Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2023:	1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022:	1.1
CiteScore 2023:	2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.573
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Content

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | No. 3

1 Contents BPASTS vol. 73 no. 3

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | No. 3

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2 Examination of energy damping behavior of fiberglass reinforced sandwich structures with extruded polystyrene core material

Ibrahim Yavuz , Baris Senol , Ercan Simsir

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153430 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153430

Keywords: drop impact test energy damping fiberglass sandwich structures XPS foam

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Abstract

Composite materials are defined as new materials formed by combining two or more materials that do not mix, leveraging the best properties of each constituent. Composite materials are used in important industrial sectors such as aerospace and automotive due to their superior properties. In this study, XPS (extruded polystyrene) polymer foam was utilized as the core material. Glass fibers were combined with resin in a total of eight and twelve layers and applied to both the top and bottom of the core structure. Production involved both manual laying and vacuum bagging methods. Two types of glass fiber, weighing 200 g/m² and 300 g/m² , were employed. After production, the composites were cut to standardized dimensions, followed by three-point bending and low-speed impact tests. Impact experiments were conducted with a constant energy of 50 J. Results showed that the 200 g/m² glass fiber composites experienced perforation in the eight-layer samples and rebound in the twelve-layer samples. Although greater deformation was observed in the impact tests of the 300 g/m² glass fiber composites in the eight-layer samples compared to the twelve-layer samples, a rebound occurred in both. In three-point bending tests, the bending strength increased as the number of layers increased, and at the same number of layers, composites with 300 g/m² properties showed higher strength than 200 g/m² composites.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ibrahim Yavuz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Baris Senol

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ercan Simsir

e-mail:

ORCID:

Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Automotive Engineering, Afyon, Turkey
TOFAS Turkish Automobile Factories R&D Center, Bursa, Turkey

3 On optimization of an adaptive pneumatic impact absorber – the innovative rescue cushion

Rami Faraj , Błażej Popławski , Dorian Gabryel , Grzegorz Mikułowski , Rafał Wiszowaty

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153436 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153436

Keywords: adaptive airbag adaptive impact absorption inflatable structure pneumatic absorber rescue cushion

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Abstract

The paper states a complex study on the adaptive rescue cushion and concerns a problem of efficient impact mitigation, which is present during evacuation or assurance of people conducted by fire brigades. In order to minimize negative effects of person’s fall from height an airbag system is applied. Unfortunately, until now only passive solutions have been used. As a result, loads acting on a landing person were not minimized, because passive systems are designed for predefined, extreme conditions. Since the authors proposed to introduce adaptation mechanisms into the rescue cushion, a number of issues arose. They include construction and control of release vents, taking into account the inaccuracies of estimated impact parameters, and optimization of the venting area in case the evacuated person lands outside the airbag center. All these problems were addressed within this paper and described in detail. Discussion on the system adaptation and its optimization was preceded by experimental validation of a numerical model. The energy absorbing capabilities of widely used passive rescue cushions were significantly enhanced as a result of the conducted research.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rami Faraj

e-mail:

ORCID:

Błażej Popławski

Dorian Gabryel

Grzegorz Mikułowski

Rafał Wiszowaty

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

4 Handling stability analysis of decoupling suspension for formula racing

Han Xu , Jiachuan Xu , Xuemin Cui , Yang Zhou , Xinyu Sun , Zongqi Wang

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153829 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153829

Keywords: decoupling suspension ADAMS/CAR formula racing

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Abstract

In this paper, a university formula racing suspension is taken as the research object. Based on the requirements of racing suspension, the double wishbone suspension is improved, and a new arrangement scheme based on the stepped shaft is proposed, which theoretically realizes the decoupling of the pitch stiffness and the roll stiffness of the suspension. Based on the ADAMS/Car module, the front and rear suspension models are established. By simulating the motion of formula racing, it is further judged whether the pitch and roll stiffness of the suspension are decoupled. According to this, the hard point coordinates of the suspension are adjusted to ensure that the length of each spring changes within the ideal range. Based on the optimized suspension, according to the national standard test method and the scoring standard of the automobile industry, combined with the university formula racing project, the vehicle handling stability test and scoring evaluation are carried out, and the vehicle handling stability is verified by the real vehicle test. A set of decoupling suspensions is obtained, which can have pitch stiffness and roll stiffness separately adjusted, with improved vehicle handling stability.

