Humanities and Social Sciences

Nauka

Description

Quarterly NAUKA is the official scientific journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The quarterly is publishing the reviewed original research papers and reviews articles from various fields of science, as well as articles devoted to the current problems concerning organization of science and higher education. The journal is intended to the whole scientific society and to all interested in recent problems of science and higher education.

ISSN

ISSN 1231-8515

Publishers

Biuro Upowszechniania i Promocji Nauki PAN

Komitet Redakcyjny:

JERZY BRZEZIŃSKI – redaktor naczelny
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza
Instytut Psychologii – Poznań
e-mail: brzezuam@amu.edu.pl

ANDRZEJ B. LEGOCKI
Polska Akademia Nauk
Instytut Chemii Bioorganicznej – Poznań
e-mail: legocki@ibch.poznan.pl

ELŻBIETA SARNOWSKA-TEMERIUSZ
Polska Akademia Nauk
Instytut Badań Literackich – Warszawa
e-mail: ibadlit@ibl.waw.pl

ANDRZEJ WÓJTOWICZ – sekretarz redakcji
Instytut Chemii Bioorganicznej PAN
Ośrodek Wydawnictw Naukowych – Poznań
e-mail: wojtow@man.poznan.pl

Redakcja kwartalnika NAUKA
61-713 Poznań, ul. Wieniawskiego 17/19
tel.: (+48-61) 8528503, faks: (+48-61) 8520532
e-mail: wojtow@man.poznan.pl

Volumes
Instructions for authors

Select number

Content

Nauka | 2022 | No 4

1 Front pages

Nauka | 2022 | No 4

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

2 Table of contents

Nauka | 2022 | No 4

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

3 Difficult road to decarbonize economy

Jan Kozłowski

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 7-35 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142918

Keywords: global emissions decarbonizing the energy sector decarbonizing transportation decarbonizing industry decarbonizing heating and cooling removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere impact of the war in Ukraine on decarbonization

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Global emissions have already reached a monstrous amount of 37 Gt of CO2 per year, and the content of this gas in the atmosphere, which is 50% higher than in pre-industrial times, and other greenhouse gases is changing the climate, causing enormous risks for humanity. A complete decarbonization of the economy is essential. Currently, China, the US and the European Union as a whole emit the most, but the US and EU countries bear the greatest responsibility for the carbon dioxide already accumulated in the atmosphere. They are high GDP countries, so they have a moral obligation to help poorer countries decarbonize their economies. Most urgent is the decarbonization of the energy sector, which has a huge, if not the largest, share of emissions. In addition, decarbonizing other sectors will significantly increase demand for electricity. Fortunately, methods to decarbonize this sector are technically mature – only RES and nuclear power should remain. The only problems are time and money. Decarbonization of transportation is proceeding faster than expected, through electromobility and the somewhat slower deployment of hydrogen fuel cells. More difficult is the decarbonization of industry, as the technologies are immature, although research in this direction has intensified greatly recently. Decarbonization of heating and cooling is a challenge not because there is a lack of methods to solve the problem, but because the scale of the undertaking is huge, especially since buildings have a long life span, and it is not always easy to change the heating in existing buildings. Despite the tremendous acceleration, it appears that the complete decarbonization of the economy by 2050, which is recommended by the IPCC to keep average temperature increases within a reasonably safe range, may not succeed. It will therefore be necessary to remove a significant amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which can be done either by capturing the gas and storing it, or by natural forces. One possibility is to accelerate the weathering of magmatic rocks, which would require grinding huge amounts of basalt and distributing it in soil over large areas. Action could also be taken to make forests store more CO2. The war in Ukraine may reduce the rate of decarbonization on a very short time scale, but it is expected to accelerate the process. Politicians have realized how dangerous dependence on fossil fuels, especially their imports, is. In addition, energy prices, which are of such great concern to everyone now, would be much lower if the power industry was much more RES-based, as wind and photovoltaic currently provide the cheapest energy. There is no return to coal-based energy, and Polish politicians making such demands are acting against the Polish raison d'etat.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kozłowski

1 2

członek rzeczywisty PAN
Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego (em.)

