Nauki Techniczne

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Zawartość

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2025 | vol. 32 | No 2

Abstrakt

Aiming at the problems of low estimation accuracy and narrow application range of sensorless control caused by inverter nonlinearity and motor parameter error, this paper studies a sensorless control technology of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on an interactive multi-model extended Kalman filter algorithm to realize high-precision and high-performance sensorless control of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Firstly, considering the influence of inverter nonlinearity, the mathematical model of PMSM including inverter disturbance voltage is established. Secondly, an interactive multi-model extended Kalman filter observer is designed based on this model to achieve high-precision sensorless control of PMSM. Thirdly, the nonlinear disturbance voltage of the inverter is fed back to the control system for dead-time compensation, thus eliminating the voltage disturbance caused by the dead-time effect. Finally, simulation experiments and dual-motor towing experiments demonstrate the efficacy of the interactive multi-model extended Kalman filter sensorless control algorithm in mitigating the effects of dead time. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm exhibits high precision in speed and angle estimation, robust anti-disturbance capabilities, and excellent overall performance.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yong Li
1
Jiexin An
1
Han Hu
1
Xing Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

Abstrakt

This article deals with selected problems related to the calibration of gauge blocks. It describes basic terms and definitions concerning principles of determining the conformity of calibration results with specifications, such as measurement uncertainty and measurement traceability. The requirements for laboratories accredited according to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 were discussed that are related to the declaration of compliance with the specification. Guidelines are given on decision rules and compliance principles based on ILAC-G8:09/2019 and JCGM 106:2012 in terms of the guard bands used and the associated risks of making an erroneous decision and the application of two decision rules: binary and nonbinary. The presented problems were supported by an analysis regarding calibration of the gauge blocks by the interferometric and comparative methods with regard to measurement uncertainty and deviations of the length in relation to the nominal length for individual grades in accordance with ISO 3650:1998. As the theoretical analysis has shown, there are no sources in the literature that would allow one to assess the risk of making the wrong decision during the calibration of gauge blocks. Therefore, the authors believe that the results presented in this paper will be of interest both to researchers dealing with the problem of estimating measurement uncertainty and to the staff of measurement laboratories.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Stępień
1
Jacek Świderski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Włodzimierz Makieła
1

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Department of Metrology and Modern Manufacturing, Al. 1000-lecia P. P. 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

Abstrakt

The paper presents the type A evaluation of standard uncertainty when the result of measurement is determined by digital averaging of the input signal which is distorted by simultaneous influence of the random uncorrelated noise and power line interference. It was shown that the classical evaluation of uncertainty based on determining of the standard deviation of input observations is not sufficient, because it does not take into account the effect of suppression of the interference by averaging. To correctly evaluate uncertainty, both the amplitude of the interference component and the standard deviation of the random component should be estimated separately. Simple methods of separate estimation of these components are proposed and analysed in detail. The proposed solutions to the uncertainty evaluation were studied when uniform and triangle averaging were used and verified both by Monte Carlo simulations and by experimental tests. The simulation and test results obtained showed very good accordance with theoretical results.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mykhaylo Dorozhovets
1 2

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Metrology and Diagnostic Systems, ul. Wincentego Pola 2A, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Lviv Polytechnic National University, Institute of Computer Technologies, Automation and Metrology, Department of Information Measuring Technology, Bandera Str., 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine

Abstrakt

This paper presents the application of a transportation algorithm to optimize energy flow within a smart grid context. By leveraging this well-established optimization technique, it is demonstrated that energy efficiency can be enhanced and costs lowered in individual households equipped with smart appliances and connected to both traditional and renewable energy sources. Simulation studies have shown that the algorithm can effectively determine optimal energy consumption patterns, leading to significant energy savings. Additionally, the algorithm can provide valuable insights into network congestion and energy demand forecasting, enabling distribution system operators to make informed decisions. The proposed solution aligns well with the concept of smart homes. By integrating with smart devices, such as smart sockets and thermostats, energy consumption can be optimized based on real-time pricing and renewable energy availability, ultimately leading to lower energy bills and increased user comfort. Extending this approach to the distribution network level, by applying the transportation algorithm to optimize energy flow at the medium and low voltage levels, could further enhance grid stability and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Powroźnik
1