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Authors and Affiliations

Han Xu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jiachuan Xu

Xuemin Cui

Yang Zhou

Xinyu Sun

Zongqi Wang

Shandong University of Technology, China

5 The effect of continuous furnace load organization on temperature distribution during controlled atmosphere brazing process

Sławomir Nadolny , Michał Rogalewicz , Adam Hamrol

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153837 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153837

Keywords: CAB aluminium heat exchangers brazing jig heat capacity heat conductivity

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Abstract

Aluminum heat exchangers (AHEXs) represent a continuously evolving production sector with applications across various industries. Their mass production utilizes continuous furnaces combined with the controlled atmosphere brazing (CAB) process. The required heat is supplied through convection, conduction, and radiation. The degree of these interactions and their impact on the temperature achieved inside an AHEX can vary significantly depending on the type and mass of the load. The additional tooling, such as brazing jigs, also plays a crucial role. The design of these jigs, including their material and mass, is essential for the heat delivered inside an AHEX. The presence of brazing jigs can enhance conduction and radiation effects but may also reduce convection. Due to the use of different heating elements, varying lengths of continuous furnace chambers, and a nitrogen atmosphere control system, it is necessary to tailor the heating profile (furnace parameters) individually for each type of AHEX. The heating and cooling rates, as well as the duration in the elevated temperature, including the maximum temperature achieved inside an AHEX, are critical. This article presents a study on the impact of continuous furnace load organization (including load density and the presence of brazing jigs) on the temperatures achieved inside an AHEX.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Nadolny

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Rogalewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Adam Hamrol

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poland
MAHLE Behr Ostrów Wielkopolski Sp. z o.o., Poland

6 Research on coordinated control of hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission tractor mode switching based on model reference adaptation

Liyou Xu , Linkuan Zhang , Dongqing Wang , Mengnan Liu , Junjiang Zhang

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e154064 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154064

Keywords: hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission model reference adaptive control mode-switching coordinated control smoothness

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Abstract

The difference between the speed of the hydraulic speed control system and the mechanical transmission speed is too large during the mode-switching process of the equipped HMCVT tractor, which leads to the deterioration of the smoothness of the mode-switching process. The paper proposes a mode-switching coordination control strategy based on the adaptive model reference. Based on the mode-switching process, the mathematical model of HMCVT mode-switching is constructed. With the output speed of the hydraulic system as the reference model, the output speed of the mechanical transmission as the control object, and the output speed of the mechanical transmission following the output speed of the hydraulic system as the target, the design model reference adaptive controller, based on the MATLAB simulation platform for the simulation test of the control strategy is presented. The results show that when switching from H mode to HM1 mode, the maximum jerk is reduced by 70.3% and the slip friction work is reduced by 28.6%, and when switching from HM1 mode to H mode, the maximum jerk is reduced by 67% and the slip friction work is reduced by 28.9% compared to the use of the rule-based control strategy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Liyou Xu

1 2

Linkuan Zhang

Dongqing Wang

2 3

Mengnan Liu

2 3

Junjiang Zhang

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Henan University of Science and Technology, China
State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, China
YTO Group Corporation, China

7 Investigation of the temperature impact on the operation of a nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester

Marcin Kulik , Rafał Gabor

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153836 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153836

Keywords: energy harvesting nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester temperature coefficients frequency response dynamic analysis