4 Poles toward Ukrainians: The results of survey studies after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022

Maria Babińska , Michał Bilewicz , Paulina Górska , Sabina Toruńczyk-Ruiz , Michał Wypych

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 37-58 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142919

Keywords: Ukrainian refugees immigration Ukraine prejudice contact hypothesis

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In February 2022, Russian troops invaded Ukraine, continuing a war that lasted since 2014. This turn of events led to massive migration of Ukrainian refugees to Poland, during which the country received approx. 2 million new inhabitants. The rapid migrational process led to attitudinal changes in the host country's population. This article reviews survey studies conducted at the Center for Research on Prejudice at the University of Warsaw (cross-sectional and longitudinal) assessing the attitudes of Poles toward Ukrainians. According to our data, the attitudes of Poles toward Ukraine improved after the 2022 Russian invasion (compared to 2021), and our longitudinal studies confirmed that this change was relatively long-lasting – the attitudes did not deteriorate substantially. A study looking at attitudes toward war refugees from Ukraine and refugees from other countries found that Poles showed significantly higher acceptance of Ukrainian refugees than those from other countries, which could be largely attributed to greater contact with Ukrainians. Furthermore, Poles expressed relatively high acceptance of state support for healthcare and education of Ukrainian refugees, whereas the acceptance of direct financial support and housing was relatively lower.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Maria Babińska

Michał Bilewicz

Paulina Górska

Sabina Toruńczyk-Ruiz

Michał Wypych

Wydział Psychologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski

5 The Theory of Bounded Ethicality and knowledge of human motivation systems

Janusz Reykowski

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 59-75 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142920

Keywords: motivation self cognitive bias group forces sacred values

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The Theory of Bounded Ethicality postulates that in situations involving consequences for self and/or others people make ethical decisions that bring self- -oriented motivational forces to bear on decision-making. These ethical decisions are biased by a stubborn view of oneself, as moral, competent, and deserving and thus, not susceptible to conflicts of interest. People unconsciously favor this particular vision of the self being unaware of data that may contradict it. This conception of ethical decision making seems to imply that self-oriented motivation plays a dominant role in regulation of human behavior. But there are good theoretical reasons for questioning this view. In the paper, I describe three different research programs that may illustrate operation of the three different motivational systems – only one of them seems to corresponds with the Bounded Ethicality model. It means that that “bounded ethicality“ may appear in pure form in specific situations – when self system is activated by specific egxogenous and endogenous factors while other systems are not remain in the latent state.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Reykowski

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

członek korespondent PAN
Instytut Psychologii PAN, Warszawa

6 Not with a bang but with a whimper

Emanuel Kulczycki , Dariusz Jemielniak

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 77-88 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142921

Keywords: habilitation science policy Polish science reforms

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The habilitation degree in Poland ends not with a bang but with a whimper: in spite of grandiloquent announcements from Minister Czarnek about restoring its due prestige and role, the increase in the number of schools entitled to grant habilitation leads to a hyperinflation of this degree, and in the long run – to its demise. In our article, we are discussing briefly the pros and cons of habilitation system, the status quo after most recent reforms, the quantitative analysis of the numbers of schools receiving the habilitation granting rights, and the consequences of the change. We end with a short description of possible scenarios of the current crisis.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Emanuel Kulczycki

Dariusz Jemielniak

2 3 4

Scholarly Communication Research Group w Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
członek korespondent PAN
Katedra MINDS w Akademii Leona Koźmińskiego
Berkman-Klein Center for Internet and Society na Uniwersytecie Harvarda

7 Scientific surprises, or why scientific discoveries cannot be predicted

Grzegorz Węgrzyn

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 89-97 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142922

Keywords: research unpredictable results the role of politics in science

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Scientific research is activities aimed at discovering previously unknown facts, phenomena, processes, mechanisms, etc., using objective, repeatable and verifiable methods. In practice, this means that if we strive to investigate something unknown, it is impossible to precisely plan what we discover, because we do not know it. This human activity differs from all the others, where, although the goals set can be both easy and simple as well as ambitious and difficult, it is possible to precisely indicate the specific end goal of the activity that we want to achieve, specific measures that are needed for this and specific methods what we need to apply. Therefore, if we can predict what exactly is needed to achieve the assumed goals, it can be any human activity but scientific research, because its results cannot be predicted by definition. This has profound consequences, both in the conditions that must be created for the practice of science, and in the results of scientific research. This unpredictability of the results of scientific work causes that, on the one hand, many legal provisions that work well in other spheres of life, become absurd in science and inhibit its development, and on the other hand, obtaining surprising results is relatively frequent in science. Such surprises, sometimes the result of unintentional mistakes by researchers, have led to many groundbreaking discoveries. It is also important to realize that attempts to subordinate science to political goals can lead to dramatic effects, so such actions should never take place. Politicians should support scientific research, point to its enormous social role, but never indicate what the results of scientific work are to be.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Węgrzyn

Uniwersytet Gdański, Wydział Biologii, Katedra Biologii Molekularnej

8 About the Ballads and romances. The invitation to reading

Krzysztof Trybuś

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 99-105 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142923

Keywords: Adam Mickiewicz literature memory romanticism Ballads and romances

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In his lecture the author explains the role played by the problem of memory in Ballady i romanse ( Ballads and romances). In his reading of the ballads he concentrates mainly on the subject of romantic memory and on the places of memory, indicating memory-forming experience of death. The author presents the hypothesis about two culminanting points of the development of memory problems – in Ballady i romanse and the consecutive parts of Dziady ( Forefathers’ Eve).