  1. University of Zielona Góra, Institute of Metrology, Electronics and Computer Science, ul. prof. Z. Szafrana 2, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland

Abstrakt

The increasingly common practical application of systems for the dynamic weighing of vehicles in motion makes necessary periodic assessment of correct operation of such systems and calibration of the results obtained from them. This paper presents an experimental study and the obtained measurement results which allow for the determination of reference values essential for the calibration process. It was assumed that Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) systems will be calibrated using the pre-weighed vehicle method. The desired reference values in this case are thus gross weight (Gross VehicleWeight – GVW) and static load of individual test vehicle axles used in the calibration process. The experiments and analysis of results obtained from them presented in this work involve the use of a platform scale for determination of GVW, as well as portable scales or a dynamic low-speed scale (LS-WIM), intended for measurement of the loads of individual axles of vehicles. All of the scales used in the experiments have valid certificates of metrological approval. The results obtained indicate the possibility of significant simplification of the procedure while still maintaining the required accuracy. The simplification proposed involves the possibility of abandoning the GVW measurement on the platform scale, instead determining this value by summing up the load measurements of all the vehicle’s axles obtained on the LS-WIM scale.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ryszard Sroka
1
Janusz Gajda
1
Piotr Burnos
1
Mateusz Daniol
1
Anna Kania-Markocka
2
Wiktor Slusarski
2
Robert Ziolkowski
2
Piotr Strzalka
2

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Department of Measurement and Electronics, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Central Office of Measures, Elektoralna 2, 00-139 Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

This paper presents a review of reasons that create metrological chaos in the field of characterization of noise in thermal imagers. In detail, the paper presents a critical review of myriads of past and presentday definitions/measurement methods of noise parameters of thermal imagers that create this chaos and significantly reduce reproducibility of measurement of noise parameters carried out by different test teams.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Institute of Optoelectronics, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. INFRAMET, Bugaj 29a, Koczargi Nowe, 05-082 Stare Babice, Poland

Abstrakt

This paper presents a new algorithm for fast uncertainty evaluation of root mean square (RMS) voltage measurement. It enables the evaluation of the expanded measurement uncertainty and partial uncertainties, which are useful in metrological analysis of the measurement. It can be used for any measurement system in which the RMS value is determined based on voltage samples. Various sources of uncertainty have been considered for this measurement system. The proposed algorithm is easier to implement than the commonly used uncertainty propagation method. Its operating principle is based on the Monte Carlo method. However, it allows the computation of the RMS measurement uncertainty within a significantly shorter time compared to the classical Monte Carlo method. The simulation and experimental results presented in this paper confirm the correct operation of the new algorithm and the acceleration of uncertainty computations up to 200 times in RMS measurement based on 1000 voltage samples.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sergiusz Sienkowski
1
Mariusz Krajewski
1
Jadwiga Lal-Jadziak
2

  1. Institute of Metrology, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 2, 65–516 Zielona Góra, Poland
  2. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University of Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland

Abstrakt

The article focuses on the possibility of using a new method based on predicting the hydrogen maser frequency drift to control the Polish Time Scale UTC(PL). Controlling the national UTC(k) time scale is very important due to the fact that the scale is also the basis for determining the official time in a given country, and is also used in scientific research and the economy. The article describes in detail the new UTC(PL) steering method based on predicting the hydrogen maser frequency drift, and a number of research that has been carried out. The obtained preliminary results of the research on the use of the new UTC(PL) predicting method clearly showed the great potential of the presented method. The obtained residuals are within the range of ±0.73 ns, which indicates a very good quality of predicting as compared with type A uncertainties of UTC(PL) input points. It may allow UTC(PL) to be classified as one of the best time scales. Nevertheless, the method has its imperfections, which the authors plan to eliminate as part of further work on improving the method.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Łukasz Sobolewski
1
Wiesław Miczulski
1
Albin Czubla
2
Maciej Gruszczyński
2
Roman Osmyk
2

  1. University of Zielona Gora, Institute of Metrology, Electronics and Computer Science, Szafrana 2 Str., 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland
  2. Central Office of Measures, Time and Length Department, Elektoralna 2 Str., 00-139 Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