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Abstract

This paper presents a detailed study of the impact of temperature on the performance of a nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester, which is applied in autonomous power systems. The variability of material properties under the influence of temperature, such as stiffness, damping, and magnetic induction, significantly affects the operational characteristics of the device. A mathematical model accounting for these factors, including linear and quadratic temperature coefficients, optimized using a genetic algorithm, is presented in the article. The simulation results were compared with experimental data, showing good agreement, particularly in the range of frequency bandwidth and output voltage. It was demonstrated that higher temperatures lead to a reduction in mechanical and magnetic stiffness, resulting in decreased energy conversion efficiency.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kulik

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Gabor

e-mail:

ORCID:

Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole, Poland

8 Evaluation of TAERO UGV structural collision resistance using FEM analysis

Marek Nowakowski , Krzysztof Kosiuczenko

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153431 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153431

Keywords: UGV structural collision resistance crumple zone FEM analysis

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Abstract

The increasing adoption of unmanned platforms in sectors such as defense, agriculture, and logistics highlights critical challenges, including traversal capability and collision resistance in unstructured terrain. This study investigates the crashworthiness of the developed TAERO UGV using finite element method (FEM) analysis. The structural components critical to collision energy absorption were identified and analyzed. Descriptions of the LS-DYNA simulation model, material properties, and boundary conditions are provided. The primary objective was to numerically assess the bumper performance during impact, considering the operational speeds and crumple zone of the vehicle. An optimized numerical model was introduced to efficiently simulate vehicle collisions, focusing on key structural elements. Various scenarios were simulated to examine deformation, stress distribution, and bumper behaviour. Presented numerical analysis indicates that impacts with typical obstacles, like tree trunks in unstructured terrain, cause minimal damage, not affecting the operational vehicle capability. Minor bumper damage, such as dents, vary and are more noticeable at higher speeds, while almost imperceptible up to 25 km/h. Stress distribution highlights the role of side components in energy absorption and structural deformation. The results confirm the structural integrity of the vehicle and provide valuable data on its operation performance in complex environments during specialized missions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Nowakowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Kosiuczenko

e-mail:

ORCID:

Military Institute of Armoured and Automotive Technology, Okuniewska 1, 05-070 Sulejówek, Poland

9 Numerical analysis of seal force in contacting finger seal

Yuan Wei , Bowen Ma , Yi Li , Kai-Uwe Schröder

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153840 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153840

Keywords: bending flexible beam contacting finger seal seal force eccentricity numerical analysis

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Abstract

A finger seal is a flexible sealing device widely used in high-temperature and high-pressure environments such as gas turbines. Its force analysis is the key to the design and optimization of finger seal performance. At present, most of the research on force analysis of finger seals is focused on the whole seal ring, but each finger beam has a different contact performance with the shaft. In this paper, a new force analysis method for contacting finger seals is proposed, as well as the model of finger seals with or without eccentricity is established to analyze the force of a single finger beam. The curved flexible finger beam is transformed into a straight one loaded with a certain moment at the end of it. The force acting on the finger beam is studied and compared with the existing reference to demonstrate the feasibility of the analysis method. By changing each parameter of the finger seal, the relationship between seal force and structural parameter is investigated. It shows that this method is meaningful to the calculation results of seal force for single finger beam and can promote the development of finger seal and make it further in engineering application.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yuan Wei

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bowen Ma

Yi Li

Kai-Uwe Schröder

School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
Institute of Structural Mechanics and Lightweight Design, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstraße 7, 52062 Aachen, Germany

10 Thermal transfer performance of downhole electric heaters for in-situ pyrolysis in tar-rich coal

Ying Tang , Li Xiao , Fan Yang , Xiaodan Wu , Zhan Su , Yue Zhang , Shixin Jiang , Peng Yang

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153839 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153839

Keywords: tar-rich coal in-situ heat injection downhole heater thermal performance well-wall stability

