Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2023:	1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022:	1.1
CiteScore 2023:	2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.573
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4

1 Analysis of the impact of the method of manufacturing a rotor on the parameters of an AC IPM machine

Mariusz Korkosz , Adrian Młot , Elżbieta Sztajmec , Karol Ryłło

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e153433 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153433

Keywords: anisotropy cogging torque IPM motor electrical steel sheet torque ripple reduction

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Abstract

This article presents the technological problem related to the production of rotors with an internal permanent magnet. Most often, the magnetic circuits of such rotors used in alternating current synchronous motors (AC IPM) are made of isotropic magnetic sheets. At this point, it should be noted that it is often not taken into account that each isotropic magnetic sheet exhibits some anisotropy. This significantly affects the operational parameters of the brushless permanent magnet (PM) motor such as the cogging torque, electromagnetic torque ripples and an increase in induced voltage harmonics. To illustrate how important it is to properly design the rotor core, two rotors of the IPM motor were analyzed in this work. In the first rotor solution, minimization of the magnetic sheet anisotropy was not taken into account, and the skew of the magnets was not used. In the second case of the IPM motor, the problem of rotor magnetic circuit anisotropy was minimized and an additional skew of the PMs was used. The obtained measurements and calculations of selected useful parameters of both rotor designs were then compared with each other. Importantly, the conclusions drawn and the resulting comments will prove useful to designers, assemblers and manufacturers of electrical machine components.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Korkosz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Adrian Młot

e-mail:

ORCID:

Elżbieta Sztajmec

e-mail:

ORCID:

Karol Ryłło

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow, Poland
Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole, Poland

2 A flying start method for sensorless induction machine-based electric drives

Daniel Wachowiak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e154206 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154206

Keywords: induction machine flying start speed observer sensorless drive DC injection

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Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of a proposed flying start method for sensorless electric drives based on an induction machine. The method introduces two stages. In the first stage, the rotor speed is estimated using the step response of the machine, which enables coarse estimation of the speed and direction of rotation, helping to reduce the initial slip. The second stage introduces an intermediate control system to facilitate the machine restart and assist the speed observer in converging. Simulation and experimental studies demonstrate that the method successfully restarts the machine with an unknown initial rotor speed without exceeding the nominal current. The auxiliary control system fully excites a 5.5 kW machine within 300 ms during the flying start, after which it is possible to transition to the target control system.

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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Wachowiak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Electric Drives and Energy Conversion, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering and EkoTech Center,Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

3 Slip compensation technique in five-phase induction motors drive system

Krzysztof Blecharz , Roland Ryndzionek , Paul Gondran , Imad Merzouk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e153223 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153223

Keywords: five-phase induction motor multi-phase motor open-loop control slip compensation scalar control

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Abstract

The article presents a slip compensation method for traditional scalar (V/f) control of a five-phase induction motor. The proposed control method uses the possibility of injecting the third harmonic of voltage to increase the motor’s electromagnetic torque. The solution is characterized by both the simplicity of scalar control and improved speed control efficiency. The paper presents the PLECS simulation results and describes the laboratory tests that were conducted. Several scenarios were performed with dedicated and self developed algorithm in a laboratory stand using a five-phase induction motor.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Blecharz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Roland Ryndzionek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paul Gondran

Imad Merzouk

Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
Novatem SAS, 20 avenue Didier DAURAT, 31400 Touluse, France
Djelfa University, Laboratory of Applied Automation and Industriual Diagnosis, 17000 Djelfa, Algeria

4 Sensorless control with multi-scalar transformation of five-phase IPMSM

Deepak Vyas , Sahal Ibn Islam Joy , Marcin Morawiec , Grzegorz Kostro , Łukasz Sienkiewicz , Nirav Joshi

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e154281 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154281

Keywords: multi-phase machine nonlinear control sensorless control

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Abstract

This article proposes sensorless multiscalar control for a multiphase interior permanent magnet synchronous machine. The chosen parameters are estimated using an adaptive observer structure. In the proposed solution, the machine model vector form is in the stationary reference frame (��), and transformation to (��) – the coordinate system is unnecessary to implement the proposed control structure. In the control structure, the nonlinear model linearization is based on demonstrated nonlinear variables transformation for (��)(��) orthogonal planes. Using the proposed control technique, mechanical and electromagnetic subsystems are decoupled, which is the main advantage of this control structure. To provide a comparative analysis, the proposed multiscalar control structure is also compared with the existing multiscalar control scheme. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are demonstrated to validate the performance of the proposed control solution for a sensorless five-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor test setup.