Currently, popular packages, containers and packaging made of biological materials can be a source of undesirable organic contaminants such as total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and carcinogenic formaldehyde (HCHO) as these compounds can easily get into food. The paper presents a proposal to use an original measuring device based on electrochemical sensors DFR-08605 and SGP30 to determine the content of TVOC and HCHO released during heating of the above-mentioned materials. The proposed device was used to monitor HCHO during heating of food contact materials: bio-PET (bio-polyethylene terephthalate), bio-PE (bio-ethylene), EPP (expanded polypropylene) and PLA (polylactide). The obtained results were compared with the results of precise GC-ECD (gas chromatography with electron capture detector) analyses. The possibility of using electrochemical sensors for preliminary analyses of packaging materials was confirmed.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Adam Konieczka
1
Karolina Brończyk
2
Agata Dąbrowska
2
Adam Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Control, Robotics & Electrical Engineering, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, ul. Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Trace Analysis, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland

Abstrakt

The tire-road friction coefficient (TRFC) directly determines the available traction and braking forces of the tires, which in turn has a significant impact on vehicle stability control, particularly for commercial vehicles such as heavy-duty trucks. However, onboard sensors typically cannot directly measure the exact TRFC. To obtain an accurate TRFC, estimation algorithms are used, which rely on data from onboard sensors combined with vehicle and tire models. Since the signals required for estimation come from various types of sensors, in practice accurately obtaining the noise statistical characteristics of all sensors is highly challenging. Additionally, due to the complex and variable nature of vehicle operating conditions, noise tends to be time-varying as a result of environmental factors, which inevitably affects the accuracy of the estimation. To address these problems, we propose a two-stage adaptive identification framework that combines the extended H-infinity Kalman filter (EHKF) with the adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF). First, in situations where the noise statistical characteristics are unknown, EHKF and the tire model are used to accurately estimate forces on the front and rear axles. Second, considering the time-varying nature of the noise, the AUKF, along with the vehicle model and axial force information, is employed to estimate the TRFC for the front and rear wheels. Finally, simulation tests on various road surfaces demonstrate that the two-stage adaptive identification method outperforms the unscented Kalman filter in terms of accuracy and stability.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Fengjiao Zhang
1
Bo Zhang
1
Lanchun Zhang
2
Ting Meng
3
Yan Wang
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Changzhou Vocational Institute of Mechatronic Technology, College of Transportation Engineering, 26 Mingxin Middle Road, 213164 Changzhou, China
  2. Jiangsu University of Technology, School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, 1801 Zhongwu Road, 213001 Changzhou, China
  3. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 11 Kowloon Hung Hom Yuk Choi Road, 999077 Hong Kong, China
  4. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, The Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 11 Kowloon Hung Hom Yuk Choi Road, 999077 Hong Kong, China

Abstrakt

With the widespread demand for high-precision controllable pulse signals in electronic systems such as communications, radar, and quantum computing, the timing resolution and waveform flexibility adjustment capability of excitation signal sources are more demanding. However, direct digital synthesis (DDS) techniques are limited by timing resolution, while computational synthesis methods are computationally complex and resource-consuming despite higher accuracy. In this paper, an improved DDS pulse waveform synthesis method is proposed, which effectively reduces the storage requirement by storing only the pulse waveform edge samples as feature samples instead of all the samples in the complete waveform period. Meanwhile, combining with the adaptive phase adjustment algorithm, the phase offset value is calculated based on the overflow result of the phase accumulator, and the edge position is adjusted to realize the waveform fitting with higher timing resolution. The feature-fitting scheme streamlines the data storage content while avoiding the complexity of real-time computation, achieving a balance between computational resources and memory usage. The method uses 1 GSPS sampling rate and 1 BRAM to successfully synthesize pulse waveforms with timing resolutions of 100 ps and 10 ps, realizes edge time and amplitude adjustments, and achieves an rms jitter of 10.04 ps. The method provides a feasible solution for high-precision pulse signal synthesis with low storage occupation and provides theoretical and practical support for the realization of high-performance electronic test equipment.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yujie Deng
1
Zaiming Fu
1
Hanglin Liu
1
Dexuan Kong
1
Xin Ai
1