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Abstract

The paper investigates the performance of a large-size helical baffle heater in an in-situ operation using a numerical simulation method. The study reveals that the fluid in the shell retains a spiral flow, and the output flow velocity is higher than in the surrounding area. However, the pitch design is big, resulting in a low-velocity flow zone on the backwind side. At 100 kW and 500 m³/h, the fluid flow is turbulent. At 50 kW and 200 m³/h, the fluid remains laminar. As the flow rate rises, the pressure of tar-rich coal formation grows dramatically. The wall temperature exhibits a spiral plunger at the inlet, but the bottom temperature is symmetrically distributed. Under low power and flow, Reynolds number change has a greater impact on the combination of Nusselt and Prandtl numbers. The wellbore experiences higher thermal loads during downhole heating, dramatically increasing the possibility of thermal damage. An increase in the heater shell length improves the total heat transfer performance. Conventional heaters often only heat the bottom formation. Therefore, while optimizing the construction, it is vital to ensure that the weight of the heater itself does not exceed the tensile strength of the cable and consider shifting down the perforation outlet or lowering the outlet.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ying Tang

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Li Xiao

Fan Yang

Xiaodan Wu

Zhan Su

Yue Zhang

Shixin Jiang

Peng Yang

e-mail:

ORCID:

CNOOC Gas & Power Group, Research & Development Center, Beijing, 100028, China
CNOOC Key Laboratory of Liquefied Natural Gas and Low-carbon Technology, Beijing, 100028, China

11 Few-shot medical image classification with simple shape and texture text descriptors using vision-language models

Michał Byra , Muhammad Febrian Rachmadi , Henrik Skibbe

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153838 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153838

Keywords: medical image classification vision-language models large language models few-shot learning

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Abstract

Deep learning methods are gaining momentum in radiology. In this work, we investigate the usefulness of vision-language models (VLMs) and large language models for binary few-shot classification of medical images. We utilize the GPT-4 model to generate text descriptors that encapsulate the shape and texture characteristics of objects in medical images. Subsequently, these GPT-4 generated descriptors, alongside VLMs pre-trained on natural images, are employed to classify chest X-rays and breast ultrasound images. Our results indicate that few-shot classification of medical images using VLMs and GPT-4 generated descriptors is a viable approach. However, accurate classification requires the exclusion of certain descriptors from the calculations of the classification scores. Moreover, we assess the ability of VLMs to evaluate shape features in breast mass ultrasound images. This is performed by comparing VLM-based results generated for shape-related text descriptors with the actual values of the shape features calculated using segmentation masks. We further investigate the degree of variability among the sets of text descriptors produced by GPT-4. Our work provides several important insights about the application of VLMs for medical image analysis. Keywords: medical image classification; vision-language models; large language models; few-shot learning.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Byra

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Muhammad Febrian Rachmadi

1 3

Henrik Skibbe

RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

12 DODGE: Congestion control in MANET via dragonfly optimized deep learning model

S Gladson , K Pandiarajan

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153231 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153231

Keywords: MANET congestion node deep learning dragon fly optimization bidirectional long-short term memory

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Abstract

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile devices attached without infrastructure or central management. Network size increases rapidly, resulting in congestion, network delay, data packet loss, and a drop in throughput, resulting in poor energy efficiency. Data should be mitigated based on the prediction of congestion. To resolve the problem of congestion, a novel dragonfly optimized deep learning for congestion elimination (DODGE) technique was proposed, which predicts the congested node effectively. Initially, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets from the MANET environment were pre-processed and the features were selected using dragonfly optimization (DFO). The features that are selected from the DFO model were provided to the stacked convolutional neural network combined with bidirectional long short-term memory (SCNN-BiLSTM). The deep learning network will predict the congested node and if congestion is found, then the message will be displayed. The DODGE is simulated by using Network simulator2 (NS2) and a comparison is made between proposed DODGE and traditional approaches such as hybrid gravitational fuzzy neural network (HGFNN), quality of service-aware distributed congestion control (QoS-ADCC), and improved priority aware ad hoc on-demand distance vector (IPA-AODV) in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay (DE), throughput (TP), energy consumption (EC), latency (L), detection rate (DR), and network lifetime (NL). The proposed SCNN-BiLSTM improves the overall accuracy better than 10.05%, 6.59%, and 3.26% bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), deep neural network (DNN), convolutional neural network (CNN) for predicting the congested node in the shortest time.

