Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2023:	1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022:	1.1
CiteScore 2023:	2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.573
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Content

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4

1 Contents 4/2023

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4

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2 Application of fuzzy type II multi-layer Kalman filter for parameters identification of two-mass drive system

Kacper Śleszycki , Karol Wróbel , Krzysztof Szabat , Seiichiro Katsura

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146107 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146107

Keywords: electrical drives torsional vibration state estimation Kalman filter multi-layer estimator

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Abstract

The paper describes a novel online identification algorithm for a two-mass drive system. The multi-layer extended Kalman Filter (MKF) is proposed in the paper. The proposed estimator has two layers. In the first one, three single extended Kalman filters (EKF) are placed. In the second layer, based on the incoming signals from the first layer, the final states and parameters of the two-mass system are calculated. In the considered drive system, the stiffness coefficient of the elastic shaft and the time constant of the load machine is estimated. To improve the quality of estimated states, an additional system based on II types of fuzzy sets is proposed. The application of fuzzy MKF allows for a shorter identification time, as well as improves the accuracy of estimated parameters. The identified parameters of the two-mass system are used to calculate the coefficients of the implemented control structure. Theoretical considerations are supported by simulations and experimental tests.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kacper Śleszycki

e-mail:

ORCID:

Karol Wróbel

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Szabat

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seiichiro Katsura

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Institute of Electrical Machines, Drives and Measurements, Wrocław, Poland
Keio University, Department of System Design Engineering, Tokyo, Japan

3 Anonymous traffic classification based on three-dimensional Markov image and deep learning

Xin Tang , Huanzhou Li , Jian Zhang , Zhangguo Tang , Han Wang , Cheng Cai

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145676 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145676

Keywords: anonymous network traffic classification three-dimensional Markov image output self-attention deep learning

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Abstract

Illegal elements use the characteristics of an anonymous network hidden service mechanism to build a dark network and conduct various illegal activities, which brings a serious challenge to network security. The existing anonymous traffic classification methods suffer from cumbersome feature selection and difficult feature information extraction, resulting in low accuracy of classification. To solve this problem, a classification method based on three-dimensional Markov images and output self-attention convolutional neural network is proposed. This method first divides and cleans anonymous traffic data packets according to sessions, then converts the cleaned traffic data into three-dimensional Markov images according to the transition probability matrix of bytes, and finally inputs the images to the output self-attention convolution neural network to train the model and perform classification. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy and F1-score of the proposed method for Tor, I2P, Freenet, and ZeroNet can exceed 98.5%, and the average classification accuracy and F1-score for 8 kinds of user behaviors of each type of anonymous traffic can reach 93.7%. The proposed method significantly improves the classification effect of anonymous traffic compared with the existing methods.

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Authors and Affiliations

Xin Tang

1 2

Huanzhou Li

1 2

Jian Zhang

1 2

Zhangguo Tang

1 2

Han Wang

1 2

Cheng Cai

1 2

School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, Sichuan, China
Institute of Network and Communication Technology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, Sichuan, China

4 Research on communication emitter identification based on semi-supervised dimensionality reduction in complex electromagnetic environment

Wei Ge , Lin Qi , Lin Tong , Jun Zhu , Jing Zhang , Dongyang Zhao , Ke Li

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145766 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145766

Keywords: communication emitter identification feature extraction dimensionality reduction VMD ESDA

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Abstract

The individual identification of communication emitters is a process of identifying different emitters based on the radio frequency fingerprint features extracted from the received signals. Due to the inherent non-linearity of the emitter power amplifier, the fingerprints provide distinguishing features for emitter identification. In this study, approximate entropy is introduced into variational mode decomposition, whose features performed in each mode which is decomposed from the reconstructed signal are extracted while the local minimum removal method is used to filter out the noise mode to improve SNR. We proposed a semi-supervised dimensionality reduction method named exponential semi-supervised discriminant analysis in order to reduce the high-dimensional feature vectors of the signals, and LightGBM is applied to build a classifier for communication emitter identification. The experimental results show that the method performs better than the state-of-the-art individual communication emitter identification technology for the steady signal data set of radio stations with the same plant, batch and model.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Ge