  1. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Automation Engineering, Chengdu 611731, China

Abstrakt

This paper presents an estimation algorithm designed for tracking aerial ballistic objects using measurements from an electro-optical tracking system. Building upon our previous research, which focused on estimating the trajectory and flight parameters of an unguided short-range ballistic missile with motion constrained to two dimensions, this study introduces a more advanced and practical solution. The new approach uses a flight dynamics model formulated in a three-dimensional coordinate system. Unlike the previously developed algorithm, the one described in this paper accurately determines the object’s location within a geographically oriented horizontal reference frame. It also eliminates the need for prior knowledge of the shooting direction, which would be challenging to establish in practice, and more realistically models the influence of wind on the object’s motion in three dimensions. The paper includes the mathematical model of the tracking system, the extended Kalman filter used for estimating the ballistic object’s position and other flight parameters as well as simulation results for the proposed system.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Smagowski
1
Piotr Kaniewski
2

  1. Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, ul. Janiszewskiego 11-17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

Low-cost Micro-Electro-Mechanical System Inertial Measurement Units (MEMS-IMUs) are plagued by large, complex, and variable errors. Traditional strap-down inertial navigation systems that utilize MEMS-IMUs are unable to meet the positioning requirements of wheeled robots. Although inertial navigation based on deep learning has been explored, it necessitates a substantial amount of carefully selected and labelled data, resulting in high costs. Consequently, this paper proposes a self-supervised neural inertial navigation method for wheeled robots that solely depends on MEMS-IMU data. Firstly, a representation learning model is established to extract general IMU features for self-supervised denoising. Subsequently, an intelligent framework employing contrastive learning is adopted to explore the latent information of the IMU and acquire the motion state of the robot. Specific motion state information is regarded as observations, and an invariant extended Kalman filter (IEKF) is applied for information fusion to enhance positioning accuracy. Experiments conducted on public datasets demonstrate that, in the absence of additional ground truth values, the Absolute Trajectory Error (ATE) and Temporal Relative Trajectory Error (T-RTE) of the proposed method are 20.23% and 30.71% lower than those of supervised learning-based methods, respectively. The proposed method offers a more cost-effective and practical solution for the development of inertial navigation technology for wheeled robots.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Fengrong Huang
1
Mengqi Gao
1
Qinglin Liu
2
Min Gao
1

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300400, China
  2. National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Tianjin 300308, China

Abstrakt

Kinematic parameter errors of parallel robots are affected by manufacturing errors, assembly errors, and shape errors caused by heavy loads, resulting in a gradual decrease of their kinematic accuracy. This study proposes an online learning method for the kinematic parameter errors based on a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) in-situ tracking system, which achieves their online identification. This method uses six high-precision measurement legs that are embedded in the parallel robot to achieve in-situ data measurement and adopts an online learning method to identify the kinematic parameter errors. Experimental results compared with the least squares method demonstrated that the proposed method effectively achieves online identification of the kinematic parameter errors, with position and orientation accuracy improved by 85.3% and 79.2%, respectively. Moreover, it can also maintain small position deviations even under varying loads, thus sustaining the high-accuracy motion of the parallel robot.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Fei Ren
1
Zhihua Liu
2
Chenguang Cai
2
Ming Yang
1
Han Zhang
2
Zixiao Ren
2

  1. College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, China
  2. Institute of Mechanics and Acoustic Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, 100029 Beijing, China

Abstrakt

To address the disordered inspection paths and long inspection time encountered when coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) inspect free-formsurface parts, an improved ant colony algorithm was proposed to optimize the inspection path and thereby improve inspection efficiency. To enhance the optimization performance of the ant colony algorithm and overcome its shortcomings, such as low search speed and susceptibility to local optimal solutions, this work improves the initial pheromone distribution, pheromone evaporation factor, and pheromone update strategy and introduces a local search strategy. The experimental results revealed that the improved ant colony algorithm had strong search directionality in the early stages of iteration, higher search speed, and an enhanced ability to escape from local optimal solutions; the inspection paths of the free-form surface optimized by the improved ant colony algorithm were neat and aesthetically pleasing, and the inspection efficiency increased by up to 14.75%, 23.59%, and 34.21% compared with those of the classic ant colony algorithm, artificial bee colony algorithm, and genetic algorithm, respectively.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yueping Chen
1
Sian Wei
1
Jiegao Ma
2