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Authors and Affiliations

Deepak Vyas

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sahal Ibn Islam Joy

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Morawiec

e-mail:

ORCID:

Grzegorz Kostro

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasz Sienkiewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Nirav Joshi

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk ´ University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, ´ Poland
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University
Department of Electrical Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

5 Processing and analysis of trolleybus traction data using LINQ technology

Andrzej Wilk , Mikołaj Bartłomiejczyk , Jacek Skibicki , Leszek Jarzębowicz , Dariusz R. Karkosinski , Łukasz Hupka , Jan Hupka , Paweł Kaczmarek , Natalia Karkosinska-Brzozowska

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e154144 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154144

Keywords: trolleybuses traction batteries exploatation and maintaining

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Abstract

The paper presents the processing and analysis of the recorded trolleybus data using the LINQ (Language Integrated Query) software technology. The trolleybus data acquisition system collects a huge amount of electromechanical data in real time during vehicle operation. These data are used for the analysis in post-processing mode. In this paper, data processing was performed to assess the technical condition of trolleybus batteries. Selected standard query operators of the LINQ technology were implemented in the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) application to process the data and to determine the charge and energy stored in the battery. The LINQ technology proved to be useful for analyzing large amounts of data recorded from trolleybuses.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Wilk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mikołaj Bartłomiejczyk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jacek Skibicki

e-mail:

ORCID:

Leszek Jarzębowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dariusz R. Karkosinski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasz Hupka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jan Hupka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Kaczmarek

Natalia Karkosinska-Brzozowska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk, Poland
Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk, Poland
Pomorskie Przedsiebiorstwo Mechaniczno-Torowe Sp. z o.o.
Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk, Poland

6 Multilevel voltage source inverter with coupled reactors using coarsely quantized pulse amplitude modulation

Krzysztof Jakub Szwarc , Artur Cichowski , Paweł Szczepankowski , Janusz Nieznański , Ryszard Strzelecki

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | 153227 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153227

Keywords: multi-level inverter pulse amplitude modulation coupled reactors multi-pulse voltage source inverter

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Abstract

The paper discusses a multilevel voltage source inverter with coupled reactors (MVSI-CR). The output voltage is generated using the novel coarsely quantized pulse amplitude modulation (CQ-PAM). The AC voltage synthesis is realized by selecting and applying an appropriate collection of voltage vectors from the space-vector diagram. Integrating classical two-level inverters allows for achieving modularity of the solution. The main advantage of the proposed approach is a very low switching-to-fundamental frequency ratio and a multistep quasi-sinusoidal output voltage. The paper includes a theoretical analysis, simulations, and laboratory test results.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Jakub Szwarc

e-mail:

ORCID:

Artur Cichowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Szczepankowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Janusz Nieznański

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ryszard Strzelecki

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gdansk University of Technology, Gda ´ nsk, Poland
Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

7 The fast type-IV discrete sine transform algorithms for short-length input sequences

Marina Polyakova , Anna Witenberg , Aleksandr Cariow

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e153827 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153827

Keywords: discrete sine transform matrix factorization fast algorithms computational complexity digital signal processing