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Authors and Affiliations

S Gladson

e-mail:

ORCID:

K Pandiarajan

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Thudupathi, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mount Zion College of Engineering and Technology, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India

13 Description and comparison of fault detection algorithms based on a selected building automation device

Sandra Włostowska , Bartłomiej Kawa , Piotr Borkowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153832 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153832

Keywords: fault detection machine learning building automation smart-metering

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Abstract

The article compares selected classification algorithms and those dedicated to anomaly detection. The models used temperature measurements in four rooms simulated in the MATLAB Simscape environment as test signals. The empirical part of the work consists of two parts. In the first one, an example data from the simulated building heating model object, models were built using unsupervised and supervised machine learning algorithms. Then, data from the facility was collected again with changed parameters (failures occurred at times other than the test ones, and the temperature patterns differed from those recorded and used to train the models). The algorithm effects and test signals (temperature changes) were saved in the database. The results were presented graphically in the Grafana program. The second part of the work presents a solution in which the analysis of the operating status of the heating system takes place in real time. Using an OPC server, data was exchanged between the MATLAB environment and the database installed on a virtual machine in the Ubuntu system. The conclusions present the results and collect the authors’ suggestions regarding the practical applications of the discussed classification models.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sandra Włostowska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bartłomiej Kawa

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Borkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Electrical Apparatus, Faculty of Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Control Engineering, Lodz University of Technology,Łód´z, Poland

14 Comparison and optimization of machine learning methods for fault detection in district heating and cooling systems

Mehmet Çınar , Emrah Aslan , Yıldırım Özüpak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e154063 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154063

Keywords: pollution detection grid search optimalization machine learning DHC

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Abstract

In this study, the methods used for the detection of sub-station pollution failures in district heating and cooling (DHC) systems are analyzed. In the study, high, medium, and low-level pollution situations are considered and machine learning methods are applied for the detection of these failures. Random forest, decision tree, logistic regression, and CatBoost regression algorithms are compared within the scope of the analysis. The models are trained to perform fault detection at different pollution levels. To improve the model performance, hyperparameter optimization was performed with random search optimization, and the most appropriate values were selected. The results show that the CatBoost regression algorithm provides the highest accuracy and overall performance compared to other methods. The CatBoost model stood out with an accuracy of 0.9832 and a superior performance. These findings reveal that CatBoost-based approaches provide an effective solution in situations requiring high accuracy, such as contamination detection in DHC systems. The study makes an important contribution as a reliable fault detection solution in industrial applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mehmet Çınar

Emrah Aslan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yıldırım Özüpak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bitlis Eren University, Organized Industrial Zone Vocational School, Electrical Department, Bitlis, Türkiye
Mardin Artuklu University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Computer Engineering, Mardin, Türkiye
Dicle University, Silvan Vocational School, Electrical Department, Diyarbakır, Türkiye

15 Improving testing of multi-agent systems: An innovative deep learning strategy for automatic, scalable, and dynamic error detection and optimisation

Nour El Houda Dehimi , Zakaria Tolba , Mehdi Medkour , Anis Hadjadj , Stéphane Galland

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e154062 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154062

Keywords: multi-agent systems system-level testing error detection artificial intelligence techniques deep learning