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lin Qi

1 2

Lin Tong

1 2

Jun Zhu

1 2

Jing Zhang

1 2

Dongyang Zhao

Ke Li

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Information & Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, ShenZhen, GuangDong, 518000, China

5 Existence, uniqueness and parameter perturbation analysis results of a fractional integro-differential boundary problem

Nan Zhang , Lingling Zhang , Mercy Ngungu , Adejimi Adeniji , Emmanuel Addai

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145938 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145938

Keywords: existence and uniqueness stability analysis parameter perturbation fractional differential equation integro-differential boundary condition

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Abstract

In the formulation, the existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions and parameter perturbation analysis to Riemann-Liouville fractional differential equations with integro-differential boundary conditions are discussed by the properties of Green’s function and cone theory. First, some theorems have been established from standard fixed point theorems in a proper Banach space to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of positive solution. Moreover, we discuss the Hyers-Ulam stability and parameter perturbation analysis, which examines the stability of solutions in the presence of small changes in the equation main parameters, that is, the derivative order η, the integral order β of the boundary condition, the boundary parameter ξ , and the boundary value τ. As an application, we present a concrete example to demonstrate the accuracy and usefulness of the proposed work. By using numerical simulation, we obtain the figure of unique solution and change trend figure of the unique solution with small disturbances to occur in different kinds of parameters.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nan Zhang

Lingling Zhang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mercy Ngungu

Adejimi Adeniji

Emmanuel Addai

College of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, TaiYuan, Shanxi, ChinaCollege of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China
College of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China
Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa
Tshwane university of Technology, South Africa

6 Influence of modelling phase transformations with the use of LSTM network on the accuracy of computations of residual stresses for the hardening process

Joanna Wróbel , Adam Kulawik

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145681 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145681

Keywords: RNN network hardening process temperature phase transformations in the solid state effective stresses numerical modelling

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Abstract

Replacing mathematical models with artificial intelligence tools can play an important role in numerical models. This paper analyses the modeling of the hardening process in terms of temperature, phase transformations in the solid state and stresses in the elastic-plastic range. Currently, the use of artificial intelligence tools is increasing, both to make greater generalizations and to reduce possible errors in the numerical simulation process. It is possible to replace the mathematical model of phase transformations in the solid state with an artificial neural network (ANN). Such a substitution requires an ANN network that converts time series (temperature curves) into shares of phase transformations with a small training error. With an insufficient training level of the network, significant differences in stress values will occur due to the existing couplings. Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks were chosen for the analysis. The paper compares the differences in stress levels with two coupled models using a macroscopic model based on CCT diagram analysis and using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) and Koistinen-Marburger (KM) equations, against the model memorized by the LSTM network. In addition, two levels of network training accuracy were also compared. Considering the results obtained from the model based on LSTM networks, it can be concluded that it is possible to effectively replace the classical model in modeling the phenomena of the heat treatment process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Wróbel

Adam Kulawik

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dabrowskiego 73, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland

7 Smart network anomaly detection software architecture for network-enabled ubiquitous devices

Mariusz Pelc , Dawid Galus , Mariusz Gola , Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146285 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146285

Keywords: network anomaly/threats detection smart systems policy-based computing

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Abstract

In this paper we present an architecture for run-time reconfiguration of network-enabled ubiquitous devices. The whole idea is based on a policy-based system where the whole decision-making (e.g. anomaly detection-related) logic is provided in a form of an externally loaded policy file. The architecture is verified through real-life implementation on an embedded system whose sensitivity can be easily modified should a need arise in run-time without affecting network device/segment (and thus potentially a number of network services) so that they continue working while the re-configuration process is triggered.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Pelc