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Trybuś

Instytut Filologii Polskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, Zakład Literatury Romantyzmu

9 Tadeusz Breza's Adam Grywałd – a novel of false mysteries

Jan Tomkowski

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 107-118 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142924

Keywords: 20th century literature Polish novel Tadeusz Breza psychologism

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Tadeusz Breza (1905–1970), once one of the most popular Polish writers of the twentieth century, is today one of the authors less and less read. On the other hand, his debut and arguably most outstanding novel, Adam Grywałd, has not lost its value. It has been treated as an achievement of psychologism, a testimony to his fascination with Proust,s work and a manifestation of homosexual themes. However, these are unsatisfactory interpretations and lead to the discovery of false mysteries. They obscure the psychological profiles of the individual characters. The real mystery perhaps concerns a frightening encounter with nothingness, death, destruction. Read in this way, the novel becomes a truly intriguing work.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jan Tomkowski

Instytut Badań Literackich PAN, Warszawa

10 Psychic traces of war in the research of Ludwik Bandura

Zbigniew Kwieciński

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 119-138 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142925

Keywords: Ludwik Bandura – model of humanity research on children harmed by the war need for a “socialized school”

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This study presents the figure of Professor Ludwik Bandura as a fighter, teacher, scientist of special sensibility and a model of humanity. Then there is a discussion of L. Bandura's (1947) research on the harm done to children by war and the obligations of the “socialized school” towards children of war that result from these experiences.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Kwieciński

e-mail:

ORCID:

członek rzeczywisty PAN

11 Three outstanding minds. III

Michał Głowiński

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 139-153 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142926

Keywords: Michał Głowiński Polish humanists Zbigniew Bieńkowski Andrzej Janowski Barbara Skarga

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Profiles of the three Polish humanists as remembered by prof. Michał Głowiński.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Głowiński

1 2

członek rzeczywisty PAN
Instytut Badań Literackich PAN, Warszawa

12 Regenerative agriculture – the concept of sustainable food production and agroecosystems improvement. Regenerative agriculture for agroecosystems

Magdalena Frąc , Mariusz Matyka , Jan Rozbicki , Piotr Tryjanowski

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 155-164 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142927

Keywords: agroecology agroforestry biodiversity regenerative agriculture sustainable agriculture soil health

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The concept of regenerative agriculture increased as a response to the progressive degradation of soils intensively used in agriculture and the need to restore their biodiversity and fertility. A characteristic feature of this concept is not only to reduce the negative impact of agriculture on the environment, but also to improve its quality. The most characteristic elements of the concept of regenerative agriculture include: restoring soil health, including increasing the capacity to sequester carbon to mitigate climate change and reversing biodiversity loss. The EASAC report on regenerative agriculture relates mainly to the European Green Deal, and is a critical analysis of the scientific evidence base on the practices of regenerative agriculture to meet the main targets of the Farm to Fork and Biodiversity Strategy, carbon storage and food production. The publication of the report on regenerative agriculture by EASAC became an inspiration for organizing a seminar entitled “Regenerative Agriculture” on May 25, 2022. The seminar was organized as cooperation of three scientific committees of the Polish Academy of Sciences: the Committee of Agronomic Sciences, the Committee of Animal Sciences and Aquaculture and the Committee of Veterinary Sciences and Reproductive Biology, being an excellent forum for discussing such an important issue.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Frąc

1 2

Mariusz Matyka

1 3

Jan Rozbicki

1 4

Piotr Tryjanowski

Komitet Nauk Agronomicznych PAN
Instytut Agrofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Lublinie
Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy w Puławach
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu

13 Jerzy Kołodziejczak – a scientist and a visionary science manager

Jerzy M. Langer

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 165-175 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142928

Keywords: Jerzy Kołodziejczak physicist semiconductors galvanomagnetic and nonlinear optical properties band nonparabolicity neo-ignorance era Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Jerzy Kołodziejczak, who died on August 1st, 2022 at the age of 87, was a distinguished Polish physicist and a visionary science manager. He graduated at the Physics Faculty of Warsaw University in 1958, received PhD in 1961, habilitation in 1963, and became Professor in 1968. From the beginning of his brilliant and rapid scientific career he worked at the newly created Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics in Warsaw, of which he became director in 1970 (for 12 years) and then the creator of the new institute site and its structure of today. His major theoretical and experimental contributions to science of semiconductors followed the observation that understanding of galvanomagnetic and optical phenomena of medium and narrow-gap semiconductors cannot be done without proper account of the nonparabolicity of their bands. He then formulated general theory of these properties, what brought him not only international acclaim, but also several highest recognitions in Poland (first Maria Skłodowska-Curie Scientific Prize of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) in 1967, the State Award of the first class 1978, Polonia Restituta Commander Order with the Star 2005) and membership to the Polish Academy of Sciences (Corresponding Member 1973 and Ordinary Member in 1991). He served several highest offices in the Academy up to the Academy Presidency in 2002. In 1983 was elected a Fellow of the Warsaw scientific Society. He published well over 100 scientific papers and was a Ph Thesis advisor of his 15 associates.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy M. Langer