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Abstract

In this paper, a novel method is introduced for automated, scalable, and dynamic identification of errors in various behavioural versions of a multi-agent system under test, employing deep learning techniques. It is designed to enable accurate error detection, thus opening new possibilities for improving and optimising traditional testing techniques. The approach consists of two phases. The first phase is the training of a deep learning model using randomly generated inputs and predicted outputs generated from the behavioural model of each version. The second phase consists of detecting errors in the multi-agent system under test by replacing the predicted outputs with which the model is trained with execution outputs. The envisioned strategy is put into action through a real case study, which serves to vividly showcase and affirm its practical efficacy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nour El Houda Dehimi

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zakaria Tolba

Mehdi Medkour

Anis Hadjadj

Stéphane Galland

LIAOA Laboratory, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
UTBM, CIAD UR 7533, F-90010 Belfort, France

16 Characteristics of solution to singular fractional differential equation with two Riemann-Stieltjes integral boundary value conditions

Nan Zhang , Lingling Zhang , Hongwei Liu , Tao Liu , Hui Wang , Huimin Tian

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153008 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153008

Keywords: operator equation mixed monotone operator concave-convex operator positive solution fractional differential equation

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study unique solution and iterative sequence of approximate solution for uniformly approaching unique solution to a new class of singular fractional differential equations with two kinds of Riemann-Stieltjes integral boundary value conditions by using some fixed point theorems. Because of different properties of the nonlinear terms and complexity of the boundary conditions in equations, we first probe several fixed point theorems of sum-type operators which expand many existing works in this research area. It is essential to point out that some conditions in our works greatly simplify the proof process of fixed point theorems. By applying the operator conclusions obtained in this paper, some sufficient conditions that guarantee the existence and uniqueness of solutions to singular differential equations are obtained, two iterative schemes that uniformly converge to the unique solution are given which provide computational methods of approximating solutions. As applications, some examples are provided to illustrate our main results.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nan Zhang

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ORCID:

Lingling Zhang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hongwei Liu

Tao Liu

Hui Wang

Huimin Tian

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Taiyuan Normal University, 030606, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China
College of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China
College of Applied Mathematics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, 030006, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China

17 Digital PID controllers with fractional variable order techniques and two discrete-time operator variants

Dorota Mozyrska , Malgorzata Wyrwas , Piotr Oziablo

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153831 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153831

Keywords: fractional variable order operators PID controllers discrete-time optimization

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Abstract

This paper introduces a control strategy utilizing the fractional variable order PID digital controller (FVOPID). We employ two variants of fractional discrete-time operators with variable order: the Grünwald-Letnikov type and its convolution version. We examine and compare the performance of both controllers types on a higher-order plant. Parameter optimization is conducted using a particle swarm algorithm.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Mozyrska

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Malgorzata Wyrwas

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ORCID:

Piotr Oziablo

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ORCID:

Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland

18 Strategic Optimal Control of Multi-Camera Trajectories for UAV Capture Using Entropy and Coverage Approaches

Khishigjargal Gonchigsumlaa , Young Il Kim , Kun Min Yeo , Seong Hee Park , Yong-Tae Lee

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153828 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153828

Keywords: optimal control multi-camera trajectory unmanned aerial vehicle entropy maximization surveillance area

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Abstract

The widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has heightened the demand for effective UAV monitoring, particularly in protected areas. Current learning-based detection systems depend heavily on camera sensor ability to capture UAVs in surveillance areas; however, advanced camera control methods remain limited. This paper proposes determining multi-camera trajectories that maximize UAV capture probability, ensuring UAVs remain within the camera field of view for further analysis, such as detection methods from camera-shot images. For this purpose, stochastic modeling is considered in the control framework for optimizing surveillance camera trajectories to enhance the probability of capturing UAVs. Key control parameters are derived through classical probability evaluations of the model with maximizing the entropy and covering trajectory-based strategies are applied. The reliability of stochastic system modeling is empirically validated through comprehensive computational experiments. These findings demonstrate the model potential to enhance UAV capture rates through optimized camera trajectories and coverage efficiency, paving the way for future advancements in real-environment applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