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dawid Galus

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mariusz Gola

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK

8 Investigations of the turbulent thermo-fluid performance in a circular heat exchanger with a novel flow deflector-type baffle plate

Md Atiqur Rahman , Sushil Kumar Dhiman

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145939 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145939

Keywords: thermo-fluid performance flow resistance swirl flow re-circulation trapezoidal deflector inclination angle

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Abstract

An axial flow tubular heat exchanger has been experimentally investigated to augment the heat transfer rate with a novel swirl flow of air past the heated tubes. The novel design has been based on circular baffle plates provided with trapezoidal air deflectors of various inclination angles. The arrangement of tubes is kept the same throughout the experiment, in accordance with the longitudinal airflow direction. The tubes maintained a constant heat flux condition over the surface. Four deflectors with equal inclination angles were developed on each baffle plate, generating air swirl inside a circular duct carrying the heated tubes that increase air-side turbulence and, consequently, the surface heat transfer rate. The baffle plates were placed equidistant from each other at variable pitch ratios. The Reynolds number was kept in the range of 16000– 28000. The effect of pitch ratios and inclination angles on the thermo-fluid performance of the heat exchanger was studied. The investigations revealed an average improvement of 3.75 times in thermo-fluid performance for an exchanger with a deflector baffle plate with a baffle inclination angle of 50_ and a pitch ratio of 1.4 when compared to other inclination angles and pitch ratios.

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Authors and Affiliations

Md Atiqur Rahman

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sushil Kumar Dhiman

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India

9 Multi-objective optimization of PCM-fin structure for staggered Li-ion battery packs

Chenghui Qiu , Chongtian Wu , Xiaolu Yuan , Linxu Wu , Jiaming Yang , Hong Shi

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145677 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145677

Keywords: staggered arrangement phase change material fin entropy weight-TOPSIS multi-objective optimization thermal management

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Abstract

Endurance capability is a key indicator to evaluate the performance of electric vehicles. Improving the energy density of battery packs in a limited space while ensuring the safety of the vehicle is one of the currently used technological solutions. Accordingly, a small space and high energy density battery arrangement scheme is proposed in this paper. The comprehensive performance of two battery packs based on the same volume and different space arrangements is compared. Further, based on the same thermal management system (PCM-fin system), the thermal performance of staggered battery packs with high energy density is numerically simulated with different fin structures, and the optimal fin structure parameters for staggered battery packs at a 3C discharge rate are determined using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method. The result reveals that increasing the contact thickness between the fin and the battery (X) can reduce the maximum temperature, but weaken temperature homogeneity. Moreover, the change of fin width (A) has no significant effect on the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack. Entropy weight-TOPSIS method objectively assigns weights to both maximum temperature (Tmax) and temperature difference (DT) and determines the optimal solution for the cooling system fin parameters. It is found that when X = 0:67 mm, A = 0:6 mm, the staggered battery pack holds the best comprehensive performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Chenghui Qiu

Chongtian Wu

Xiaolu Yuan

Linxu Wu

Jiaming Yang

Hong Shi

e-mail:

ORCID:

College of Energy & Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, P.R. China

10 A bioinspired optimization strategy: to minimize the travel segment of the nozzle to accelerate the fused deposition modeling process

Sundarraj Sridhar , K Aditya , Ramamoorthi Venkatraman , M. Venkatesan

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146236 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146236

Keywords: additive manufacturing fused deposition modeling extruder path ant colony optimization build time

