a ring dielectric resonator in which the outer edge is flat and cone-shaped regions are cut symmetrically (from the top and bottom) to form the inner edge. To determine the resonant frequencies of the new structure the radial mode matching method has been applied. The proportions of the dimensions of the cut volume of the dielectric resonator were investigated in order to obtain the maximum frequency shift of higher resonant modes from the fundamental one (TE₀₁₁). The obtained results show that it is possible to achieve a much wider spurious free frequency range than in the structures used so far.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Derzakowski

Adam Abramowicz

Institute of Radiolectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

31 Isolated fiber-optic transmission of IGBT U_CE signals for precise HV switching analysis

Sylwester Bułka

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1-7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.155449

Słowa kluczowe: laser diode light modulation signal transmission band self calibration thermal conditions

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This work presents the design and implementation of an isolated fiber-optic transmission system for real-time monitoring of collector-emitter voltage (U_CE) in IGBT-based highvoltage (HV) stacks, with a focus on applications in industrial and accelerator environments. The system, named LaserLink, addresses the need for galvanic isolation, operator safety, and high-fidelity signal acquisition under challenging conditions such as ionizing radiation, strong electromagnetic interference, high temperatures, and restricted operator access.

The architecture employs analog signal transmission using modulated laser diodes and fiber-optic links, with each IGBT monitored by a dedicated optical transmitter (HiBox) and a ground-referenced receiver (LowBox). The solution enables broadband observation of dynamic U_CE(t) waveforms with a bandwidth from DC to at least 50 MHz, supporting precise analysis of switching events, detection of anomalies, and implementation of advanced timing correction algorithms. The paper discusses the rationale for avoiding local A/D conversion at the measurement point, highlighting environmental, diagnostic, and scalability constraints that favor analog transmission. The LL system demonstrates that robust analog optical transmission for HV measurement can be achieved using cost-optimized components when paired with targeted compensation strategies and careful architectural design.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sylwester Bułka

Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Poland

32 Unveiling the art of video enhancement: a comprehensive examination of content selection and sequencing for optimal quality in conventional and AR/VR environments

Mehrunnisa , Mikolaj Leszczuk , Dawid Juszka

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–14 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.155450

Słowa kluczowe: Quality of experience video quality evaluation video content selection traditional vs AR/VR media

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Abstrakt

The demand for high-quality video content has grown along with the rise of new technologies. The quality of visual content directly impacts user engagement and satisfaction, highlighting a clear correlation between user expectations and content delivery. Recent studies stress how important it is to pick the right content, especially in fields such as signal processing and multimedia communication. But there are challenges, such as inconsistent content selection, a lack of standards, and not enough data. Using generative AI and machine learning can help address these issues. By embracing technology-driven, inclusive and teamwork-based methods, this review paper reviews better content and sequence choices in both traditional and AR/VR setups for video enhancement. The need for high-quality content has increased with time due to the emergence of new technologies. User engagement and satisfaction are directly proportional to the quality of visual, revealing a direct proportionality between user expectations and content delivery. Recent research in digital media has emphasized the importance of selecting a particular type of content, leading to an optimized user experience. Signal processing, multimedia communication, and image processing have been significant areas of interest for researchers in which content selection is of great importance. Factors such as motion characteristics and visual complexity must be considered for precise results. The main consequence emphasizes the focus on dynamic content, diversity, and UGC as a significant area of interest. Compared to the current literature, challenges such as content selection variability, no standardized criteria, and limited data sets that serve as benchmarks must be considered. Integrating machine learning algorithms into data sets alongside scenario-based criteria can be an essential solution to such problems. Adherence to technology-driven, inclusive, and collaborative approaches leads to a better outcome that ensures productivity.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mehrunnisa

Mikolaj Leszczuk

Dawid Juszka

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

33 Lightweight and scalable security for wireless IoT systems: challenges and research directions

Daniel Migwi , Ryszard S. Romaniuk

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–8 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.155451

Słowa kluczowe: Wireless IoT Security Scalable Key Management Ascon-AEAD128 Ascon-Hash256 Ascon-XOF128 Ascon-CXOF128

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Abstrakt

The rise of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has redefined the modern digital infrastructure by enabling real-time sensing, decision making, and automation across diverse sectors. However, this rapid evolution has introduced unprecedented security challenges due to constrained computational resources, heterogeneous device environments, and wide-scale deployment of IoT nodes. This research provides a comprehensive review of lightweight and scalable security mechanisms tailored for wireless IoT systems, with a focus on practical deployment realities. It begins by outlining the security requirements and architectural constraints specific to IoT devices and then evaluates the security capabilities and vulnerabilities of commonly used wireless communication protocols. Emphasis is placed on the limitations of current implementations and protocol-level security inconsistencies. To address these gaps, the paper explores lightweight cryptographic techniques, particularly the NISTapproved Ascon algorithm suite, assessing its adaptability to resource-constrained environments. The discussion extends into scalable key management mechanisms and then investigates the challenges of large-scale deployment. It concludes by identifying future research areas that integrates security within broader system goals.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Daniel Migwi

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ryszard S. Romaniuk

Independent researcher, Poland
Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

34 Review of hierarchy in Petri Nets

Michał Markiewicz , Lesław Gniewek

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–9 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.155452

Słowa kluczowe: petri nets hierarchy modularization formal model

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Abstrakt

Petri nets are increasingly being used to create IT and automation systems whose high complexity requires a new approach to design and implementation. As a result, new concepts for describing, analyzing, and presenting Petri nets have been developed, among which the introduction of a hierarchical network structure holds an important place. This structure allows for the presentation of a created system (network) at various levels of abstraction and facilitates the determination of the properties of its modules (subnetworks) and the all network. Although hierarchical networks are currently widely used in research and pracital applications, there is no uniform way of using them. Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify and present the basic concepts of applying hierarchy in Petri nets.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Michał Markiewicz

Lesław Gniewek

Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

35 Uplink and downlink performance analysis of a structured coded NOMA in Cognitive Radio Networks

Wael Abd-Alaziz , Safaa N. Awny , Bilal A. Jebur

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 1–7 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.155453

Słowa kluczowe: NOMA, Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) uplinkand downlink throughput spectral efficiency Performance analysis Low complexity Bit Error Rate (BER)

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This study examines the uplink and downlink communication in a structured coded nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in the context of cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Due to the ever-increasing demand for spectrum-efficient communication systems, NOMA has emerged as an effective approach to enhance spectral efficiency by allowing multiple users to share the same frequency resources. Furthermore, CRN also improves spectrum utilization by enabling dynamic spectrum access while primary users are present. This work presents a method that can maximize the spectral efficiency by combining NOMA and CRN mechanisms. The suggested system is evaluated in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency, and bit error rate (BER). The collected results show that the proposed strategy performs better in reducing data mistakes when two users access the spectrum at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), with a 7 dB improvement for 1st user and a 2.5 dB improvement for the 2nd user, respectively, in the downlink scenario. Next, the exact BER expressions for both coded and uncoded uplink NOMA systems are introduced. As a result, the proposed system demonstrates superior performance and needs only 11 dB to reach 1 × 10⁻⁶ of BER while the uncoded system cannot operate in this harsh environment and the BER is fixed at 0.25 dB.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wael Abd-Alaziz

Safaa N. Awny

Bilal A. Jebur

College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Sumer, Rifaee, Iraq
niversity of Mosul, College of Pharmacy, Mosul, Iraq
Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq

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