Nauki Techniczne

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Opis

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2023:	1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022:	1.1
CiteScore 2023:	2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.573
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3

1 Comparison and optimization of machine learning methods for fault detection in district heating and cooling systems

Mehmet Çınar , Emrah Aslan , Yıldırım Özüpak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e154063 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154063

Słowa kluczowe: pollution detection grid search optimalization machine learning DHC

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Abstrakt

In this study, the methods used for the detection of sub-station pollution failures in district heating and cooling (DHC) systems are analyzed. In the study, high, medium, and low-level pollution situations are considered and machine learning methods are applied for the detection of these failures. Random forest, decision tree, logistic regression, and CatBoost regression algorithms are compared within the scope of the analysis. The models are trained to perform fault detection at different pollution levels. To improve the model performance, hyperparameter optimization was performed with random search optimization, and the most appropriate values were selected. The results show that the CatBoost regression algorithm provides the highest accuracy and overall performance compared to other methods. The CatBoost model stood out with an accuracy of 0.9832 and a superior performance. These findings reveal that CatBoost-based approaches provide an effective solution in situations requiring high accuracy, such as contamination detection in DHC systems. The study makes an important contribution as a reliable fault detection solution in industrial applications.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mehmet Çınar

Emrah Aslan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yıldırım Özüpak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bitlis Eren University, Organized Industrial Zone Vocational School, Electrical Department, Bitlis, Türkiye
Mardin Artuklu University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Computer Engineering, Mardin, Türkiye
Dicle University, Silvan Vocational School, Electrical Department, Diyarbakır, Türkiye

2 Characteristics of solution to singular fractional differential equation with two Riemann-Stieltjes integral boundary value conditions

Nan Zhang , Lingling Zhang , Hongwei Liu , Tao Liu , Hui Wang , Huimin Tian

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153008 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153008

Słowa kluczowe: operator equation mixed monotone operator concave-convex operator positive solution fractional differential equation

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Abstrakt

The purpose of this paper is to study unique solution and iterative sequence of approximate solution for uniformly approaching unique solution to a new class of singular fractional differential equations with two kinds of Riemann-Stieltjes integral boundary value conditions by using some fixed point theorems. Because of different properties of the nonlinear terms and complexity of the boundary conditions in equations, we first probe several fixed point theorems of sum-type operators which expand many existing works in this research area. It is essential to point out that some conditions in our works greatly simplify the proof process of fixed point theorems. By applying the operator conclusions obtained in this paper, some sufficient conditions that guarantee the existence and uniqueness of solutions to singular differential equations are obtained, two iterative schemes that uniformly converge to the unique solution are given which provide computational methods of approximating solutions. As applications, some examples are provided to illustrate our main results.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Nan Zhang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lingling Zhang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hongwei Liu

Tao Liu

Hui Wang

Huimin Tian

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Taiyuan Normal University, 030606, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China
College of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China
College of Applied Mathematics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, 030006, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China

3 Multifunctional control system to enhance the operational capability of the unmanned multirotor platform dedicated to the diagnostics of building structures

Roman Czyba , Jarosław Domin , Marcin Górski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153434 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153434

Słowa kluczowe: UAV diagnostic platform automatic control system drone structural health monitoring

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Abstrakt

Drones have become common devices that are increasingly used, from toy mini drones to very advanced autonomous flying platforms used in various industries. The safety of using engineering structures and the need to shorten the time of carrying out diagnostic activities, and thus reduce costs, force the use of innovative tools to carry out an automated and unmanned process of assessing the technical condition of existing engineering structures, especially large-size ones, including bridges strengthened with external FRP (fibre reinforced polymer) composite overlays. There are conventional methods for assessing the technical condition of existing building structures conducted by inspectors and experts, involving the use of typical inspection and diagnostic tools. During the research, it was found that it is possible to conduct an automated and unmanned process of assessing the technical condition of engineering structures using an unmanned flying platform equipped with a thermal imaging diagnostic device. The uniqueness of the presented solution is that the drone is equipped with a docking module that allows the drone to be temporarily attached to the structure being diagnosed for the duration of diagnostic activities. To ensure appropriate conditions for structural diagnostics, a unique system of automated diagnostic processes and a multi-stage structure of the control system in all phases of operation were developed. The article presents a solution for the control system based on control consistent with the reference model. In particular, the focus was on the difficult and dangerous issue of altitude control during the docking phase. Simulation tests conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, as well as laboratory and field tests on a real drone proved the correctness of the proposed solutions, which facilitated the undisturbed operation of the diagnostic module.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Roman Czyba

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jarosław Domin

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Górski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Gliwice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gliwice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Gliwice, Poland

4 Handling stability analysis of decoupling suspension for formula racing

Han Xu , Jiachuan Xu , Xuemin Cui , Yang Zhou , Xinyu Sun , Zongqi Wang

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153829 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153829

Słowa kluczowe: decoupling suspension ADAMS/CAR formula racing

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Abstrakt

In this paper, a university formula racing suspension is taken as the research object. Based on the requirements of racing suspension, the double wishbone suspension is improved, and a new arrangement scheme based on the stepped shaft is proposed, which theoretically realizes the decoupling of the pitch stiffness and the roll stiffness of the suspension. Based on the ADAMS/Car module, the front and rear suspension models are established. By simulating the motion of formula racing, it is further judged whether the pitch and roll stiffness of the suspension are decoupled. According to this, the hard point coordinates of the suspension are adjusted to ensure that the length of each spring changes within the ideal range. Based on the optimized suspension, according to the national standard test method and the scoring standard of the automobile industry, combined with the university formula racing project, the vehicle handling stability test and scoring evaluation are carried out, and the vehicle handling stability is verified by the real vehicle test. A set of decoupling suspensions is obtained, which can have pitch stiffness and roll stiffness separately adjusted, with improved vehicle handling stability.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Han Xu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jiachuan Xu

Xuemin Cui

Yang Zhou

Xinyu Sun

Zongqi Wang

Shandong University of Technology, China

5 Apparatus for exposure of cancer cell lines with extremely low frequency (ELF) alternating magnetic field

Remigiusz Mydlikowski , Krzysztof Maniak , Patrycja Grosman-Dziewiszek , Benita Wiatrak , Paweł Bieńkowski , Tomasz Gębarowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153429 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153429

Słowa kluczowe: alternating magnetic field extremely low frequencies cancer cells cell viability effect of cisplatin

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Abstrakt

This paper presents the design of a laboratory stand that facilitates the study of the effects of exposure to magnetic induction of extremely low frequency on cultures of cancer cell lines. The designed laboratory bench is adapted to operate in the frequency range of up to 300 Hz and the maximum settable magnetic induction of 2.5 mT. Tests are conducted on cellular test plates of 24, 48, or 96 wells where it is possible to evaluate the combined effect of magnetic field and cisplatin on cancer cells. The conducted tests determined the uniformity of field distribution inside the constructed solenoid establishing the optimal space for cellular research. Preliminary studies of the effect of the magnetic field on the response of cancer cells treated with cisplatin were conducted on the built stand. The study shows that a magnetic field with certain parameters can significantly affect the response of cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. The application of a magnetic field can either promote cell proliferation or, with appropriately selected parameters, lead to increased cytotoxicity. Continued research will allow us to find the appropriate drug concentration parameters when using magnetic field exposure with given parameters.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Remigiusz Mydlikowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Maniak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Patrycja Grosman-Dziewiszek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Benita Wiatrak

Paweł Bieńkowski

Tomasz Gębarowski

Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
National Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
Department of Telecommunications and ICT, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland

6 Examination of energy damping behavior of fiberglass reinforced sandwich structures with extruded polystyrene core material

Ibrahim Yavuz , Baris Senol , Ercan Simsir

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153430 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153430

Słowa kluczowe: drop impact test energy damping fiberglass sandwich structures XPS foam

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Abstrakt

Composite materials are defined as new materials formed by combining two or more materials that do not mix, leveraging the best properties of each constituent. Composite materials are used in important industrial sectors such as aerospace and automotive due to their superior properties. In this study, XPS (extruded polystyrene) polymer foam was utilized as the core material. Glass fibers were combined with resin in a total of eight and twelve layers and applied to both the top and bottom of the core structure. Production involved both manual laying and vacuum bagging methods. Two types of glass fiber, weighing 200 g/m² and 300 g/m² , were employed. After production, the composites were cut to standardized dimensions, followed by three-point bending and low-speed impact tests. Impact experiments were conducted with a constant energy of 50 J. Results showed that the 200 g/m² glass fiber composites experienced perforation in the eight-layer samples and rebound in the twelve-layer samples. Although greater deformation was observed in the impact tests of the 300 g/m² glass fiber composites in the eight-layer samples compared to the twelve-layer samples, a rebound occurred in both. In three-point bending tests, the bending strength increased as the number of layers increased, and at the same number of layers, composites with 300 g/m² properties showed higher strength than 200 g/m² composites.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ibrahim Yavuz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Baris Senol

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ercan Simsir

e-mail:

ORCID:

Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Automotive Engineering, Afyon, Turkey
TOFAS Turkish Automobile Factories R&D Center, Bursa, Turkey

7 Bending behaviour of thin-walled perforated channel beams with modified cross-sectional shape – Part 1: experimental tests and FSM

Piotr Paczos , Aleksandra M. Pawlak , Paweł Jasion , Michał Plust

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153830 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153830

Słowa kluczowe: thin-walled channel beams web perforations four-point bending structural stability buckling analysis

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Abstrakt

The subject of this study is thin-walled channel sections with a modified cross-sectional shape. The investigation involved six beams, three of which had perforations on the web, while the other three had a flat, solid web. The beams were subjected to four-point bending tests. Experimental tests were conducted using both electronic and optical methods, with a test setup specifically designed for this investigation. Additionally, numerical analyses were performed using the finite strip method. The primary objective of the research was to determine the impact of web perforations on the strength and stability of the bent beams. The perforation of the web also resulted in a reduction in the overall weight of the structure, thereby decreasing material consumption. Based on the research, the critical forces and maximum forces at which total loss of load-bearing capacity occurred were determined. Furthermore, the buckling modes of the beams were identified. The study revealed that the critical and maximum forces for beams with perforated webs were lower compared to beams with a flat, solid web. However, the significant reduction in weight for the perforated beams suggests that their use remains advantageous. The results of FEM and analytical analyses, essential for modelling and understanding complex behaviours in thin-walled structures, will be presented in the second part of this publication to maintain clarity and accessibility.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Paczos

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra M. Pawlak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Jasion

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Plust

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Pozna ´ n, Poland

8 Few-shot medical image classification with simple shape and texture text descriptors using vision-language models

Michał Byra , Muhammad Febrian Rachmadi , Henrik Skibbe

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153838 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153838

Słowa kluczowe: medical image classification vision-language models large language models few-shot learning

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Abstrakt

Deep learning methods are gaining momentum in radiology. In this work, we investigate the usefulness of vision-language models (VLMs) and large language models for binary few-shot classification of medical images. We utilize the GPT-4 model to generate text descriptors that encapsulate the shape and texture characteristics of objects in medical images. Subsequently, these GPT-4 generated descriptors, alongside VLMs pre-trained on natural images, are employed to classify chest X-rays and breast ultrasound images. Our results indicate that few-shot classification of medical images using VLMs and GPT-4 generated descriptors is a viable approach. However, accurate classification requires the exclusion of certain descriptors from the calculations of the classification scores. Moreover, we assess the ability of VLMs to evaluate shape features in breast mass ultrasound images. This is performed by comparing VLM-based results generated for shape-related text descriptors with the actual values of the shape features calculated using segmentation masks. We further investigate the degree of variability among the sets of text descriptors produced by GPT-4. Our work provides several important insights about the application of VLMs for medical image analysis. Keywords: medical image classification; vision-language models; large language models; few-shot learning.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Michał Byra

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Muhammad Febrian Rachmadi

1 3

Henrik Skibbe

RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

9 On optimization of an adaptive pneumatic impact absorber – the innovative rescue cushion

Rami Faraj , Błażej Popławski , Dorian Gabryel , Grzegorz Mikułowski , Rafał Wiszowaty

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153436 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153436

Słowa kluczowe: adaptive airbag adaptive impact absorption inflatable structure pneumatic absorber rescue cushion

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Abstrakt

The paper states a complex study on the adaptive rescue cushion and concerns a problem of efficient impact mitigation, which is present during evacuation or assurance of people conducted by fire brigades. In order to minimize negative effects of person’s fall from height an airbag system is applied. Unfortunately, until now only passive solutions have been used. As a result, loads acting on a landing person were not minimized, because passive systems are designed for predefined, extreme conditions. Since the authors proposed to introduce adaptation mechanisms into the rescue cushion, a number of issues arose. They include construction and control of release vents, taking into account the inaccuracies of estimated impact parameters, and optimization of the venting area in case the evacuated person lands outside the airbag center. All these problems were addressed within this paper and described in detail. Discussion on the system adaptation and its optimization was preceded by experimental validation of a numerical model. The energy absorbing capabilities of widely used passive rescue cushions were significantly enhanced as a result of the conducted research.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Rami Faraj

e-mail:

ORCID:

Błażej Popławski

Dorian Gabryel

Grzegorz Mikułowski

Rafał Wiszowaty

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

10 The effect of continuous furnace load organization on temperature distribution during controlled atmosphere brazing process

Sławomir Nadolny , Michał Rogalewicz , Adam Hamrol

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153837 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153837

Słowa kluczowe: CAB aluminium heat exchangers brazing jig heat capacity heat conductivity

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Abstrakt

Aluminum heat exchangers (AHEXs) represent a continuously evolving production sector with applications across various industries. Their mass production utilizes continuous furnaces combined with the controlled atmosphere brazing (CAB) process. The required heat is supplied through convection, conduction, and radiation. The degree of these interactions and their impact on the temperature achieved inside an AHEX can vary significantly depending on the type and mass of the load. The additional tooling, such as brazing jigs, also plays a crucial role. The design of these jigs, including their material and mass, is essential for the heat delivered inside an AHEX. The presence of brazing jigs can enhance conduction and radiation effects but may also reduce convection. Due to the use of different heating elements, varying lengths of continuous furnace chambers, and a nitrogen atmosphere control system, it is necessary to tailor the heating profile (furnace parameters) individually for each type of AHEX. The heating and cooling rates, as well as the duration in the elevated temperature, including the maximum temperature achieved inside an AHEX, are critical. This article presents a study on the impact of continuous furnace load organization (including load density and the presence of brazing jigs) on the temperatures achieved inside an AHEX.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sławomir Nadolny

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Rogalewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Adam Hamrol

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poland
MAHLE Behr Ostrów Wielkopolski Sp. z o.o., Poland

11 Digital PID controllers with fractional variable order techniques and two discrete-time operator variants

Dorota Mozyrska , Malgorzata Wyrwas , Piotr Oziablo

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153831 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153831

Słowa kluczowe: fractional variable order operators PID controllers discrete-time optimization

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Abstrakt

This paper introduces a control strategy utilizing the fractional variable order PID digital controller (FVOPID). We employ two variants of fractional discrete-time operators with variable order: the Grünwald-Letnikov type and its convolution version. We examine and compare the performance of both controllers types on a higher-order plant. Parameter optimization is conducted using a particle swarm algorithm.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dorota Mozyrska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Malgorzata Wyrwas

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Oziablo

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland

12 Description and comparison of fault detection algorithms based on a selected building automation device

Sandra Włostowska , Bartłomiej Kawa , Piotr Borkowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153832 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153832

Słowa kluczowe: fault detection machine learning building automation smart-metering

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Abstrakt

The article compares selected classification algorithms and those dedicated to anomaly detection. The models used temperature measurements in four rooms simulated in the MATLAB Simscape environment as test signals. The empirical part of the work consists of two parts. In the first one, an example data from the simulated building heating model object, models were built using unsupervised and supervised machine learning algorithms. Then, data from the facility was collected again with changed parameters (failures occurred at times other than the test ones, and the temperature patterns differed from those recorded and used to train the models). The algorithm effects and test signals (temperature changes) were saved in the database. The results were presented graphically in the Grafana program. The second part of the work presents a solution in which the analysis of the operating status of the heating system takes place in real time. Using an OPC server, data was exchanged between the MATLAB environment and the database installed on a virtual machine in the Ubuntu system. The conclusions present the results and collect the authors’ suggestions regarding the practical applications of the discussed classification models.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sandra Włostowska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bartłomiej Kawa

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Borkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Electrical Apparatus, Faculty of Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Control Engineering, Lodz University of Technology,Łód´z, Poland

13 Improving testing of multi-agent systems: An innovative deep learning strategy for automatic, scalable, and dynamic error detection and optimisation

Nour El Houda Dehimi , Zakaria Tolba , Mehdi Medkour , Anis Hadjadj , Stéphane Galland

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e154062 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154062

Słowa kluczowe: multi-agent systems system-level testing error detection artificial intelligence techniques deep learning

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Abstrakt

In this paper, a novel method is introduced for automated, scalable, and dynamic identification of errors in various behavioural versions of a multi-agent system under test, employing deep learning techniques. It is designed to enable accurate error detection, thus opening new possibilities for improving and optimising traditional testing techniques. The approach consists of two phases. The first phase is the training of a deep learning model using randomly generated inputs and predicted outputs generated from the behavioural model of each version. The second phase consists of detecting errors in the multi-agent system under test by replacing the predicted outputs with which the model is trained with execution outputs. The envisioned strategy is put into action through a real case study, which serves to vividly showcase and affirm its practical efficacy.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Nour El Houda Dehimi

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zakaria Tolba

Mehdi Medkour

Anis Hadjadj

Stéphane Galland

LIAOA Laboratory, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
UTBM, CIAD UR 7533, F-90010 Belfort, France

14 Investigation of the temperature impact on the operation of a nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester

Marcin Kulik , Rafał Gabor

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153836 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153836

Słowa kluczowe: energy harvesting nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester temperature coefficients frequency response dynamic analysis