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Abstract

The fused deposition modeling process of digital printing uses a layer-by-layer approach to form a three-dimensional structure. Digital printing takes more time to fabricate a 3D model, and the speed varies depending on the type of 3D printer, material, geometric complexity, and process parameters. A shorter path for the extruder can speed up the printing process. However, the time taken for the extruder during printing (deposition) cannot be reduced, but the time taken for the extruder travel (idle move) can be reduced. In this study, the idle travel of the nozzle is optimized using a bioinspired technique called "ant colony optimization" (ACO) by reducing the travel transitions. The ACO algorithm determines the shortest path of the nozzle to reduce travel and generates the tool paths as G-codes. The proposed method’s G-code is implemented and compared with the G-code generated by the commercial slicer, Cura, in terms of build time. Experiments corroborate this finding: the G-code generated by the ACO algorithm accelerates the FDM process by reducing the travel movements of the nozzle, hence reducing the part build time (printing time) and increasing the strength of the printed object.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sundarraj Sridhar

e-mail:

ORCID:

K Aditya

Ramamoorthi Venkatraman

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Venkatesan

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu, Thanjavur-613401, India

11 Influence of material distribution and damping on the dynamic stability of Bernoulli-Euler beams

Sebastian Garus , Justyna Garus , Wojciech Sochacki , Marcin Nabiałek , Jana Petru , Wojciech Borek , Michal Šofer , Paweł Kwiatoń

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145567 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145567

Keywords: mechanical vibrations damping beam dynamic stability Mathieu equation

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Abstract

The study analyzed the influence of materials and different types of damping on the dynamic stability of the Bernoulli-Euler beam. Using the mode summation method and applying an orthogonal condition of eigenfunctions and describing the analyzed system with the Mathieu equation, the problem of dynamic stability was solved. By examining the influence of internal and external damping and damping in the beam supports, their influence on the regions of stability and instability of the solution to the Mathieu equation was determined.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Garus

e-mail:

ORCID:

Justyna Garus

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Sochacki

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Nabiałek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jana Petru

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Borek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michal Šofer

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Kwiatoń

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic

12 Effects of pumice additions on thermal and mechanical behaviors of epoxy resin

İbrahim Kırbaş

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146286 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146286

Keywords: epoxy resin pumice thermal degradation thermal conductivity coefficient mechanical properties

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Abstract

In this study, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and thermal degradation of pumice-added epoxy materials were investigated. 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of pumice was added to the epoxy resin (EP) % by weight. Various types of analyses and tests were conducted to determine the thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and thermal degradation of these epoxy materials. The tests and analyses proved that the addition of pumice leads to a decrease in the thermal conductivity coefficient and density of the pure EP material. It also increases the degree of hardness. The addition of pumice had a positive effect on mechanical properties. Compared to pure EP, it increased the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, bending strength, and flexural modulus. As a result of TGA analysis it was determined that with the incorporation of pumice into the EP, its decomposition rate progressed more slowly. At 800_C, the carbon residue improved as a result of the addition of pumice.

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Authors and Affiliations

İbrahim Kırbaş

e-mail:

ORCID:

Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Department of Electrical and Energy, 15100, Burdur, Turkey

13 The positivity of the fractional order model of a two-dimensional temperature field

Krzysztof Oprzędkiewicz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145675 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145675

Keywords: noninteger order systems heat transfer equation fractional order state equation Caputo operator positivity thermal camera

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Abstract

The paper presents analysis of the positivity for a two-dimensional temperature field. The process under consideration is described by the linear, infinite-dimensional, noninteger order state equation. It is derived from a two-dimensional parabolic equation with homogenous Neumann boundary conditions along all borders and homogenous initial condition. The form of control and observation operators is determined by the construction of a real system. The internal and external positivity of the model are associated to the localization of heater and measurement. It has been proven that the internal positivity of the considered system can be achieved by the proper selection of attachment of a heater and place of a measurement as well as the dimension of the finite-dimensional approximation of the considered model. Conditions of the internal positivity associated with construction of real experimental system are proposed. The postivity is analysed separately for control and output of the system. This allows one to analyse the positivity of thermal systems without explicit control. Theoretical considerations are numerically verified with the use of experimental data. The proposed results can be applied i.e. to point suitable places for measuring of a temperature using a thermal imaging camera.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Oprzędkiewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

