Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2023:	1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022:	1.1
CiteScore 2023:	2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.573
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2

1 Contents

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2

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2 Structure and properties of modern engineering materials

Bogusław Major , Marcin Nabialek , Marek Sroka , Marek Węglowski , Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e145679 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145679

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Authors and Affiliations

Bogusław Major

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Nabialek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marek Sroka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marek Węglowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Welding, Gliwice, Poland
University Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

3 Thermoplastic hardened Cu-Ni-Si-Ag alloy

Beata Krupińska , Robert Chulist , Marcin Kondracki , Krzysztof Labisz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e145683 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145683

Keywords: CuNi2Si1 alloys modification thermoplastic treatment structure

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Abstract

The goal of the work was to investigate the influence of silver addition on the microstructure of CuNi2Si1 alloys. The investigated copper alloy was cast and then supersaturated, plastically deformed on the Gleeble 3800 simulator and finally aged. Structural changes were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Orientation mapping was completed FEI Quanta 3D field emission gun scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with TSL electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) system. The effect of structural and microstructural changes on hardness and conductivity was also investigated. Based on the mechanical tests it was found, that the mechanical properties and conductivity are improved due to heat and plastic treatment. It was also found that the precipitation hardening raises the hardness to the level of 40% whilst an increase in conductivity by 20% is observed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Krupińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Robert Chulist

Marcin Kondracki

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Labisz

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Reymonta St. 25, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Foundry Engineering, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Department of Railway Transport, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland

4 Study of Si morphology in AlSi21CuNiMg cast alloy using col our and deep etching

Eva Tillová , Mária Chalupová , Lenka Kuchariková , Mirosław Bonek , Milan Uhríčik , Lucia Pastierovičová

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144618 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144618

Keywords: Al-Si cast alloy primary silicon deep etching morphology

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Abstract

The effect of possible modification and refining effect of Al-Cu-P-based pre-alloy combined with Fe on the microstructure and the silicon morphology change in hypereutectic Al-Si cast alloy was studied. The samples in the as-cast state were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The 3D morphology of both primary and eutectic silicon was observed by using colour and deep etching in detail. The results showed that the AlCu19P1.4 pre-alloy (1.07 wt.%) combined with the addition of Fe (0.02 wt.%) has a significant effect on the change of the amount, size and morphology of primary Si. This is significantly refined and changes the shape from a coarse irregular star-shaped, polyhedral, or plate-like shape to a fine polyhedral shape. The average size of the primary Si is reduced by about of 78 % from 135 μm to 28 μm and the number of primary Si particles increased from 7.4 to 237. No change in the morphology of the eutectic Si was observed; a refinement of the structure from a coarse needle/plate-like to a fine plate-like structure was seen. The depth etching method using HCl was very effective in the study of the 3D silicon morphology observed, which could be observed in detail without the presence of artefacts.

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Authors and Affiliations

Eva Tillová

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mária Chalupová

Lenka Kuchariková

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mirosław Bonek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Milan Uhríčik

Lucia Pastierovičová

University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

5 Influence of annealing conditions on changes of the structure and selected properties of Al88Y7Fe5 and Al88Y6Fe6 alloys

Rafał Babilas , Monika Spilka , Wojciech Łoński , Adrian Radoń , Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł , Piotr Gębara

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144614 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144614

Keywords: Al-Y-Fe metallic glasses heat treatment structural tests corrosion resistance magnetic properties

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Abstract

Al-Y-Fe amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys are characterized by a unique collection of diverse properties that are influenced by various factors, including heat treatment. In this paper, the effect of heat treatment on the structural changes and selected properties of Al-Y-Fe metallic glasses in the as-spun state is investigated. The structure of the Al88Y7Fe5 and Al88Y6Fe6 alloys was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS). The corrosion resistance of the samples was characterized using polarization tests in a 3.5% NaCl solution at 25 °C. The effect of sodium chloride on the surface was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The magnetic properties of Al-based alloys were explored using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was revealed that the tested alloys show better properties after annealing than in the as-spun state. The annealing of the Al88Y7Fe5 and Al88Y6Fe6 alloys in the temperature range of 200 to 300 °C improved the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of these materials. After 3,600 s, the better EOCP values were recorded for the Al88Y6Fe6 and Al88Y7Fe5 alloys after annealing at 300 °C and 200 °C, adequately. On the basis of the polarization tests, it was concluded that the electrochemical properties are better for Al88Y6Fe6 alloys after annealing at 300 °C.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Babilas

e-mail:

ORCID:

Monika Spilka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Łoński

Adrian Radoń

Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł

Piotr Gębara

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Sowinskiego 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland

6 Mechanical properties of Super 304H steel after long-term ageing at 650 and 700°C

Adam Zieliński , Marek Sroka , Hanna Purzyńska , Frantisek Novy

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144612 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144612

Keywords: Super 304H steel mechanical properties ageing

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Abstract

The paper shows the degradation process of the modern austenitic Super 304H (X10CrNiCuNb18-9-3) steel which was subjected to long-term aging for up to 50,000 h at 650 and 700°C. The investigations include microstructure examination (SEM), identification and analysis of the precipitation process, and mechanical properties tests. The Super 304H steel has a structure characteristic of austenitic steels with visible annealing twins and single primary NbX precipitates. Long-term aging in the steel leads to numerous precipitation processes of M23C6, MX carbides, σ phase, Z phase, and -Cu phase. Precipitation processes lead to a decrease in plastic properties and impact energy as well as alloy over aging. Yield strength and tensile strength values after 50,000 h of aging were similar to those as delivered. The yield and tensile strength value strongly depend on the applied aging temperature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Zieliński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marek Sroka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hanna Purzyńska

Frantisek Novy

Łukasiewicz Research Network – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44 100 Gliwice, Poland
Department of Materials Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

7 Effect of hot deformation and isothermal holding temperature on retained austenite characteristics in 3-5% Mn multiphase steels

Marek Opiela , Adam Grajcar , Wojciech Pakieła

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144611 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144611

Keywords: hot deformation bainitic transformation retained austenite multi-phase structure Mn effect

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Abstract

The paper presents stress-strain characteristics recorded during the four-step compression of axisymmetric samples in the Gleeble thermomechanical simulator. The hot deformability of three steels with Mn concentrations of 3%, 4% and 5% was compared. The analysis of the influence of plastic deformation and Mn content on the microstructure of alloys, and in particular, on a fraction and morphological features of the retained austenite, was performed. The proportion of the retained austenite was determined by the X-ray diffraction method. It was found that the content of Mn in the range from 3% to 5% does not have a significant impact on the high-temperature resistance of the steel during compression tests, but it has a significant influence on the microstructure of the steel and the fraction of retained austenite. The optimal conditions for maximizing the proportion of retained austenite were obtained at the temperature of 400 °C, and it decreased with increasing Mn concentration in the steel. It has been shown that it is related to the redistribution of carbon from the remaining austenite fraction with an increase in the manganese content. The mechanical properties were determined on the basis of hardness measurements.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Opiela

Adam Grajcar

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Pakieła

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

8 Effect of spray distance on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of WC - based coatings sprayed by HVOF

Ewa Jonda , Leszek Łatka , Artur Maciej , Marcin Godzierz , Klaudiusz Gołombek , Andrzej Radziszewski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144610 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144610

Keywords: WC-based powders AZ31 magnesium alloy High Velocity Oxy Fuel microstructure corrosion resistance

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Abstract

Cermet coatings provide protection against aggressive operating environment of machine and device elements, such as corrosion, wear or high-temperature conditions. Currently WC-based cermet coatings are frequently used in the different industry branches. In this work, conventional WC-based powders (WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr) were sprayed with High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) onto AZ31 magnesium alloy with different spray distances (320 and 400 mm). The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of the spray distance on the microstructure of the coatings, phase composition and electrochemical corrosion resistance. Results revealed that higher spray distance results in greater porosity, 1.9% and 2.3% for 320 mm and 2.8% and 3.1% for 400 mm in case of WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr coatings, respectively. Also the influence has been observed for coatings microhardness, c.a. 1300 HV0.3 for shorter spray distance, whereas for longer one it was less than 1100 HV0.3. The corrosion resistance estimated in potentiodynamic polarization measurements was the best for WC-Co-Cr coating deposited from the shorter spray distance, corrosion current density was equal to 2.9 µA·cm-2 and polarization resistance was equal to 8424 Ω∙cm2.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Jonda

e-mail:

ORCID:

Leszek Łatka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Artur Maciej

Marcin Godzierz

Klaudiusz Gołombek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrzej Radziszewski

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, ul. Łukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, ul. Krzywoustego 6B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Laboratory of the Testy Materials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
“RESURS” Company, A. Radziszewski, ul. Czarodzieja 12, 03-116 Warszawa, Poland

9 Investigations of CrN/TiO2 coatings obtained in a hybrid PVD/ALD method on Al-Si-Cu alloy substrate

Marcin Staszuk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144622 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144622

Keywords: ALD PVD hybrid coatings TiO2 aluminum alloys corrosion resistant

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Abstract

The paper addresses an important scientific topic from the utilitarian point of view concerning the surface treatment of Al-Si-Cu aluminum alloys by PVD/ALD hybrid coating deposition. The influence of the conditions of deposition of titanium oxide in CrN/TiO2 coatings on their structure and properties, in particular corrosion resistance, were investigated. The TiO2 layer was produced by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method with a variable number of cycles. Structural investigations were performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy methods. Electrochemical properties were analyzed using potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The CrN/TiO2 hybrid coating with titanium oxide deposited at 500 ALD cycles showed the best corrosion properties. It was also found that the prerequisite for obtaining the best electrochemical properties was the amorphous structure of titanium oxide in the tested hybrid coatings. The high tribological properties of the tested coatings were also confirmed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Staszuk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Konarskiego 18a St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

10 Influence of ageing on microstructure and mechanical properties of TP347HFG austenitic stainless steel

Grzegorz Golański , Hanna Purzyńska

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144607 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144607

Keywords: austenitic stainless steel precipitates microstructure mechanical properties

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of microstructural and mechanical investigation of long-term aged TP347HFG austenitic stainless steel. Ageing was performed at a time of up to 30 000 hours and the temperature of 600 and 650◦C. Ageing was proved to lead to the precipitation of secondary phase particles not only inside grains but also on the boundaries of grains and twins. The MX precipitates were observed inside the grains. However, M23C6 carbides and sigma phase precipitates were observed on grain boundaries. The changes in the microstructure of the examined steel translated into the mechanical properties, i.e. initially observed growth and then the decrease of yield strength and a gradual decrease in impact energy. The overageing process – a decrease in strength properties – was associated with the growth of the size of M23C6 carbides and the precipitation of the sigma phase. The reduction of impact energy in TP347HFG austenitic stainless steel was found to be associated with the precipitation of M23C6 carbides in the case of the 600◦C temperature, and the M23C6 carbides and sigma phase in the case of the 650◦C temperature. The rate of changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties depended on the ageing temperature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Golański

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hanna Purzyńska

Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

11 Electrospun niobium oxide 1D nanostructures and their applications in textile industry wastewater treatment

Marta Zaborowska , Weronika Smok , Tomasz Tański

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144941 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144941

Keywords: electrospinning niobium oxide photocatalysis MB and RhB removal textile wastewater treatment

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Abstract

Textile industry emits daily huge amounts of sewage rich in non-biodegradable organic compounds, especially in textile dyes. Such contaminants are highly soluble in water, which makes their removal difficult. Other studies suggest their carcinogenicity, toxicity and mutagenicity. A promising chemical treatment of textile wastewater is the photodegradation of dye molecules in the process of photocatalysis in the presence of a photocatalyst. One-dimensional nanostructures exhibit a high surface-to-volume ratio and a quantum confinement effect, making them ideal candidates for nanophotocatalyst material. Nb2O5 is, among other metal oxides with a wide band gap, gaining popularity in optical applications, and electrospun niobium oxide nanostructures, despite their ease and low cost, can increase the chemical removal of textile dyes from wastewater. Facile synthesis of electrospun one-dimensional niobium oxide nanofibers is presented. The nanophotocatalysts morphology, structure, chemical bonds and optical properties were examined. Based on photodegradation of aqueous solutions (ph=6) of methylene blue and rhodamine B, the photocatalytic activity was established. The photocatalytic efficiency after 180 minutes of ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of Nb2O5 nanofibers was as follows: 84.9% and 31.8% for methylene blue and rhodamine B decolorization, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Zaborowska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Weronika Smok

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Tański

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

12 The use of DSC curves and the Kronmüller theory to study the level of structural defects of Fe-based bulk amorphous alloys

Bartłomiej Jeż , Marcin Nabiałek

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144613 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144613

Keywords: injection-casting method bulk amorphous alloys soft magnetic materials free volume structural defects

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Abstract

This article presents the results of tests carried out on rapid quenched Fe-based alloys. The alloys were made using an injection-casting method. The actual structure of the alloys was also studied using an indirect method, based on H. Kronmüller's theorem. Based on analysis of the primary magnetization curves, in accordance with the aforementioned theory, it was found that Mo causes a change in internal regions associated with changes in the direction of the magnetization vector. The evolution of the thermal properties with increasing volume of Mo has been confirmed by the DSC curves. Addition of Mo, at the expense of the Nb component, results in changes to the crystallization process (i.e. the crystallization onset temperature and number of stages). The study showed that the addition of Mo at the expense of Nb reduces glass forming ability. Based on the DSC analysis, free volumes were determined for the alloys tested. These values were compared with the analysis of primary magnetization curves. It was found that the DSC curves can be used to indirectly describe the structure of amorphous alloys similar to the theory of the approach to ferromagnetic saturation. This approach is new and can be used by many researchers in this field.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Jeż

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Nabiałek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Technology and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19c, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Cz ̨estochowa, Poland

13 The look-up algorithm of monitoring an object described by non-linear ordinary differential equations

Przemysław Hawro , Tadeusz Kwater , Jacek Bartman , Bogdan Kwiatkowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144603 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144603

Keywords: look-up algorithm monitoring on-line adaptive estimation polluted river MATLAB

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Abstract

The article proposes an adaptive algorithm that generates all object signals, including those for which measurements are not performed due to the difficulties associated with on-line measurements. The algorithm is modeled on the idea of the Kalman filter using its equation, however, the selection of gains is optimized in a different way, i.e. the constant values depend on the adopted ranges of adaptation errors. Moreover, the knowledge of the statistics of all noise signals is not imposed and there is no linearity constraint. This approach allowed to reduce the complexity of calculations. This algorithm can be used in real-time systems to generate signals of objects described by non-linear differential equations and it is universal, which allows it to be used for various objects. In the conducted research, on the example of a biochemically contaminated river, only easily measurable signals were used to generated the object signals, and in addition, in the case of absence some measurements, the functioning of the algorithm did not destabilize.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Hawro

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tadeusz Kwater

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jacek Bartman

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bogdan Kwiatkowski

e-mail: b.kwiatkowsk@prz.edu.pl

ORCID:

14 Obstacle avoidance method of autonomous vehicle based on fusion improved A*APF algorithm

Yubin Qian , Hongtao Sun , Song Feng

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144624 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144624

Keywords: obstacle avoidance path planning fuzzy control tracking control

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Abstract

This paper proposes an autonomous obstacle avoidance method combining improved A-star (A*) and improved artificial potential field (APF) to solve the planning and tracking problems of autonomous vehicles in a road environment. The A*APF algorithm to perform path planning tasks, and based on the longitudinal braking distance model, a dynamically changing obstacle influence range is designed. When there is no obstacle affecting the controlled vehicle, the improved A* algorithm with angle constraint combined with steering cost can quickly generate the optimal route and reduce turning points. If the controlled vehicle enters the influence domain of obstacle, the improved artificial potential field algorithm will generate lane changing paths and optimize the local optimal locations based on simulated annealing. Pondering the influence of surrounding participants, the four-mode obstacle avoidance process is established, and the corresponding safe distance condition is analyzed. A particular index is introduced to comprehensively evaluate speed, risk warning, and safe distance factors, so the proposed method is designed based on the fuzzy control theory. In the tracking task, a model predictive controller in the light of the kinematics model is devised to make the longitudinal and lateral process of lane changing meet comfort requirements, generating a feasible autonomous lane-change path. Finally, the simulation was performed in the Matlab/Simulink and Carsim combined environment. The proposed fusion path generation algorithm can overcome the shortcomings of the traditional single method and better adapt to the dynamic environment. The feasibility of the obstacle avoidance algorithm is verified in the three-lane simulation scenario to meet safety and comfort requirements.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yubin Qian

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hongtao Sun

e-mail:

ORCID:

Song Feng

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China

15 Modular distributed models of production systems: a Petri nets based approach

Reggie Davidrajuh , Damian Krenczyk , Bożena Skolud

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144621 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144621

Keywords: production engineering systems sustainability modular Petri nets Petri Modules GPenSIM

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Abstract

Modeling and simulation are key performance analysis and control techniques to optimize decision-making as well as design and operate complex production systems. They are also indicated as one of the technological pillars of modern industry and IT solutions supporting the implementation of the roadmap toward Industry 4.0 in the areas of digital transformation and automation. In the context of the required rapid transformation of today’s enterprises, it becomes extremely important to look for solutions that allow the use of the existing infrastructure, information, and energy, so as to minimize the negative impact of new technologies and the transformation process itself on the environment. The article presents an approach to modeling large and complex production systems with the use of distributed Petri net models allowing the use of the possessed IT infrastructure as consistent with the idea of sustainable development in the activities of enterprises. This eliminates two major problems that render traditional models unusable. The first is related to the difficulties in analyzing and verifying models of enormous size and infinite space of states. The second is related to the required computing power, if such analyzes are to be performed on one computing unit, which would force the producers to replace the IT infrastructure. For this purpose, modular Petri nets are introduced. Other benefits of modularization, such as smaller components that can be independently analyzed, are also presented in the paper. The proposed modular Petri net has been implemented in the proprietary GPenSIM software. The paper is complemented by a practical example of industrial modeling of production systems with automated guided vehicles (AGVs) using the Modular Model with Intelligent Petri Modules.

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Authors and Affiliations

Reggie Davidrajuh

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Damian Krenczyk

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Bożena Skolud

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University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

16 Reliability estimation of underground horizontal fuel tank limit states

Przemysław Sorn , Mateusz Sondej , Jarosław Górski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144588 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144588

Keywords: underground fuel tanks shell corrosion reliability analysis

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Abstract

Fuel tanks are designed with regard to standard loads and operating conditions. The investigations of the paper show the impact of such factors as tank corrosion and other means on variation of stress fields and deformation of the underground horizontal tank shell. Introduction of probabilistic methods allows for structural reliability assessment. While the computational time of the entire tank FEM model is high the preliminary analysis is restricted to structural part only. The analysis makes it possible to optimize the structure with regard to construction costs.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Sorn

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Mateusz Sondej

Jarosław Górski

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Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
KB Pomorze, Gdańsk, Poland

17 A BIM technology-based underwater structure damage identification and management method

Xiaofei Li , Rongrong Su , Peng Cheng , Heming Sun , Qinghang Meng , Taiyi Song , Mengpu Wei , Chen Zhang

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144602 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144602

Keywords: building information modeling underwater structural disease damage identification deep learning

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Abstract

With the continuous development of bridge technology, the condition assessment of large bridges has gradually attracted attention. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technology provides valuable information about a structure's existing health, keeping it safe and uninterrupted use under various operating conditions by mitigating risks and hazards on time. At the same time, the problem of bridge underwater structure disease is becoming more obvious, affecting the safe operation of the bridge structure. It is necessary to test the bridge’s underwater structure. This paper develops a bridge underwater structure health monitoring system by combining building information modeling (BIM) and an underwater structure damage algorithm. This paper is verified by multiple image recognition networks, and compared with the advantages of different networks, the YOLOV4 network is used as the main body to improve, and a lightweight convolutional neural network (Lite-yolov4) is built. At the same time, the accuracy of disease identification and the performance of each network are tested in various experimental environments, and the reliability of the underwater structure detection link is verified.

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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaofei Li

Rongrong Su

Peng Cheng

Heming Sun

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ORCID:

Qinghang Meng

Taiyi Song

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Mengpu Wei

Chen Zhang

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College of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
ZJYY (Dalian) Bridge Underwater Inspection Co., Ltd. Dalian 116023, China

18 Application of imaging techniques to objectify the Finger Tapping test used in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease

Jacek Jakubowski , Anna Potulska-Chromik , Jolanta Chmielińska , Monika Nojszewska , Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144886 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144886

Keywords: image processing medical diagnosis Parkinson’s disease finger tapping test

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Abstract

Finger tapping is one of the standard tests for Parkinson's disease diagnosis performed to assess the motor function of patients' upper limbs. In clinical practice, the assessment of the patient's ability to perform the test is carried out visually and largely depends on the experience of clinicians. This article presents the results of research devoted to the objectification of this test. The methodology was based on the proposed measurement method consisting in frame processing of the video stream recorded during the test to determine the time series representing the distance between the index finger and the thumb. Analysis of the resulting signals was carried out in order to determine the characteristic features that were then used in the process of distinguishing patients with Parkinson's disease from healthy cases using methods of machine learning. The research was conducted with the participation of 21 patients with Parkinson's disease and 21 healthy subjects. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain the sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method at the level of approx. 80 %. However, the patients were in the so-called ON phase when symptoms are reduced due to medication, which was a much greater challenge compared to analyzing signals with clearly visible symptoms as reported in related works.

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Jacek Jakubowski

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Anna Potulska-Chromik

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Jolanta Chmielińska

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Monika Nojszewska

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Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk

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Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

19 Microstructure evolution in directionally solidifying Cu-17 at.% Al eutectic alloy

Małgorzata Perek-Nowak , Grzegorz Boczkal , Paweł Pałka , Piotr Kuropatwa

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144604 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144604

Keywords: Cu-Al alloy direct solidification gradual material texture

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Małgorzata Perek-Nowak

Grzegorz Boczkal

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Paweł Pałka

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Piotr Kuropatwa

Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

20 Elastic buckling of a generalized cylindrical sandwich panel under axial compression

Krzysztof Magnucki , Ewa Magnucka-Blandzi , Leszek Wittenbeck

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144623 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144623

Keywords: cylindrical sandwich panel rectangular sandwich plate elastic buckling

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Abstract

The paper is devoted to buckling problem of an axially compressed generalized cylindrical sandwich panel and rectangular sandwich plate. The continuous variation of mechanical properties in thickness direction of the structures is assumed. The generalized theory of deformation of the straight line normal to the neutral surface is applied. The analytical model of this sandwich panel is elaborated. Three differential equations of equilibrium of this panel based on the principle of stationary potential energy are obtained. This system of equations is analytically solved and the critical load is derived. Moreover, the limit transformation of the sandwich panel to a sandwich rectangular plate is presented. The critical loads of the example cylindrical panels and rectangular plates are derived.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Magnucki

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Ewa Magnucka-Blandzi

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Leszek Wittenbeck

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Łukasiewicz Research Network – Poznan Institute of Technology, Rail Vehicles Center, ul. Warszawska 181, 61-055 Poznan, Poland
Institute of Mathematics, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznan, Poland