Instytutu Fizyki PAN, Warszawa

14 Position of the Committee for Rehabilitation, Physical Culture and Social Integration of the Polish Academy of Sciences on physical activity and participation of Poles in sport and physical recreation during the COVID-19 pandemic

Michał Lenartowicz , Joanna Kostka , Jolanta Kujawa , Bartosz Molik , Wiesław Osiński

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 177-181 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142929

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Lenartowicz

Joanna Kostka

Jolanta Kujawa

Bartosz Molik

Wiesław Osiński

15 Statement no. 07/2022 by the Interdisciplinary Advisory Team for the Climate Crisis to the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences about the disaster on the Odra river and anthropogenic climate changes

Nauka | 2022 | No 4 | 183-187 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142930

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Instructions for authors

NAUKA jest czasopismem Polskiej Akademii Nauk wydawanym kwartalnie w języku polskim lub angielskim. Czasopismo publikuje recenzowane prace naukowe, artykuły przeglądowe, polemiczne, wspomnieniowe, recenzje oraz listy do redakcji.

Wszystkie materiały do publikacji prosimy przesyłać drogą elektroniczną do sekretariatu redakcji lub do członków Komitetu Redakcyjnego. Artykuły należy przygotować za pomocą standardowego edytora tekstu. Tekst nie powinien zawierać poprawek, podkreśleń i spacjowań. Kolejne akapity należy rozpoczynać wcięciem. Do pracy prosimy dołączyć streszczenie (maksymalnie 250 słów) oraz słowa kluczowe (trzy do ośmiu). Jeśli praca napisana jest w języku polskim, to wówczas tytuł pracy, słowa kluczowe oraz streszczenie należy dostarczyć również w języku angielskim. Ilustracje prosimy przesłać w oddzielnych plikach, niezależnie od tego, czy zostały one umieszczone także w pliku z tekstem. Jakość ilustracji powinna pozwalać na ich bezpośrednią reprodukcję oraz skalowanie do formatu czasopisma. Fotografie i ilustracje w formie map bitowych muszą posiadać rozdzielczość wynoszącą co najmniej 300 dpi i być zapisane w typowym formacie graficznym. Zamieszczanie ilustracji barwnych wymaga uzgodnienia z redakcją.

Wraz z plikiem zawierającym artykuł i plikami z ilustracjami należy przesłać:

a) pismo, w którym pierwszy autor zwraca się do redakcji o wydrukowanie pracy w czasopiśmie (formalne zgłoszenie materiału do publikacji w kwartalniku NAUKA), podaje swój adres, afiliacje, adres e-mailowy oraz podpis wraz z podaniem tytułu naukowego;

b) pisemne oświadczenie, że praca nie była dotąd ogłoszona drukiem i nie została złożona w innej redakcji. W przypadku wykorzystywania rycin (lub innych elementów) uprzednio publikowanych lub pochodzących od innych autorów należy dołączyć pisemną zgodę autorów i wydawnictwa na ich wykorzystanie;

Literatura przedmiotu powinna być umieszczona na końcu pracy w układzie sekwencyjnym (odwołanie w tekście, np. [1]) lub alfabetycznym typu „autor-rok” (odwołanie w tekście, np. (Ziman J., 1978)).

Artykuł:

Watson J.D., Crick F.H.C., Molecular structure of nucleic acids. Nature 1953, nr 171,

s. 737–738.

Książka:

Ziman J., Reliable knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1978, s. 124–157.

Rozdział w książce:

Klemensiewicz Z., Przekład jako zagadnienie językoznawstwa, [w:] O sztuce tłumaczenia, pod redakcją M. Rusinka, Wrocław 1955, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, s. 85–97.

Tytuły artykułów w literaturze przedmiotu powinny być podane w oryginalnym brzmieniu, a skróty tytułów czasopism według Web of Science: Standard journal abbreviations oraz wykazów narodowych i branżowych. Spis piśmiennictwa nie powinien zawierać niepublikowanych danych, informacji prywatnych lub prac w przygotowaniu. Odwoływanie się do takich źródeł może występować jedynie w tekście.