14 Results on the controllability of Caputo’s fractional descriptor systems with constant delays

Beata Sikora

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146287 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146287

Keywords: descriptor systems fractional-order systems Caputo derivative Drazin inverse controllability

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Abstract

The paper investigates the controllability of fractional descriptor linear systems with constant delays in control. The Caputo fractional derivative is considered. Using the Drazin inverse and the Laplace transform, a formula for solving of the matrix state equation is obtained. New criteria of relative controllability for Caputo’s fractional descriptor systems are formulated and proved. Both constrained and unconstrained controls are considered. To emphasize the importance of the theoretical studies, an application to electrical circuits is presented as a practical example.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Sikora

e-mail:

ORCID:

15 Extended Identification-Based Predictive Control for adaptive impact mitigation

Cezary Graczykowski , Rami Faraj

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145937 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145937

Keywords: adaptive control optimal control predictive control impact mitigation shock absorber

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Abstract

The paper introduces Extended Identification-Based Predictive Control (EIPC), which is a novel control method developed for the problem of adaptive impact mitigation. The model-based approach utilizing the paradigm of Model Predictive Control is combined with sequential identification of selected system parameters and process disturbances. The elaborated method is implemented in the shock-absorber control system and tested under impact loading conditions. The presented numerical study proves the successful and efficient adaptation of the absorber to unknown excitation conditions as well as to unknown force and leakage disturbances appearing during the process. The EIPC is used for both semi-active and active control of the impact mitigation process, which are compared in detail. In addition, the influence of selected control parameters and disturbance identification on the efficiency of the impact absorption process is assessed. As a result, it can be concluded that an efficient and robust control method was developed and successfully applied to the problem of adaptive impact mitigation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Graczykowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rami Faraj

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAS, Pawi´nskiego 5B, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland

16 The structure and properties of magnetic composites based on amorphous Fe alloys

Bartłomiej Jeż , Przemysław Postawa , Marcin Nabiałek

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e144608 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144608

Keywords: bulk amorphous alloys magnetic composites high temperature isostatic press

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Abstract

Materials with so-called soft magnetic properties are an important object of material engineering research due to their potential application, among others, in the construction of low-loss transformer cores. Such properties are typical for alloys with an amorphous structure and with a high content of ferromagnetic elements: Fe, Co, Ni. Difficulties related with obtaining alloys which meet satisfactory dimensions result in the search for new solutions. One of them is the production of composites based on ferromagnetic powders obtained from amorphous alloys. This paper presents results of structure research for composite materials produced in a multi-stage production process. Magnetic composites were made on the basis of a bulk amorphous Fe70B20Y5Nb4Mo1 alloy produced by the injection method. On the basis of the obtained powder, two series of moldings were made: with 0.5% resin and covered with high-temperature varnish. Final composites were produced by using high temperature isostatic press. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the composites without resin are characterized by distinctly better magnetic properties as compared to resin-bonded composites.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Jeż

e-mail:

ORCID:

Przemysław Postawa

Marcin Nabiałek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Technology and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19c, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland

17 Manufacturing of thin-walled, complex polymer parts by DLP printing – the influence of process parameters on crosslinking density

Dorota Tomczak , Radosław Wichniarek , Wiesław Kuczko , Filip Górski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145936 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145936

Keywords: additive manufacturing DLP acrylic resin crosslinking density FTIR-ATR

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Abstract

This study investigated the relationship between the parameters of the DLP manufacturing process and the structure of photopolymerizable acrylic resins. Four different process parameters were established to produce different thin-walled acrylic sample series: exposure time, layer thickness, area offset, and number of transition layers. The structure and the surface of the obtained samples were examined with the use of the FTIR–ATR method and an optical microscope, respectively. It was proved that extension of the exposure time increases the density of crosslinking and sample thickness. A decreasing crosslinking density due to rising layer thickness is observed. The area offset affects only the dimensions of the sample, predictably reducing the dimensions of the sample as the compensation increases. The absence of transition layers proved unfavorable in many respects, both structurally and geometrically.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Tomczak