  1. Guangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Liuzhou, China
  2. Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd, Liuzhou, China

Instrukcja dla autorów



Sample article with Author guidelines



Author guidelines



Types of contributions

Metrology and Measurement Systems welcomes submissions of the following article types:

• invited special issue or review papers presenting the current stage of the knowledge within scope of the journal (about 20 edited pages, approximately 3000 characters each),
• research papers reporting high-quality original scientific or technological advancements (max. 12 pages),
• papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences (max. 12 pages),
• short notes, i.e. book reviews, conference reports, short news (max. 2 pages).


Manuscript preparation

General The text of a manuscript should be written in clear and concise English. The camera-ready format – with attached separate files containing illustrations, tables and photographs – is required. A cover letter with clear explanation of scientific novelty of the paper is strongly recommended. Papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences, or strongly related to previous authors’ works, must be accompanied with a cover letter file, which should explain in details changes made in the manuscript in comparison with the original conference paper and highlight the novelty in reference to other authors’ works.
The main text of a manuscript should be printed on an A4 page (with margins of 2.5 cm) using Times New Roman style with a font size of 12 pt; the paragraphs should start with the indentation of 5 mm, and titles should be written in bold. That text can be divided into sections (numbered 1, 2, …), first-order subsections (numbered 1.1., 1.2., …, written in italics), and – if needed – second-order subsections (numbered 1.1.1., 1.1.2., …, written same as first-order subsections). The only acceptable manuscript formats are in Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx).

The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors. The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors.


Figures
Figures (illustrations, photographs) and tables, provided in the camera-ready form suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction), should be additionally submitted (one per page), larger than the final size. While preparing figures we encourage to start with defining expected size and minimum font size that fit to all graphics in the manuscript – using the same style in all of your graphics visually improves the article. Final figure formats must be in one of the following: (vectors) .eps, .pdf, .ai or .cdr, and (bitmaps) .bmp, .gif, .tif or .jpg.
As far as plots, block diagrams, schematics etc. are concerned, we suggest to use one of vector formats to improve quality and scalability. Figures in vector formats must be saved using RGB colours and with fully white background (0% K). Hidden layers are unacceptable. Minimum line thickness printed in a single colour is 0.25 pt (0.09 mm), and 1 pt (0.36 mm) when using more colours. Typically we suggest 0.2-0.5 mm but in particular cases the range 0.1–1.0 mm will be accepted. Lines in plots should be distinguished not only by using different colours but also using different line types and markers, if needed.


Equation
All equations must be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Each equation should be preceded and followed by a 6-point spacing. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence. Equation numbers should be enclosed in parentheses. Equations should be prepared with the use of MathType or Microsoft Equation editors. The type size in the equation is the same as for the text. To make your equations more compact, you may use the appropriate mathematical symbols or expressions. The symbols used in an equation have to be defined before that equation or immediately after it. Use italics for variables (e.g. i, x, n), physical quantity symbol (e.g. voltage U, temperature T), letter pointers and general function symbols. Do not use italics for constants, indexes, minimum, maximum and trigonometric functions, mathematical operators, differentials, etc. To refer to the equation use “(1)”, not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sentence where “Equation (1)” should be used. We recommend to use International System of Units SI i.e. metre-kilogram-second system of units. As a decimal separator dot should be used in the entire manuscript (text, figures, tables).


References
The paper has to be clearly positioned in the context of relevant literature in the field of measurements and instrumentation. Note that lack of references from the main field of Metrology and Measurement Systems interest may suggest that the content of manuscript does not exactly correspond to the scope of metrological journals. It may reduce possibility that a proposed paper will be read by audience society. In such a case our Editorial Board may suggest to send the manuscript to a more appropriate journal. Also note that the use of possibly up-to-date references may indicate importance of your work. Table below gives examples of some relevant and renewable journals related to widely understood metrology.