Khishigjargal Gonchigsumlaa

Young Il Kim

Kun Min Yeo

Seong Hee Park

Yong-Tae Lee

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ORCID:

University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
Yiseotec Co.Ltd, 18 Saeromnam-ro, Sejong, 30126, South Korea
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea

19 Multifunctional control system to enhance the operational capability of the unmanned multirotor platform dedicated to the diagnostics of building structures

Roman Czyba , Jarosław Domin , Marcin Górski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153434 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153434

Keywords: UAV diagnostic platform automatic control system drone structural health monitoring

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Abstract

Drones have become common devices that are increasingly used, from toy mini drones to very advanced autonomous flying platforms used in various industries. The safety of using engineering structures and the need to shorten the time of carrying out diagnostic activities, and thus reduce costs, force the use of innovative tools to carry out an automated and unmanned process of assessing the technical condition of existing engineering structures, especially large-size ones, including bridges strengthened with external FRP (fibre reinforced polymer) composite overlays. There are conventional methods for assessing the technical condition of existing building structures conducted by inspectors and experts, involving the use of typical inspection and diagnostic tools. During the research, it was found that it is possible to conduct an automated and unmanned process of assessing the technical condition of engineering structures using an unmanned flying platform equipped with a thermal imaging diagnostic device. The uniqueness of the presented solution is that the drone is equipped with a docking module that allows the drone to be temporarily attached to the structure being diagnosed for the duration of diagnostic activities. To ensure appropriate conditions for structural diagnostics, a unique system of automated diagnostic processes and a multi-stage structure of the control system in all phases of operation were developed. The article presents a solution for the control system based on control consistent with the reference model. In particular, the focus was on the difficult and dangerous issue of altitude control during the docking phase. Simulation tests conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, as well as laboratory and field tests on a real drone proved the correctness of the proposed solutions, which facilitated the undisturbed operation of the diagnostic module.

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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Czyba

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ORCID:

Jarosław Domin

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ORCID:

Marcin Górski

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ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Gliwice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gliwice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Gliwice, Poland

20 Bending behaviour of thin-walled perforated channel beams with modified cross-sectional shape – Part 1: experimental tests and FSM

Piotr Paczos , Aleksandra M. Pawlak , Paweł Jasion , Michał Plust

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153830 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153830

Keywords: thin-walled channel beams web perforations four-point bending structural stability buckling analysis

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Abstract

The subject of this study is thin-walled channel sections with a modified cross-sectional shape. The investigation involved six beams, three of which had perforations on the web, while the other three had a flat, solid web. The beams were subjected to four-point bending tests. Experimental tests were conducted using both electronic and optical methods, with a test setup specifically designed for this investigation. Additionally, numerical analyses were performed using the finite strip method. The primary objective of the research was to determine the impact of web perforations on the strength and stability of the bent beams. The perforation of the web also resulted in a reduction in the overall weight of the structure, thereby decreasing material consumption. Based on the research, the critical forces and maximum forces at which total loss of load-bearing capacity occurred were determined. Furthermore, the buckling modes of the beams were identified. The study revealed that the critical and maximum forces for beams with perforated webs were lower compared to beams with a flat, solid web. However, the significant reduction in weight for the perforated beams suggests that their use remains advantageous. The results of FEM and analytical analyses, essential for modelling and understanding complex behaviours in thin-walled structures, will be presented in the second part of this publication to maintain clarity and accessibility.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Paczos

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ORCID:

Aleksandra M. Pawlak

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ORCID:

Paweł Jasion

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Plust

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Pozna ´ n, Poland

21 Three-factor assessment of rutting factor of modified asphalt binders and mastics in the ageing process

Marta Mielczarek , Karol Andrzejczak , Mieczysław Słowik

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153833 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153833

Keywords: polymer modified bitumen rutting factor asphalt mastic maintenance parameter multiple stress creep and recovery test (MSCR) multi-factorial experimental design

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Abstract

This paper discusses the research and multivariate analyses of the rheological properties of asphalt binders and mastics containing arious mineral fillers and SBS copolymer-modified bitumen. In the experimental design employed, three types of mineral filler were used: limestone, basalt, or granodiorite. To determine the effect of ageing processes on the rheological properties of the obtained mastics, all asphalt binders tested were subjected to short-term (technological) ageing simulated under laboratory conditions using the RTFOT method. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the rutting resistance of modified binders and asphalt mastics depending on such factors as: the type of mineral filler, the percentage of SBS copolymer, temperature, and the influence of the ageing process. A three-way ANOVA was used to test for rutting resistance. The results of laboratory tests and statistical analyses made it possible to assess the significance of the factors examined in the research on the rutting resistance of asphalt binders and mastics, both before and after short-term ageing.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Mielczarek

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ORCID:

Karol Andrzejczak

Mieczysław Słowik

Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Institute of Civil Engineering,Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Mathematics,Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

22 Apparatus for exposure of cancer cell lines with extremely low frequency (ELF) alternating magnetic field

Remigiusz Mydlikowski , Krzysztof Maniak , Patrycja Grosman-Dziewiszek , Benita Wiatrak , Paweł Bieńkowski , Tomasz Gębarowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153429 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153429

Keywords: alternating magnetic field extremely low frequencies cancer cells cell viability effect of cisplatin

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Abstract

This paper presents the design of a laboratory stand that facilitates the study of the effects of exposure to magnetic induction of extremely low frequency on cultures of cancer cell lines. The designed laboratory bench is adapted to operate in the frequency range of up to 300 Hz and the maximum settable magnetic induction of 2.5 mT. Tests are conducted on cellular test plates of 24, 48, or 96 wells where it is possible to evaluate the combined effect of magnetic field and cisplatin on cancer cells. The conducted tests determined the uniformity of field distribution inside the constructed solenoid establishing the optimal space for cellular research. Preliminary studies of the effect of the magnetic field on the response of cancer cells treated with cisplatin were conducted on the built stand. The study shows that a magnetic field with certain parameters can significantly affect the response of cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. The application of a magnetic field can either promote cell proliferation or, with appropriately selected parameters, lead to increased cytotoxicity. Continued research will allow us to find the appropriate drug concentration parameters when using magnetic field exposure with given parameters.

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Authors and Affiliations

Remigiusz Mydlikowski

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ORCID:

Krzysztof Maniak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Patrycja Grosman-Dziewiszek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Benita Wiatrak

Paweł Bieńkowski

Tomasz Gębarowski

Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
National Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
Department of Telecommunications and ICT, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland

23 Discrete non-integer order model of synchronous generator for power hardware-in-the-loop implementation

Szymon Racewicz , Filip Kutt , Łukasz Sienkiewicz , Michał Michna , Roland Ryndzionek

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e154272 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154272

Keywords: non-integer order modeling synchronous generator power hardware-in-the-loop PHIL

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Abstract

Non-integer order modelling is used for a better description of different natural physical phenomena, which leads to more compact and knowledge-based models. The main objective of the presented study is to apply the non-integer order model of a synchronous generator (SG) in the power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) technique, which is readily used for design, research and development, maintenance, or service purposes. The developed model was prepared and run in the MATLAB/Simulink software using a discrete solver. To discretize the non-integer order model, the Z-transform was applied and the half-order derivatives and integrals present in the model equations were evaluated using Oustaloup approximation. Finally, the model was validated on the measurements of the 125 kVA SG connected to the active-reactive loads of different values and compared with the classical integer order one.

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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Racewicz

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ORCID:

Filip Kutt

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ORCID:

Łukasz Sienkiewicz

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ORCID:

Michał Michna

e-mail:

ORCID:

Roland Ryndzionek

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Technical Sciences, ul. Oczapowskiego 11, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland

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