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Radosław Wichniarek

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Wiesław Kuczko

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Filip Górski

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Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland

18 Effects of ageing heat treatment temperature on the properties of DMLS additive manufactured 17-4PH steel

Aleksander Świetlicki , Mariusz Wlaczak , Mirosław Szala , Marcin Turek , Dariusz Chocyk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146237 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146237

Keywords: 17-4PH steel precipitation hardening additive manufacturing heat treatment nanohardness

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Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a modern, innovative manufacturing method that enables the production of fully dense products with high mechanical properties and complex shapes that are often impossible to obtain by traditional methods. The 17-4PH grade steel is often applied where high mechanical performance is required. 17-4PH, or AISI 630, is intended for precipitation hardening, an operation that combines solution and ageing treatments and is used to significantly change the microstructure of the steel and enhance its mechanical properties. This study investigates the effect of precipitation hardening on the properties of 17-4PH steel. To examine microstructure and morphology, metallographic tests were performed together with phase composition and chemical composition analyses. Mechanical parameters were determined via Vickers hardness testing and the Oliver-Pharr method. Samples were fabricated using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), which is one of the powder bed fusion methods. The use of a constant solution treatment temperature of 1040_C and different ageing temperatures made it possible to evaluate the effects of ageing temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of 17-4PH. The presence of face-centered cubic FCC g-austenite and body-centerd cubic BCC a-martensite structures were detected. The tests revealed that – similarly to the wrought material – the highest hardness of 382_10:3 HV0:2 was obtained after ageing at 450_C. The nanoindentation test showed the same H/E ratio for the sample after fabrication and after solution treatment at 0.016769, but this value increased after ageing to 127–157.5%. The sample aged at 450_C was characterized by the highest H/E ratio of 0.026367, which indicates the highest wear resistance of this material under employed treatment conditions. In general, the sample treated at 450_C showed the best performance out of all tested samples, proving to have the smallest grain size as well as high Vickers and nanoindentation hardness. On the other hand, the use of solution treatment led to reduced hardness and improved workability of the AM material.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Świetlicki

Mariusz Wlaczak

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Mirosław Szala

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Marcin Turek

Dariusz Chocyk

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Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland

19 Influence of the specific load on stability and vibrations of the multimember column with internal cracks

Krzysztof Sokół , Krzysztof Kuliński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146408 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146408

Keywords: crack specific load column flutter divergence vibrations

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Abstract

Slender systems are mostly studied when Euler’s load or follower load is considered. The use of those types of external loads results in well-known divergence or flutter shape of the characteristic curve. In this study, one takes into account the specific load which allows one to obtain an interesting divergence – pseudo flutter shape of characteristic curves on the external load–vibration frequency plane. The curves can change inclination angle as well as one can observe the change in vibration modes along them. The shape of those curves depends not only on the parameters of the slender system but also on loading heads that induce the specific load. In this study, one considers the slender multimember system in which cracks are present and weaken the host structure. The results of theoretical as well as numerical simulations are focused on the influence of the parameters of the loading heads on vibrations, stability, and loading capacity of the investigated system as well as on the possibility of partial reduction of unwanted crack effect.

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Krzysztof Sokół

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Krzysztof Kuliński

Department of Mechanics and Machine Design Foundations, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
Department of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland

20 Research on the post-weld explosive hardening of AA7075-T651 friction stir welded butt joints

Robert Kosturek , Rafał Lewczuk , Janusz Torzewski , Marcin Wachowski , Piotr Słabik , Andrzej Maranda

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145685 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145685

Keywords: aluminum friction stir welding explosives mechanical properties post-weld treatment