Journal

Publisher

ISSN

Metrologia

IOP Publishing

0026-1394

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

IEEE

0018-9456

Measurement

Elsevier

0263-2241

Measurement Science and Technology

IOP Publishing

0957-0233

Metrology and Measurement Systems

PAS

0860-8229

Review of Scientific Instruments

IOP Publishing

0034-6748

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

IEEE

1557-9948

IET Science, Measurement & Technology

IET

1751-8822

Journal of Instrumentation

SISSA, IOP Publishing

1748-0221

Measurement Science Review

Walter de Gruyter

1335-8871

IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine

IEEE

1094-6969

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

PAS

2300-1917

Opto-Electronics Review

PAS

1896-3757

IEEE Sensors Journal

IEEE

1558-1748

Sensors

MDPI

1424-8220




References should be inserted in the text in square brackets, i.e. [1]; their list, numbered in citation order, should appear at the end of the manuscript. The format of the references should follow the APA 7th edition formatting style, i.e.: for an journal paper – surname(s) and initial(s) of author(s), year in brackets, title of the paper, full journal name, volume, issue (in brackets) and page numbers. Put all author names unless there are more than 20. Otherwise, after the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it).


Submission process
Manuscript should be submitted via the Internet Editorial System (IES) – an online submission and peer review system. In order to submit the manuscript via the IES, the authors (first-time users) must create an author account to obtain a user ID and password required to enter the system. The submission of the manuscript in a single file, i.e. “Article File” containing the complete manuscript (with all figures of high quality and tables embedded in the text), is preferred. All figures have to be uploaded in separate files. The generated PDF file has to be approved. The PDF file has lower quality of the embedded figures to limit its size only.
The submission of a manuscript means that its content has not been published previously, it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that – if accepted – it will not be published elsewhere. The Author hereby grants the Polish Academy of Sciences (the Journal Owner) the license for commercial use of the article according to the Open Access License ( CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which has to be signed before publication. The copyright form is available in the IES.
The Authors are urged to suggest 4 to 5 reviewers in their application (with names, affiliations and addresses) with whom the Editorial Board could co-operate while processing the paper. Proposed reviewers should be experts deeply involved in issues related to the subject matter of the paper and they are intended to come from different universities or research centres.
Each submitted manuscript is subject to a single-blind peer-review procedure, and the publication decision is based on the reviewers’ comments. If necessary, the authors may be invited to revise their manuscripts. On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to exactly fit the journal style.
An essential criterion for the evaluation of submitted manuscripts is their potential impact on the research field, measured by the number of repeated quotations. Such papers are preferred at the evaluation and publication stages.
Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail and should be returned within 48 hours from receipt. The publication in the journal is free of charge. A sample copy of the journal will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. For colour pages the authors will be charged at the rate of 160 PLN or 80 EUR per page. The payment to the bank account of the main distributor (given in “Subscription Information”) must be completed before the date indicated by the Editorial Office.


Other information
It is possible to include supplementary files related to the article content, such as e.g. developed databases. These files can be then used by other researchers to compare their algorithms using the same input data. For more details about supplementary files please contact the Editorial Board: metrology@wat.edu.pl. The biographical statements, at the very end of the article, are not obligatory, however, they are kindly recommended. Each statement should include the author’s full name and brief personal history focused on areas of research and scientific achievements. The biographical statement may not exceed 100 words and should be written using Times New Roman style with a font size of 8 pt.
The publication of your article is a great achievement but then it needs to be further promoted to make it more visible to the research community. Responsibility for this task lies with the Authors and our Editorial Board. We guarantee free access to the article in the Journals PAN of the Polish Academy of Science, including articles in Early Access form (published just after acceptance decision), indexing in popular and renewable databases (e.g. Thomson Scientific Master Journal List, Elsevier’s Scopus, Google Scholar). Furthermore, selected articles are highlighted on the journal website and are reprinted for promotion at conferences and other events. The Authors can share the final form of the article on various social networks and research-sharing platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, SciProfiles. They are also encouraged to update personal and institutional webpages by adding the title and a link of the article. Feel free also to share your work with your colleagues using any other methods that do not conflict with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
For more detailed description about how to write a paper for the Metrology and Measurement Systems journal please look at the Author guidelines for manuscript preparation. We strongly recommend using this file as a template for manuscript preparation.


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