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Abstrakt

This paper presents a detailed study of the impact of temperature on the performance of a nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester, which is applied in autonomous power systems. The variability of material properties under the influence of temperature, such as stiffness, damping, and magnetic induction, significantly affects the operational characteristics of the device. A mathematical model accounting for these factors, including linear and quadratic temperature coefficients, optimized using a genetic algorithm, is presented in the article. The simulation results were compared with experimental data, showing good agreement, particularly in the range of frequency bandwidth and output voltage. It was demonstrated that higher temperatures lead to a reduction in mechanical and magnetic stiffness, resulting in decreased energy conversion efficiency.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marcin Kulik

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Gabor

e-mail:

ORCID:

Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole, Poland

15 Evaluation of TAERO UGV structural collision resistance using FEM analysis

Marek Nowakowski , Krzysztof Kosiuczenko

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153431 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153431

Słowa kluczowe: UGV structural collision resistance crumple zone FEM analysis

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Abstrakt

The increasing adoption of unmanned platforms in sectors such as defense, agriculture, and logistics highlights critical challenges, including traversal capability and collision resistance in unstructured terrain. This study investigates the crashworthiness of the developed TAERO UGV using finite element method (FEM) analysis. The structural components critical to collision energy absorption were identified and analyzed. Descriptions of the LS-DYNA simulation model, material properties, and boundary conditions are provided. The primary objective was to numerically assess the bumper performance during impact, considering the operational speeds and crumple zone of the vehicle. An optimized numerical model was introduced to efficiently simulate vehicle collisions, focusing on key structural elements. Various scenarios were simulated to examine deformation, stress distribution, and bumper behaviour. Presented numerical analysis indicates that impacts with typical obstacles, like tree trunks in unstructured terrain, cause minimal damage, not affecting the operational vehicle capability. Minor bumper damage, such as dents, vary and are more noticeable at higher speeds, while almost imperceptible up to 25 km/h. Stress distribution highlights the role of side components in energy absorption and structural deformation. The results confirm the structural integrity of the vehicle and provide valuable data on its operation performance in complex environments during specialized missions.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marek Nowakowski

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ORCID:

Krzysztof Kosiuczenko

e-mail:

ORCID:

Military Institute of Armoured and Automotive Technology, Okuniewska 1, 05-070 Sulejówek, Poland

16 Three-factor assessment of rutting factor of modified asphalt binders and mastics in the ageing process

Marta Mielczarek , Karol Andrzejczak , Mieczysław Słowik

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153833 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153833

Słowa kluczowe: polymer modified bitumen rutting factor asphalt mastic maintenance parameter multiple stress creep and recovery test (MSCR) multi-factorial experimental design

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Abstrakt

This paper discusses the research and multivariate analyses of the rheological properties of asphalt binders and mastics containing arious mineral fillers and SBS copolymer-modified bitumen. In the experimental design employed, three types of mineral filler were used: limestone, basalt, or granodiorite. To determine the effect of ageing processes on the rheological properties of the obtained mastics, all asphalt binders tested were subjected to short-term (technological) ageing simulated under laboratory conditions using the RTFOT method. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the rutting resistance of modified binders and asphalt mastics depending on such factors as: the type of mineral filler, the percentage of SBS copolymer, temperature, and the influence of the ageing process. A three-way ANOVA was used to test for rutting resistance. The results of laboratory tests and statistical analyses made it possible to assess the significance of the factors examined in the research on the rutting resistance of asphalt binders and mastics, both before and after short-term ageing.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marta Mielczarek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Karol Andrzejczak

Mieczysław Słowik

Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Institute of Civil Engineering,Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Mathematics,Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

Instrukcja dla autorów

Guide for Authors

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/for_authors/

As of January 1st, 2025, there are changes in the fees for open access publications in Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences: 2000 PLN (approx. 500 EUR) - up to 8 pages of the journal format and mandatory over-length charges of 250 PLN (approx. 60 EUR) per page (see the above link with instructions for Authors for details)

Guide for Reviewers

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/for_reviewers/

Call for Papers

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/call_for_papers/

Guide for Guest Editors

https://www.editorialsystem.com/editor/bpasts/journal/page1/

Dodatkowe informacje

NEW PUBLICATION FEES
Articles submitted by December 31st, 2024: existing fee: 1500 PLN (and mandatory over-length charges of 230 PLN per page)
Articles submitted from January 1st, 2025: new fee: 2000 PLN (approx. 500 EUR- depending on the exchange rate) - a flat fee per paper up to 8 pages of the journal format (each additional page will be charged an additional 250 PLN).