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Abstract

In this paper, the post-weld explosive hardening of a 5 mm AA7075-T651 plate welded via FSW was performed. To investigate the possibility of increasing FSW joint mechanical properties, the welded plate was explosively treated with four various explosive materials (ammonal, emulsion explosive, FOX-7, and PBX) in two different hardening systems. As part of the investigation, the observations of the surface and macrostructure of the treated plates were described. The obtained microhardness distribution allowed us to register the increase in hardness of the SZ up to 6%, but no increase in hardness of the LHZ was reported. In most cases, the influence of explosive treatment on the mechanical properties of the welded joint was disadvantageous as ultimate tensile strength and ductility were reduced. The only positive effect which was observed is the increase in the value of yield strength up to 27% corresponding to 77 MPa, achieved by explosive materials with detonation velocity below 3000 m/s.

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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Kosturek

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ORCID:

Rafał Lewczuk

Janusz Torzewski

Marcin Wachowski

Piotr Słabik

Andrzej Maranda

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego St., Warsaw, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, 6 Annopol St., Warsaw, Poland

21 The application of the fuzzy rule-based Bayesian algorithm to determine which residential appliances can be considered for the demand response program

Piotr Kapler

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146106 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146106

Keywords: demand response residential power consumers uncertainty fuzzy rule-based Bayesian

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Abstract

This paper proposes the usage of the fuzzy rule-based Bayesian algorithm to determine which residential appliances can be considered for the Demand Response program. In contrast with other related studies, this research recognizes both randomness and fuzziness in appliance usage. Moreover, the input data for usage prediction consists of nodal price values (which represent the actual power system conditions), appliance operation time, and time of day. The case study of residential power consumer behavior modeling was implemented to show the functionality of the proposed methodology. The results of applying the suggested algorithm are presented as colored 3D control surfaces. In addition, the performance of the model was verified using R squared coefficient and root mean square error. The conducted studies show that the proposed approach can be used to predict when the selected appliances can be used under specific circumstances. Research of this type may be useful for evaluation of the demand response programs and support residential load forecasting.

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Piotr Kapler

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Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering Institute, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland

22 Solar chargers based on new dye-based photovoltaic modules and new supercapacitors

Ireneusz Plebankiewicz , Krzysztof. A. Bogdanowicz , Paweł Kwaśnicki , Magdalena Skunik-Nuckowska , Patryk M. Rączka , Paweł Kulesza , Agnieszka Iwan , Wojciech Przybył

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146452 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146452

Keywords: dye-sensitized solar cell supercapacitor redox-active electrolyte current source energy storage system Artificial Intelligence

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Abstract

Electricity storage is one of the best-known methods of balancing the energy supply and demand at a given moment. The article presents an innovative solution for the construction of an electric energy storage device obtained from an innovative photovoltaic panel made of new dye-based photovoltaic modules and newly developed supercapacitors – which can be used as an emergency power source. In the paper, for the first time, we focused on the successful paring of new dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with novel supercapacitors. In the first step, a microprocessor stand was constructed using Artificial Intelligence algorithms to control the parameters of the environment, as well as the solar charger composed of six DSSC cells with the dimensions of 100_100 mm and 126 CR2032 coin cells with a total capacitance of 60 F containing redox-active aqueous electrolyte. It was proven that the solar charger store enough energy to power, i.e. SOS transmitter or igniters, using a 5 V signal.

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Ireneusz Plebankiewicz

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Krzysztof. A. Bogdanowicz

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Paweł Kwaśnicki

2 3

Magdalena Skunik-Nuckowska

Patryk M. Rączka

Paweł Kulesza

Agnieszka Iwan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Przybył

Military Institute of Engineer Technology, ul. Obornicka 136, 50-961 Wrocław, Poland
Research & Development Centre for Photovoltaics, ML System S.A. Zaczernie 190G, 36-062 Zaczernie, Poland
Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemical Basis of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering in Stalowa Wola, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Ofiar Katynia 6, 37-450 Stalowa Wola Poland
Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland