Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2023:	1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022:	1.1
CiteScore 2023:	2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.573
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Content

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3

1 Comparison and optimization of machine learning methods for fault detection in district heating and cooling systems

Mehmet Çınar , Emrah Aslan , Yıldırım Özüpak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e154063 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154063

Keywords: pollution detection grid search optimalization machine learning DHC

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Abstract

In this study, the methods used for the detection of sub-station pollution failures in district heating and cooling (DHC) systems are analyzed. In the study, high, medium, and low-level pollution situations are considered and machine learning methods are applied for the detection of these failures. Random forest, decision tree, logistic regression, and CatBoost regression algorithms are compared within the scope of the analysis. The models are trained to perform fault detection at different pollution levels. To improve the model performance, hyperparameter optimization was performed with random search optimization, and the most appropriate values were selected. The results show that the CatBoost regression algorithm provides the highest accuracy and overall performance compared to other methods. The CatBoost model stood out with an accuracy of 0.9832 and a superior performance. These findings reveal that CatBoost-based approaches provide an effective solution in situations requiring high accuracy, such as contamination detection in DHC systems. The study makes an important contribution as a reliable fault detection solution in industrial applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mehmet Çınar

Emrah Aslan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yıldırım Özüpak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bitlis Eren University, Organized Industrial Zone Vocational School, Electrical Department, Bitlis, Türkiye
Mardin Artuklu University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Computer Engineering, Mardin, Türkiye
Dicle University, Silvan Vocational School, Electrical Department, Diyarbakır, Türkiye

2 Characteristics of solution to singular fractional differential equation with two Riemann-Stieltjes integral boundary value conditions

Nan Zhang , Lingling Zhang , Hongwei Liu , Tao Liu , Hui Wang , Huimin Tian

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153008 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153008

Keywords: operator equation mixed monotone operator concave-convex operator positive solution fractional differential equation

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study unique solution and iterative sequence of approximate solution for uniformly approaching unique solution to a new class of singular fractional differential equations with two kinds of Riemann-Stieltjes integral boundary value conditions by using some fixed point theorems. Because of different properties of the nonlinear terms and complexity of the boundary conditions in equations, we first probe several fixed point theorems of sum-type operators which expand many existing works in this research area. It is essential to point out that some conditions in our works greatly simplify the proof process of fixed point theorems. By applying the operator conclusions obtained in this paper, some sufficient conditions that guarantee the existence and uniqueness of solutions to singular differential equations are obtained, two iterative schemes that uniformly converge to the unique solution are given which provide computational methods of approximating solutions. As applications, some examples are provided to illustrate our main results.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nan Zhang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lingling Zhang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hongwei Liu

Tao Liu

Hui Wang

Huimin Tian

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Taiyuan Normal University, 030606, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China
College of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China
College of Applied Mathematics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, 030006, TaiYuan, Shanxi, China

3 Multifunctional control system to enhance the operational capability of the unmanned multirotor platform dedicated to the diagnostics of building structures

Roman Czyba , Jarosław Domin , Marcin Górski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153434 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153434

Keywords: UAV diagnostic platform automatic control system drone structural health monitoring

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Abstract

Drones have become common devices that are increasingly used, from toy mini drones to very advanced autonomous flying platforms used in various industries. The safety of using engineering structures and the need to shorten the time of carrying out diagnostic activities, and thus reduce costs, force the use of innovative tools to carry out an automated and unmanned process of assessing the technical condition of existing engineering structures, especially large-size ones, including bridges strengthened with external FRP (fibre reinforced polymer) composite overlays. There are conventional methods for assessing the technical condition of existing building structures conducted by inspectors and experts, involving the use of typical inspection and diagnostic tools. During the research, it was found that it is possible to conduct an automated and unmanned process of assessing the technical condition of engineering structures using an unmanned flying platform equipped with a thermal imaging diagnostic device. The uniqueness of the presented solution is that the drone is equipped with a docking module that allows the drone to be temporarily attached to the structure being diagnosed for the duration of diagnostic activities. To ensure appropriate conditions for structural diagnostics, a unique system of automated diagnostic processes and a multi-stage structure of the control system in all phases of operation were developed. The article presents a solution for the control system based on control consistent with the reference model. In particular, the focus was on the difficult and dangerous issue of altitude control during the docking phase. Simulation tests conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, as well as laboratory and field tests on a real drone proved the correctness of the proposed solutions, which facilitated the undisturbed operation of the diagnostic module.

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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Czyba

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jarosław Domin

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Górski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Gliwice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gliwice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Gliwice, Poland

4 Handling stability analysis of decoupling suspension for formula racing

Han Xu , Jiachuan Xu , Xuemin Cui , Yang Zhou , Xinyu Sun , Zongqi Wang

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153829 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153829

Keywords: decoupling suspension ADAMS/CAR formula racing

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Abstract

In this paper, a university formula racing suspension is taken as the research object. Based on the requirements of racing suspension, the double wishbone suspension is improved, and a new arrangement scheme based on the stepped shaft is proposed, which theoretically realizes the decoupling of the pitch stiffness and the roll stiffness of the suspension. Based on the ADAMS/Car module, the front and rear suspension models are established. By simulating the motion of formula racing, it is further judged whether the pitch and roll stiffness of the suspension are decoupled. According to this, the hard point coordinates of the suspension are adjusted to ensure that the length of each spring changes within the ideal range. Based on the optimized suspension, according to the national standard test method and the scoring standard of the automobile industry, combined with the university formula racing project, the vehicle handling stability test and scoring evaluation are carried out, and the vehicle handling stability is verified by the real vehicle test. A set of decoupling suspensions is obtained, which can have pitch stiffness and roll stiffness separately adjusted, with improved vehicle handling stability.

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Authors and Affiliations

Han Xu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jiachuan Xu

Xuemin Cui

Yang Zhou

Xinyu Sun

Zongqi Wang

Shandong University of Technology, China

5 Apparatus for exposure of cancer cell lines with extremely low frequency (ELF) alternating magnetic field

Remigiusz Mydlikowski , Krzysztof Maniak , Patrycja Grosman-Dziewiszek , Benita Wiatrak , Paweł Bieńkowski , Tomasz Gębarowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153429 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153429

Keywords: alternating magnetic field extremely low frequencies cancer cells cell viability effect of cisplatin

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Abstract

This paper presents the design of a laboratory stand that facilitates the study of the effects of exposure to magnetic induction of extremely low frequency on cultures of cancer cell lines. The designed laboratory bench is adapted to operate in the frequency range of up to 300 Hz and the maximum settable magnetic induction of 2.5 mT. Tests are conducted on cellular test plates of 24, 48, or 96 wells where it is possible to evaluate the combined effect of magnetic field and cisplatin on cancer cells. The conducted tests determined the uniformity of field distribution inside the constructed solenoid establishing the optimal space for cellular research. Preliminary studies of the effect of the magnetic field on the response of cancer cells treated with cisplatin were conducted on the built stand. The study shows that a magnetic field with certain parameters can significantly affect the response of cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. The application of a magnetic field can either promote cell proliferation or, with appropriately selected parameters, lead to increased cytotoxicity. Continued research will allow us to find the appropriate drug concentration parameters when using magnetic field exposure with given parameters.

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Authors and Affiliations

Remigiusz Mydlikowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Maniak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Patrycja Grosman-Dziewiszek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Benita Wiatrak

Paweł Bieńkowski

Tomasz Gębarowski

Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
National Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
Department of Telecommunications and ICT, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland

6 Examination of energy damping behavior of fiberglass reinforced sandwich structures with extruded polystyrene core material

Ibrahim Yavuz , Baris Senol , Ercan Simsir

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153430 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153430

Keywords: drop impact test energy damping fiberglass sandwich structures XPS foam

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Abstract

Composite materials are defined as new materials formed by combining two or more materials that do not mix, leveraging the best properties of each constituent. Composite materials are used in important industrial sectors such as aerospace and automotive due to their superior properties. In this study, XPS (extruded polystyrene) polymer foam was utilized as the core material. Glass fibers were combined with resin in a total of eight and twelve layers and applied to both the top and bottom of the core structure. Production involved both manual laying and vacuum bagging methods. Two types of glass fiber, weighing 200 g/m² and 300 g/m² , were employed. After production, the composites were cut to standardized dimensions, followed by three-point bending and low-speed impact tests. Impact experiments were conducted with a constant energy of 50 J. Results showed that the 200 g/m² glass fiber composites experienced perforation in the eight-layer samples and rebound in the twelve-layer samples. Although greater deformation was observed in the impact tests of the 300 g/m² glass fiber composites in the eight-layer samples compared to the twelve-layer samples, a rebound occurred in both. In three-point bending tests, the bending strength increased as the number of layers increased, and at the same number of layers, composites with 300 g/m² properties showed higher strength than 200 g/m² composites.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ibrahim Yavuz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Baris Senol

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ercan Simsir

e-mail:

ORCID:

Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Automotive Engineering, Afyon, Turkey
TOFAS Turkish Automobile Factories R&D Center, Bursa, Turkey

7 Bending behaviour of thin-walled perforated channel beams with modified cross-sectional shape – Part 1: experimental tests and FSM

Piotr Paczos , Aleksandra M. Pawlak , Paweł Jasion , Michał Plust

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 3 | e153830 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153830

Keywords: thin-walled channel beams web perforations four-point bending structural stability buckling analysis

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Abstract

The subject of this study is thin-walled channel sections with a modified cross-sectional shape. The investigation involved six beams, three of which had perforations on the web, while the other three had a flat, solid web. The beams were subjected to four-point bending tests. Experimental tests were conducted using both electronic and optical methods, with a test setup specifically designed for this investigation. Additionally, numerical analyses were performed using the finite strip method. The primary objective of the research was to determine the impact of web perforations on the strength and stability of the bent beams. The perforation of the web also resulted in a reduction in the overall weight of the structure, thereby decreasing material consumption. Based on the research, the critical forces and maximum forces at which total loss of load-bearing capacity occurred were determined. Furthermore, the buckling modes of the beams were identified. The study revealed that the critical and maximum forces for beams with perforated webs were lower compared to beams with a flat, solid web. However, the significant reduction in weight for the perforated beams suggests that their use remains advantageous. The results of FEM and analytical analyses, essential for modelling and understanding complex behaviours in thin-walled structures, will be presented in the second part of this publication to maintain clarity and accessibility.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Paczos

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra M. Pawlak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Jasion

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Plust

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Pozna ´ n, Poland

Instructions for authors

Guide for Authors

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/for_authors/

As of January 1st, 2025, there are changes in the fees for open access publications in Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences: 2000 PLN (approx. 500 EUR) - up to 8 pages of the journal format and mandatory over-length charges of 250 PLN (approx. 60 EUR) per page (see the above link with instructions for Authors for details)

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https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/for_reviewers/

Call for Papers

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/call_for_papers/

Guide for Guest Editors

https://www.editorialsystem.com/editor/bpasts/journal/page1/

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NEW PUBLICATION FEES
Articles submitted by December 31st, 2024: existing fee: 1500 PLN (and mandatory over-length charges of 230 PLN per page)
Articles submitted from January 1st, 2025: new fee: 2000 PLN (approx. 500 EUR- depending on the exchange rate) - a flat fee per paper up to 8 pages of the journal format (each additional page will be charged an additional 250 PLN).