Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Description

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

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The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Publishers

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

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Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles

1 Corrosion Behaviour of 316 Stainless Steel in Molten CaCl2-CaF2-CaO Salts at High Temperature

P. Palimąka , B. Leszczyńska-Madej

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155348

Keywords: Molten salts SS316 corrosion CO2 capture in molten salts

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Abstract

One of the major limitations of using molten salts for CO2 capture processes from industrial gas streams is the availability of construction materials with adequate corrosion resistance. This is due to the high operating temperature of the process and the aggressive environment of chloride-fluoride molten salts. In this study, the influence of temperature and a molten, eutectic mixture of CaCl2 - CaF2 with the addition of 10 wt.% CaO on the behavior of SS316 steel was evaluated. Tests were conducted at 700 °C and 950 °C for 40, 80, and 120 hours. Material samples were weighed before and after the tests, and selected samples underwent microscopic analysis (SEM, EDS), measurements of the corrosion product layer thickness, and wall thickness. The corrosion rate of SS316 steel was also determined. The results showed, among other findings, that at 700 °C, mass losses were minimal (max. 0.5%), and the corrosion layer had an average thickness not exceeding 8.2 μm. At 950 °C, mass loss increased to 3.85%, and the corrosion product layer reached an average thickness of 83 μm. Intergranular corrosion was also observed, along with enrichment of the corrosion layer with salt elements (Ca, O, Cl) and steel alloying elements (Cr, Ni). Additionally, segregation of Cr, Mn, and Mo was noted at grain boundaries. The calculated corrosion rate of SS316 steel at 700 °C was 171 μm/year, while at 950 °C, it was significantly higher at 1540 μm/year.

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Bibliography

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Palimąka, P. (2020). Thermal cleaning and melting of fine aluminium alloy chips. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(4), 91-96. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133353.
Zhu, M., Zeng, S., Zhang, H., Li, J. & Cao, B. (2018). Electrochemical study on the corrosion behaviors of 316 SS in HITEC molten salt at different temperatures. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 186, 200-207 DOI: 10.1016/J.SOLMAT.2018.06.044.
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Ding, W., Bonk, A. & Bauer, T. (2018). Corrosion behavior of metallic alloys in molten chloride salts for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power plants: A review. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering. 12, 564-576. DOI: 10.1007/s11705-018-1720-0.
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Wang, M., Song, Z., Huihui, Z. Zhu, M., Chengxin, L. & Boshuai. L. (2020). Corrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel and Inconel 625 alloy in chloride molten salts for solar energy storage. High Temperature Materials and Processes. 39(1), 340-350. DOI: 10.1515/htmp-2020-0077.
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HSC Chemistry v 7.0, Outotec Research

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Palimąka

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Leszczyńska-Madej

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

2 Evaluation of the Technological Properties of the Al-Si Eutectic Alloy Based on Density Index Test

M. Starczewski , A.J. Dolata , M. Dyzia

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155349

Keywords: Al-Si alloys Piston Solidification Fluidity Density index

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Abstract

Aluminium-silicon alloys are widely used in industrial practice due to their many advantages, including light weight and relatively high strength. The consumption of these light engineering materials is constantly increasing, especially in the automotive industry, due to new greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards. The sustainable development strategy in the foundry industry is related to reducing the amount of waste and pollution generated during the production process. In turn, reducing the number of production shortages and waste requires the production of good quality Al-Si castings, and thus the appropriate selection and monitoring of technological parameters affecting the quality of the liquid alloy, including the level of purity and the degree of its gasification. The main objective of the research conducted to evaluate the technological properties of the AlSi12CuNiMg (AlSi12) alloy was to identify the causes of increased defect rates in piston castings during the production process at the Złotecki Sp. z o.o. The tests were carried out using two Al-Si alloys with silicon content close to eutectic (approx. 12%) used for piston castings, from two different suppliers. Three measurement methods were used to evaluate the technological properties of the tested AlSi12 alloys: thermal analysis, fluidity test and density index for gasification measurement. Based on the analysis of the results, it was concluded that an excessively low-density index level might be the cause of the increased casting defect rates observed in the production of pistons for internal combustion engines and compressors, particularly for castings with significant variations in wall thickness.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Starczewski

1 2

A.J. Dolata

M. Dyzia

e-mail:

ORCID:

ZŁOTECKI Sp. z o.o., Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Poland

3 Predicted hardness of Austempered Vermicular Graphite Iron

A. Jakubus , M.S. Soiński , P. Mierzwa

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155350

Keywords: Compacted graphite iron Austempering Austenitization Vermicular cast iron AVGI RSM Regression models Hardness

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the hardness of vermicular cast iron subjected to austempering, depending on the parameters of the heat treatment process. The heat treatment was conducted based on orthogonal experimental design, with a total of 27 experiments performed. The samples underwent austenitization at temperatures of 890°C, 925°C, and 960°C, followed by austempering at 290°C, 340°C, and 390°C. The austenitization and austempering times were set to 90 min, 120 min, and 150 min. To analyse the influence of these parameters, a full polynomial regression model was developed. The proposed model, which describes the hardness of the cast iron after heat treatment, showed a predicted coefficient of determination (R²) of approximately 78%. For optimization purposes, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed. The results of the ANOVA analysis indicated that the austempering temperature (Tpi), the square of the austenitization time (τγ²), the interaction between austenitization temperature and time (Tγ τγ), as well as the interaction between austenitization and austempering temperatures (Tγ Tpi) had the most significant impact on the examined parameter. Following variance analysis, the model was refined once more to eliminate insignificant predictors. The simplified model improved the predicted coefficient of determination to 93%. The optimal conditions for the analyzed parameters, assuming a maximum hardness of approximately 440 HB, were obtained under the following heat treatment conditions: Tγ = 930°C, Tpi = 290°C, τγ = 150 min, and τpi = 150 min.

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Bibliography

Jakubus, A., Soiński, M.S., Mierzwa, P. & Stradomski, G. (2024). Regression analysis and optimum values of austempering affecting mechanical properties of compacted graphite iron. 17(20), 5024, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17205024.
Rodríguez-Rosales, N.A., Montes-González, F.A., Gómez-Casas, O., Gómez-Casas, J., Galindo-Valdés, J.S., Ortiz-Cuellar, J.C., Martínez-Villafañe, J.F., García-Navarro, D. & Muñiz-Valdez, C.R. (2022). Statistical data-driven model for hardness prediction in austempered ductile irons. 12(4), 676, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040676.
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Perec, A., Radomska-Zalas, A., Fajdek-Bieda, A., Kawecka, E. (2022). Efficiency of tool steel cutting by water jet with recycled abrasive materials. Materials. 15(11), 3978, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113978.
Abdulamer, D., Muhsan, A.A. & Hamdi, S.S. (2024). Utilizing taguchi method and regression analysis for optimizing sand mould flowability. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 24(3), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2024.151284.
Soiński, M.S., Jakubus, A., Borowiecki, B., Mierzwa, P. (2021). Initial assessment of graphite precipitates in vermicular cast iron in the as-cast state and after thermal treatments. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(4), 131-136. https://doi.org/24425/afe.2021.139762.
Mierzwa, P. (2010). The effect of thermal treatment on the selected properties of cast iron with vermicular graphite. Doctoral thesis, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland.
Jakubus, A. (2022). Initial analysis of the surface layer of AVGI cast iron subject to abrasion. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 22(2), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2022.140224.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Jakubus

e-mail:

ORCID:

M.S. Soiński

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Mierzwa

Jakub from Paradyz Academy in Gorzow Wielkopolski, 52 Fryderyk Chopin Street, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
Czestochowa University of Technology

4 The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of an Austenitic Matrix of High-Manganese Cast Steel with the Addition of Molybdenum

G. Tęcza , N. Mordyl , K. Bracka-Kęsek

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155351

Keywords: Microstructure Microhardness Austenit Alloy cementite Solution heat treatment High-manganese cast steel

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Abstract

The greatest influence on the wear of tool steel has its microstructure, which depends on the chemical composition and heat treatment. The presence of carbides in the alloy matrix is not always desirable and can have an adverse effect on the wear mechanism of this material, resulting in the formation of stresses and even cracks during operation. Therefore, it is necessary to apply heat treatment, which makes the microstructure homogeneous or allows for the precipitation of secondary carbides strengthening the matrix. The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of molybdenum addition on the structure and microhardness of high-manganese cast steel in the as-cast state and after heat treatment. The as-cast microstructure consists of a high-manganese austenitic matrix with molybdenum carbides and alloy ledeburite distributed at grain boundaries. As a result of solution heat treatment, only the alloy ledeburite is dissolved. The result of aging is not the precipitation of secondary molybdenum carbides but of alloy cementite. Raising the temperature or extending the time of solution heat treatment changes the hardness of austenite to a very small degree only, and the decrease in hardness becomes less significant with the increasing addition of molybdenum. Extending the tempering time has a similar effect, and changes in the hardness decrease are less pronounced.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Tęcza

N. Mordyl

K. Bracka-Kęsek

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

5 Exploring Secondary Metabolites to Prevent Growth of Microorganisms Present in Ceramic Slurry Used in Investment Casting

D. Vaitha , A. Sata , G. Sanghvi

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155352

Keywords: Investment casting Shell making Ceramic slurry Microorganisms

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Abstract

Investment casting relies on a high-quality ceramic shell for successful production. However, shell-making suffers from a high rejection rate (around 35%) and consumes a significant portion of the total energy used in the process (nearly one-third). This inefficiency is often linked to issues with the ceramic slurry, particularly the growth of microorganisms within the mixture. This study investigates the impact of microbial presence on the quality and performance of ceramic slurry used in investment casting. The typical slurry composition involves a mixture of finely-ground (300-400 mesh) zircon flour (typically 75%) as the primary refractory material and hydrolysed ethyl silicate or colloidal silica (typically 25%) acting as a binder. Maintaining precise slurry properties, including viscosity, pH, and specific gravity, is very crucial for appropriate shell formation. However, microbial growth within the slurry can disrupt these properties, adversely affect factors including life of slurry and cold strength of the resulting mould. Present work provides better insight on presence as well as identification of various microorganisms in ceramic slurry used in investment casting process as well as secondary metabolites to control growth of those microorganisms observed in ceramic slurry. Various secondary metabolites have been tested to control the growth. It was observed that Enterococcus hirae has shown promising results to control overall growth of microorganism, and can further be explored for development of antibiotics for industrial purpose.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Vaitha

A. Sata

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ORCID:

G. Sanghvi

Marwadi University, India

6 Scratch Test Studies on the Connection of Al2O3+40%TiO2 Coating with AZ91 Alloy Casting

S. Olszewska , M. Mróz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155353

Keywords: AZ91 magnesium alloy Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating Scratch test

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of scratch tests on the connection of the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating with the AZ91 alloy casting. The Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating was applied to the AZ91 alloy casting using the APS (Atmospheric Plasma Spraying) method. Microstructure studies and chemical composition analysis of the substrate material and the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating were conducted. The analysis of the coating to substrate connection was based on microstructure examinations before and after the scratch test. The scratch was made in the direction from the substrate to the coating. In the scratch test, the depth and width of the scratch were determined. Based on the conducted research, it was found that the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating has a very good quality connection with the AZ91 alloy substrate. The obtained lower values of the geometric parameters of the scratch (width and depth) for the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating, compared to the AZ91 alloy substrate, indicate the potential use of the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating to improve the scratch resistance of elements and machine parts made of the AZ91 alloy. The effect of the indenter's intervention during scratching is the degradation of the microstructure of the AZ91 alloy and the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating. In this process, cracking plays the main role. In the case of the Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating, the effect of the indenter's action is a network of microcracks, while in the microstructure of the AZ91 alloy, cracks appeared in large precipitates of the γ-Mg17(Al, Zn)12 phase.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Olszewska

M. Mróz

Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

7 Research on Casting Process of Electrolytic Aluminum Anode Phosphorus Cast Iron and Carbon Block based on ProCAST

Kun Zhang , Rong Li

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155354

Keywords: Casting simulation Groove angle Phosphorus cast iron Grain orientation EBSD

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Abstract

In order to obtain a better connection state between the carbon block and steel claw of aluminum guide rod in the electrolytic aluminum anode assembly, the casting simulation software (ProCAST) was used to simulate the casting process of phosphorus cast iron at different groove angles and the connection interface was actually detected. The results show that during the angle of phosphorus cast iron is 15 degrees, the filling speed, temperature distribution and the solid phase ratio are relatively uniform. Also, sequential solidification can be basically realized, which can lead to obtain the low porosity casting. The interface grain orientation between the phosphorus cast iron and the steel claw would be more dense, and the interface grain between the cast iron and the carbon block is more sparse. The simulation calculations are consistent with the actual EBSD test results. This process results in a good casting junction interface and retains the required brittleness (easy to press off and recycle assembly).