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Abstract

The fast algorithms of discrete sinusoidal transform of the fourth type (DST-IV) for small-length input data in the range of lengths from 2 to 9 are developed. Fast algorithms for short input data sequences are subsequently used as building blocks for designing fast algorithms of large-sized discrete transforms. Applying the fast DST-IV algorithms for small-size block processing can reduce overall system complexity and delay, allowing detailed signal processing. As a result of the literature review, two main approaches to developing fast discrete sine transform (DST) algorithms were identified, namely, the polynomial algebraic approach and the matrix factorization approach. In the paper, the last approach is exploited. A matrix-vector product expression of the DST-IV is the starting point for designing the fast algorithms. Then based on the repetition and arranging of the matrix elements, the factorisation of the matrices of coefficients of DST-IV is produced to reduce computational complexity. The correctness of the obtained algorithmic solutions was justified theoretically using a strict mathematical background of each of them. The elaborated algorithms were then further tested using MATLAB R2023b software to finally confirm their performance. The resulting factorizations of the DST-IV matrices reduce the number of multiplications by 63% but increase the number of additions by 8% on average in the range of signal sample numbers from 3 to 9. It has been observed that for even-length input sequences, the reduction in the number of multiplications is not as significant as for odd-length sequences. For some other well-known discrete trigonometric transforms (discrete Fourier transform, discrete Hartley transform) the opposite situation holds. The proposed DST-IV fast algorithms do not limit the length of the input data sequence to powers of two or three. The data flow graphs constructed for the proposed algorithms reveal their modular space-time structure suitable for VLSI implementation. Keywords: discrete sine transform; matrix factorization; fast algorithms; computational complexity; digital signal processing.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marina Polyakova

e-mail:

ORCID:

Anna Witenberg

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandr Cariow

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Computer Systems, Odesa Polytechnic National University, Shevchenko 1, Odesa, 65044, Ukraine
Institute of Telecommunications and Computer Science, University of Science and Technology, al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Żołnierska 49, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland

8 Estimation of CO2 emissions from vehicles using machine learning and multi-model investigation

Mükerrem Sinem Mungan , Orhan Arpa

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e154287 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154287

Keywords: CO2 emissions machine learning CatBoostRegressor regression analysis environmental sustainability

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Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the prediction of carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles using machine learningbased regression models. Linear regression, lasso regression, k-nearest neighbor regression, random forest, and CatBoostRegressor algorithms are systematically evaluated using a dataset of vehicle specifications and emissions data. Hyper-parameter optimization was performed using a grid search method and the performance of the models was measured using mean squared error, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, and R-squared metrics. CatBoostRegressor stood out for its high predictive accuracy, while random forest and k-nearest neighbor models also produced notable results, while linear models failed to model complex data relationships. Correlation analysis showed that engine displacement, number of cylinders, and fuel consumption were strongly correlated (0.92–0.99) with carbon dioxide emissions. The comparison with the literature showed that the study was characterized by its multi-model approach, rigorous data pre-processing, and systematic optimization. However, the geographical limitation of the dataset and the lack of dynamic variables such as driving conditions restrict its generalizability. In the future, explainable artificial intelligence methods and larger datasets may overcome these limitations. By highlighting the applicability of CatBoostRegressor, this study strengthens the contribution of machine learning to environmental sustainability policy and provides methodological innovation in the literature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mükerrem Sinem Mungan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Orhan Arpa

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mardin Artuklu University Vocational School Machinery and Metal Technologies Department Machinery Program, Mardin, Türkiye
Dicle University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diyarbakır, Türkiye

9 Numerical simulation method of fork-flow condenser and the influence of fin structure characteristics

Kaiming Liu , Nianyong Zhou , Lianghui Liu , Benshi Han , Jing Li , Guanghua Tang , Jixiang Liu , Feifei Wang

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e154273 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154273

Keywords: condenser multiphase flow priodic iteration numerical simulation heat transfer characteristics

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Abstract

Many researchers have investigated numerical simulation methods for two-phase flow in condensers. Still, challenges persist due to these models' large size, complex structure, and multiphase flow fields. To address these issues, this paper employs a periodic iterative numerical simulation approach for ultra-long condensers, validating the method through experiments and advancing the numerical simulation technology for such models. The study emphasizes the impact of structural changes on the refrigerant and air sides. Results indicate that the most minor error occurs when the number of iterations in the two-phase zone does not exceed three. Increasing the total number of refrigerant channels from 10 to 18 enhances heat transfer by 17.7% and condensation capacity by 10.6%. However, further increases in channel numbers lead to a significant rise in pressure drop, deteriorating heat transfer performance. Heat transfer and condensation capacity improve with the height-to-width ratio of the refrigerant channel, reaching optimal performance when the ratio is close to 1. Additionally, increasing the aspect ratio on the air side will improve the heat transfer and condensation rate of the condenser. However, when the aspect ratio reaches 4.53, further increases will lead to a decrease in the heat transfer coefficient and an increase in pressure drop.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kaiming Liu

Nianyong Zhou

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lianghui Liu

Benshi Han

Jing Li

Guanghua Tang

Jixiang Liu

Feifei Wang

School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou, ChinaIndia
Xinxiang Aviation Industry Group Co. LTD, Xinxiang, 453049, China

10 Bending behaviour of thin-walled perforated channel beams with modified cross sectional shape – Part 2: analytical calculations and FEM

Paweł Jasion , Aleksandra M. Pawlak , Piotr Paczos , Michał Plust , Marcin Rodak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e153435 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153435

Keywords: thin-walled channel beams web perforations four-point bending structural stability buckling analysis

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Abstract

This article is the second part of a comprehensive research program investigating the structural performance of thin-walled channels with modified cross-sectional geometries. The study involved testing six beams, three of which featured perforated webs, while the other three had flat, solid webs. The beams were subjected to four-point bending tests in order to evaluate their load-bearing capacity. The first part of the research presented the results of experimental tests and finite strip analysis. This article will focus on finite element analyses and analytical calculations conducted in accordance with Eurocode 3 guidelines and the principle of minimizing potential energy. The study provides several significant contributions: it integrates experimental, numerical and theoretical methods to deliver a thorough evaluation of beam performance. The finite element method (FEM) simulations offer precise modeling of complex stress and strain states, while analytical calculations supply a solid theoretical foundation for interpreting structural behavior. The research demonstrates that web perforation, while reducing critical and maximum forces, also results in considerable weight savings, enhancing material efficiency. Additionally, the division of the research into two articles ensures clarity and accessibility, with this second part being dedicated to detailed FEM and analytical results, thereby facilitating both academic understanding and practical engineering applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Jasion

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra M. Pawlak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Paczos

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Plust

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Rodak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

11 Three-axis forces and torque sensor

Paweł Młotek , Piotr Mynarek , Marcin Kowol

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e153437 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153437

Keywords: three-axis force and torque sensor optical measurement of force and torque STM microcontroller structural analysis

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Abstract

This paper describes research on a prototype of a multi-axis force and torque sensor dedicated to the support system of a telescopic camera crane arm. Based on studies conducted on an actual telescopic camera crane arm, the requirements that the sensor must meet to enable precise control of the drives in two working axes of the telescopic camera crane arm were defined. In the sensor developed, a method for measuring forces and torques using an optical displacement sensor was proposed. A simplified sensor prototype was made to verify the assumptions, and measurement tests were carried out. Additionally, the paper presents a CAD model of the sensor using an elastic pin, based on which a numerical model was developed, and calculations of displacements and mechanical stresses were performed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Młotek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Mynarek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Kowol

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland

12 Energy efficiency of supercapacitors in hybrid energy storage systems

Mirosław Lewandowski , Marek Orzydłowski , Tadeusz Maciołek

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e153841 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153841

Keywords: supercapacitor storage system energy loss fractional calculus impedance model

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Abstract

The supercapacitor supports the main energy source of the hybrid electrical energy storage system. In short periods, it supplies additional energy or absorbs braking energy. The paper addresses the issue of energy losses in supercapacitors used in such a pulsed mode of operation. Commonly used first-order RC capacitor impedance models are not a good basis for accurate calculation results of energy losses in supercapacitors. The article presents fractional-order supercapacitor impedance models based on the Cole-Cole relaxation equation. The following part presents the results of measurements of energy losses in real supercapacitors in comparison with simulation calculations using both above-mentioned supercapacitor impedance models. The article also discusses the problem of using the equivalent series resistance (ESR) values in RC impedance models, called AC ESR and DC ESR, specified by different supercapacitor manufacturers. It shows that the simulation results using the presented fractional impedance model are the closest to reality. The use of the other discussed models leads to even a several-fold underestimation of energy losses in supercapacitors used in electric energy storage systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Lewandowski

Marek Orzydłowski

Tadeusz Maciołek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Electrical Power Engineering Institute of the Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

13 Study on properties of multipole switched reluctance motor designed for multichannel operation – single channel operation analysis

Mariusz Korkosz , Piotr Bogusz , Jan Prokop , Piotr Zasowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e153428 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153428

Keywords: multi-channel switched reluctance motor critical drive increased redundancy drive single-channel operation

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Abstract

The following paper deals with the multipole design of the switched reluctance motor (SRM). The design is intended to facilitate the four-channel operation of the motor. Due to multipole design of the rotor and multichannel operation abilities, there are numerous potential configurations for powering the poles in each phase. Analysis of a selection of such configurations was carried out, including multichannel (MC) operating conditions (e.g., single-channel operation (SCO)). A mathematical model of three-phase MC SRM is also presented. The static electromagnetic torque characteristics were obtained together with the self-and mutual inductance characteristics. Selected laboratory test results are likewise presented in the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Korkosz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Bogusz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jan Prokop

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Zasowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland

14 EMF signature analysis in a marine-type brushless synchronous generator for online fault detection

Filip Kutt , Michał Michna , Grzegorz Kostro

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e154207 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154207

Keywords: generator maintenance diagnostic marine ship

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Abstract

The objective of the paper is to investigate the application of the current signature analysis type approach for the online diagnosis of a marine-type brushless synchronous generator (BSG). The system diagnostic would be done using an automated test procedure when the generator comes online or offline. The analysis of the measured electromotive force waveform (EMF) is used for fault detection. The paper’s main contribution is the development of a fault detection algorithm that would allow the generator to be safely operated in remote marine-type conditions where low maintenance costs are a crucial aspect of the system operation. To verify the diagnostic algorithm, a special measurement system was developed to emulate generator faults.

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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Kutt

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Michna

e-mail:

ORCID:

Grzegorz Kostro

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland

15 Modeling responsive structures under external forces using an evolutionary algorithm

Szymon Jankowski , Waldemar Bober

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e153432 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153432

Keywords: responsive architecture for urban planning shape changing structures morphing urban structures smart city structures evolutionary algorithm structure behavior modeling

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Abstract

The design of responsive structures has evolved significantly, establishing itself as an interdisciplinary field characterized by a fully customized ideation process. In order to streamline and unify this process, a novel method for modeling the behavior of rod-like responsive structures using an evolutionary algorithm is introduced. The proposed mathematical framework leverages key geometric and physical parameters to control the generative process, enabling adaptability and fluidity in form development. By employing an evolutionary algorithm, the method offers an alternative to conventional rigid and repetitive morphing models, providing flexibility and innovation in responsive design outcomes. The model developed supports independent learning and fosters originality in solutions at both architectural and urban scales. Moreover, the presented methodology serves as the foundation upon which the authors developed the model, enabling its application across a wide spectrum of responsive structures for users. This paper addresses challenges in spatial modeling, behavioral algorithms, and the implementation of responsive architecture, presenting the authors’ innovative model for rod-like responsive structures alongside performance analysis. The methodology demonstrates promising results in terms of adaptability and efficiency, with potential for further refinement to enhance speed and output quality. The study also describes challenges and risks for further development of responsive models implementation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Jankowski

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ORCID:

Waldemar Bober

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Faculty of Architecture, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspia ˙ nskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

16 A Markov chain modeltodetermineoptimal maintenancepolicy forproductionprocess inautomotive company

Mohammad Saber Fallah NEZHAD , Mohammad Hossein Kargar SHOUROKI , Shahaboddin KHARAZMI

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 4 | e154065 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154065

Keywords: discrete-time Markov chain maintenance policy optimum policy cost minimization

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Abstract

This paper considers an operating machine with deteriorating performance over time. Initially, functioning at 100% of its nominal capacity, the machine fails after a stochastic period, reducing its capacity to a proportion of the nominal level. In this degraded capacity state, three maintenance and repair policy options are available for evaluation. By modelling the system as a discrete-time Markov chain and analyzing the probability transition matrix between the system states, the costs associated with the loss of production, part replacement, and ongoing operation in each state can be quantified. The objective function representing the average cost per unit time of production is calculated to determine the optimal maintenance policy. Different policies are modelled by the Markov chain and the average cost of each policy is obtained. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology to evaluating different policies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Saber Fallah NEZHAD

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ORCID:

Mohammad Hossein Kargar SHOUROKI

Shahaboddin KHARAZMI

Department of Industrial Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

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