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Authors and Affiliations

Kun Zhang

Rong Li

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shenyang Aluminum & Magnesium Engineering & Research Institute Co., Ltd, China
School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, China

8 Influence of Additives on Thermal Expansion of Silica in Sand Casting Applications

V N Sai Deepak Kolli , Taishi Matsushita , Jessica Elfsberg , Attila Dioszegi

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155355

Keywords: silica sand Phase Transformation Thermal expansion Additives Cast iron Component casting

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Abstract

Silica sand is extensively used as a moulding sand for both mould and core making in the cast iron and steel casting industries. The pouring temperatures of cast iron and steel create a nonlinear distribution of temperatures across mould/core. The temperature fluctuations in mould/core establish different heat transport zones and result in a temperature-dependent undesirable expansion of silica. The expansion of silica is one of the primary sources for the formation of surface defects on castings. Additives are incorporated to mitigate the volumetric expansion of mould/core resulting from the granular expansion of silica sand. The paper aims to investigate the thermal dilation of unbonded silica sand integrated with different amounts of additive in the sand (0.8%, 1.0%, and 1.3%) using a horizontal dilatometer. The dilatometric investigations identified a decreasing trend in the thermal expansion behaviour of silica mixture with increasing content of additive inclusions in the mixtures. In theory, the additives in the sand mixtures decompose prior to the α↔β endothermic phase transition of quartz and provide intergranular spacing for the free expansion of silica. DSC and TGA were conducted to identify the phase change in silica and the degradation temperature of the additives, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

V N Sai Deepak Kolli

Taishi Matsushita

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jessica Elfsberg

Attila Dioszegi

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jönköping University, Sweden
Scania CV AB, Sweden

9 Establishment of Heat Balance Equation and Baking Efficiency Analysis of Heat Storage Steel Ladle Baking System Based on Different Gases

Xiang Bai , Jia yang He , Hujun Mao , Guang qiang Liu

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155356

Keywords: Thermal storage steel ladle baking Heat balance equation Combustion efficiency Artificial gas

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Abstract

The establishment of the heat balance within the ladle baking system holds paramount significance for optimizing the baking process, enhancing the quality of molten steel, and minimizing energy consumption. In this research endeavor, a meticulous mathematical model of the ladle baking system has been formulated, leveraging CFD numerical simulation and utilizing a 130-ton ladle as the benchmark prototype. The precision of this numerical simulation has been rigorously validated through experimental data. Furthermore, the formulation of the heat balance equation for the thermal storage ladle baking system has been accomplished through a harmonious blend of theoretical analysis and experimental exploration. The comparison of the energy-saving efficacy of the thermal storage ladle baker across various gas types, with a keen emphasis on analyzing ladle lining and shell volume heat storage, sheds light on the baking efficiency associated with different gas types. The study's revelations underscore that external flue gas sensible heat loss constitutes the most prominent factor, whereas ladle shell volume heat storage is the least substantial, accounting for less than 1% of the total heat involved. The chemical heat and surface heat dissipation of the gas escaping from the gap are both less than 5%; The sensible heat loss rates of gas escaping from gaps during the baking of natural gas, coke oven gas, and converter gas are 8.16%, 13.33%, and 23.96%, respectively; The radiation heat loss rates are 8.35%, 8.68%, and 14.62%, respectively; The average thermal efficiencies are 27.78%, 27.83%, and 23.80%, respectively.The findings of this research study have significantly propelled the domain of heat storage ladle baking technology to new heights. They not only contribute to the progression of ladle baking technology but also specifically enrich the understanding within the realm of thermal storage systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

Xiang Bai

Jia yang He

Hujun Mao

Guang qiang Liu

University of Science and Technology Liaoning, School of Civil Engineering, China

10 Evaluation of the Quality of the Connection Between ZrO2-Y2O3 Coating With NiAl Interlayer and AlSi7Mg Alloy Casting Using the Scratch Test Method

M.F. Mróz , P. Rąb

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155357

Keywords: AlSi7Mg alloy Atmospheric plasma spraying Thermal barrier coating ZrO2-Y2O3 NiAl

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Abstract

This article presents an evaluation of the quality of the connection between the ZrO2-Y2O3 coating with the NiAl interlayer and AlSi7Mg alloy casting, utilising the scratch test method. The study analysed the ZrO2-Y2O3 coating with the NiAl interlayer applied using the APS (Atmospheric Plasma Spraying) method. The chemical composition of the zirconia coating and the interlayer was analysed. The core element of the study involves scratch test examinations of the analysed coatings, determining their scratch resistance. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse the scratch area to identify any potential cracks or delaminations at the casting-NiAl interlayer boundary, and the NiAl interlayer-ZrO2-Y2O3 coating boundary. Based on the conducted studies, high-quality connection of the ZrO2-Y2O3 coating with the NiAl interlayer and the AlSi7Mg alloy casting was concluded. The results of these studies will form the basis for further work on the application of TBC (Thermal Barrier Coating) to improve the operational durability of aluminium alloy parts working under high-temperature conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

M.F. Mróz

P. Rąb

Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

11 Characteristics of Retained Austenite in Cast GX70CrMnSiNiMo2 Alloy Tool Steel

G. Tęcza , A. Garbacz-Klempka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155358

Keywords: Retained austenite Martensite Microstructure Microhardness Phase volume fraction Heat treatment Quenching Cast tool steel

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Abstract

Material wear strictly depends on hardness and microstructure, homogeneity of this microstructure in particular. The presence of retained austenite in the microstructure is not always the cause of the reduced wear resistance, though it is commonly believed that retained austenite has low hardness and is responsible for the accelerated wear of components. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that the hardness of retained austenite is similar to that of martensite and can even reach 900HV0.2, while its volume fraction, which for the tested alloy amounts to about 21%, depends to a very small extent only on the cooling intensity of the quenching medium. Reducing the cooling rate by quenching in air, when the cooling rate is the lowest, makes the volume fraction Vv of retained austenite increase to even 31%, while its hardness assumes the lowest value and decreases to slightly over 800HV0.2, similarly to the hardness of martensite, which decreases on average to approximately 850HV0.2. The occurrence of retained austenite and its high hardness should be associated with the primary segregation of elements such as Cr, Mo, Mn, Si, whose content assumes the highest values in the interdendritic areas.

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Gu, J., Li, D., Liu, S. & Liu, Z. (2024). Microstructure and properties of Mn–Si–Cr alloy steel modified by quenching and partitioning. Materials Testing. 66(3), 305-315. DOI: 10.1515/mt-2023-0341.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Tęcza

A. Garbacz-Klempka

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

12 Effect of fewer strands casting on molten steel flow, temperature distribution, and transition billet length in a 12-strand tundish

Yali Zhang , Jintao Song , Chao Chen

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155359

Keywords: Fewer strand casting 12-strand tundish Transition length Grade change Temperature distribution

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Abstract

The present study investigates the fewer strands casting operation in an industrial 12-strand tundish. Numerical simulations are employed to analyze the effects of different fewer strands casting cases on the molten steel flow, temperature distribution, and the length of the transition billet. Cases 1 to 4 are corresponding to the situations of all strand open, closure of strand 1, closure of strand 2, and closure of both strands 1 and 2, respectively. The results show that the volume fraction of slow-flow region is ranked as follows: Case 1 < Case 3 < Case 2 < Case 4. Fewer strands casting operation slightly increases the slow-flow volume, which hinders molten steel flow at the far-side strands 5 and 6. The residence time distribution (RTD) curve and flow characteristic results indicate that the Case 2 performs better than Case 3 in fewer strands casting, while Case 4 significantly worsens the molten steel flow at the far-side strands. The maximum temperature differences for Cases 1 to 4 are 30.9 K, 26.1 K, 28.7 K, and 26.4 K, respectively. In Case 2, the temperature profile of the near-side strands exhibits better consistency than in Case 3. The average length of transition billets is ranked in the following sequence: Case 4 < Case 2 < Case 3 < Case 1. Both case 2 and case 3 result in a reduced billet length compared to the normal casting condition in case 1. In all, the Case 2 i.e. close strand 1 is the optimum case when closing one strand in fewer strands casting operation. The closing of two strands is not recommended.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yali Zhang

Jintao Song

Chao Chen

Lvliang University, China
Taiyuan University of Technology, China

13 Effect of Casting Parameters on the Structure and Properties of CuZn39Pb

M. Jabłoński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155360

Keywords: Horizontal continuous casting process CuZn39Pb3 alloy Mechanical properties Microstructure of brass

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Abstract

This paper reports the results of research on the effects of drawing speed on the structures and properties of leaded brass. The material used for the study was obtained via a laboratory horizontal continuous casting process. Horizontal continuous casting in a graphite mold represents a fast method for producing crystalline materials. In this process, molten metal crystallizes in a graphite mould on which a water-cooled copper jacket is applied. This step is often called primary cooling, as opposed to secondary cooling, which involves pouring water onto the surface of the rod using special nozzles. The crystallized rod is pulled out using a withdrawal unit (drawing speed). In brass, zinc causes the formation of alpha (α) and beta prim (β′) phases. The effects of drawing speed on the structure and properties of brass rods obtained in the laboratory horizontal continuous casting process were analysed. The chemical composition, macrostructure, microstructure, mechanical properties, surface roughness and conductivity properties were investigated. An increase in the drawing speed in the analysed range causes a refinement of the microstructure and growth of the grain boundaries. As the grain size decreases, the Vickers hardness and proof stress (Rp0.2) of the cast brass increase, the total extension at fracture (At), and the surface quality decrease.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Jabłoński

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

14 Optimizing the Placement of Gates and Dimensioning their Size in an Aluminium Alloy Casting

K. Dobiašovská , F. Radkovský

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155361

Keywords: Aluminium alloy Gate system Simulation Optimization Sand mold

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Abstract

The contribution deals with the effect of the geometry and location of the gates on the filling of the mold and on the resulting state of the aluminum alloy casting. This casting is cast into a sand mold from a uniform bentonite mixture, so there isn't much possibility of significantly interfering with the cooling effect of the mold. This is a casting for the automotive industry, specifically the gearbox cover, made of AlSi7Mg0.6. We are able to prevent errors and possible defects in castings by performing optimization. The aim of the experiment is to optimize the gates from the initial state, which would ensure better conditions for the flow of liquid metal in the mold and improve homogeneity throughout the casting. Optimizing should lead to the best result where all goals are in balance. The optimizations will be processed using the numerical calculation program MAGMASOFT, which allows for detailed simulation of the casting process. Some of the results will be shown graphically and comparisons of designs and variants will be shown in images from the simulations.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Dobiašovská

F. Radkovský

e-mail:

ORCID:

VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic

15 Microstructural Fracture Mechanism of Normalising Heat Treated Low-Alloy Cast Steels under Tensile Stress Conditions

B. Garbarz , W. Spiewok

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155362

Keywords: Cast steels multiphase microstructure Crack nucleation Fracture mechanism

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Abstract

The microstructural fracture mechanism of normalising heat treated low-alloy medium-carbon cast steels having a pearlitic-ferritic or multiphase pearlitic-ferritic-martensitic-bainitic microstructure has been investigated using metallography and mechanical testing methods. Four experimental cast steels in the form of plates having dimensions of 400 mm x 135 mm x 15 mm obtained under laboratory conditions were tested. The porosity of the castings was determined using the comparative hydrostatic weighing method (Archimedes' method). The mean porosity of the investigated cast plates was in the range of 0.52-1.18%. The plates were normalised using austenitising temperature just above Ac3, annealing time 30 minutes and various rates of cooling, what resulted in multiphase microstructure. For characterisation of mechanical properties in as cast and heat treated conditions tensile tests and hardness measurements were carried out. As a result of optimisation of chemical composition and normalising parameters of the experimental cast steels yield strength reached 407-440 MPa, tensile strength attained 586-601 MPa and elongation amounted to 6-8%. The obtained mechanical properties are higher than properties of standard grades of structural cast steels in normalised condition. The microstructure was observed and described using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The phenomenon of fracture in pearlitic-ferritic areas takes place through the coalescence of newly formed cracks and existing cavities, producing dimple-cleavage morphology of fracture surface. In martensitic and bainitic areas, the propagation of fracture results from the growth and coalescence of newly formed cracks.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Garbarz

W. Spiewok

Łukasiewicz Research Network - Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

16 An Innovative Method for Producing Ceramic Moulds with Enhanced Knock-Out Properties Using Lost-Wax Casting Technology

J. Kolczyk-Tylka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155363

Keywords: Ceramic moulds Lost wax technology Colloidal silica Wax model Strength

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Abstract

This paper presents an innovative ceramic mould manufacturing technology aimed at improving the driftability of particularly difficult castings, which are characterised by complex geometry and a high tendency to bake/clog the mass in critical areas of the mould (holes, closed casting spaces, corners, sharp edges, variable cross-sections). Traditional ceramic moulds, despite their strength, often create problems during the casting knockout process, leading to casting damage and increased cleaning costs.
The new technology is based on the use of a hybrid mould structure, the essence of which is the production of layers in the ceramic mould, in the central zone of the mould, characterised by a significantly reduced final strength, achieved after firing. These layers are made on the basis of an organic binder. As a result, excellent driftability of the castings and effective separation of ceramic residues from the surface of the castings is achieved due to the embedded layer. The special layers can be incorporated over the entire surface or only in the areas where fusion of the casting surface with the ceramic mass occurs.
Tests conducted have shown that the developed technology significantly improves the driftability of ceramic moulds, especially for castings with complex geometries, where traditional methods fail. The introduction of this innovation has the potential to be widely applied in various industries where the requirements for precision and quality of castings are very high, such as the aerospace, energy and automotive industries.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Kolczyk-Tylka

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

17 Progress in application of first principles in oxide metallurgy

Ziyi Hao , Yuanchen Dou , Chenxiao Li , Tianyu Meng , Yan Wang , Xiao Gao

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155364

Keywords: Density functional theory First-principles Oxide metallurgy Optimization of material properties

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Abstract

Oxide metallurgy technology has become a core strategy for optimizing the microstructure and properties of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in welding by precisely controlling the micro-characteristics of oxide inclusions in steel. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in revealing the adsorption behavior of inclusions, bulk phase stability, cluster evolution, interfacial interaction, and corrosion mechanism at the atomic scale based on first-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Studies have shown that this method can accurately analyze the heterogeneous nucleation mechanism of complex inclusions and optimize the size and distribution of inclusions through parameters such as interfacial energy and adhesion work, thereby significantly improving the mechanical properties of HAZ by pinning austenite grain boundaries and inducing intragranular ferrite nucleation. In addition, the corrosion sensitivity of inclusions can be predicted through work function calculations. Current challenges are focused on the unified model of intragranular nucleation kinetics and multi-scale coupling simulation of dynamic metallurgical processes. In the future, the combination of artificial intelligence, high-throughput computing, and experimental verification will promote the development of this technology towards precision and intelligence, accelerating the industrial application of high-performance steel.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ziyi Hao

Yuanchen Dou

Chenxiao Li

Tianyu Meng

Yan Wang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Xiao Gao

School of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
Yanzhao Steel Laboratory of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China

18 Problem of Tightness of Casting Alloys and Castings Made from them – New Research Methods

J. Zych , J. Mocek

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155365

Keywords: Tightness Cast iron Graphite shape index Penetration method

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Abstract

The article concerns the work on tightness as a functional property of casting alloys (primarily, cast iron). The authors’ methodology for tightness testing is presented. In the methods that have used thus far, tightness tests have been carried out on samples that are shaped like small disks; through these, a medium/penetrator in the form of a low-viscosity liquid is forced through. The measure of the tightness is the value of the pressure that the sample is able to transfer without penetration. The authors developed a modification of the test method using disks and proposed a new method in which the sample takes the shape of a sleeve. The modification includes the application of the penetration method to reveal the moment of the beginning of the penetration through the sample wall during the tightness test. Using the new research methodology, the tightness of grey cast iron samples was assessed as a function of the shape index of the graphite precipitates (fK), and research was carried out on the effect of the solidification rate of cast iron on its tightness. The tests covered grey cast iron and modified grey cast iron. The effect of the cooling rate on the tightness of the tested alloys was indirectly determined. At the stage that is described in the paper, the presented research was of an initial nature and was focused on refining the research methodology. The combination of the traditional method of testing the tightness of castings by using liquids with the visualisation of the penetrant method was also used to assess industrial castings.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Zych

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Mocek

AGH University of Technology, Poland

19 Melt Quality Assessment in Casting of A6082 Alloy

B. Tunca , D. Dışpınar , L.C. Kumruoğlu

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155366

Keywords: Solidification Metallography 6082 Alloy Bifilm Density Index

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Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the metallurgical structures of AA6082 alloys after the casting and homogenization process by means of changing degassing and flux ratios during melt treatment. During the casting of AA6082 alloys, billets were produced, porosity was determined by the reduced pressure test where density index (DI%), hydrogen level (ml/100 g Al) and bifilm index (BI) were examined. After the product was cast, two different homogenization process were carried out and grain sizes, microstructures and homogeneity were examined. In addition, SEM and EDS examinations were carried out and AlFeSi and Mg2Si precipitate formations were analyzed in terms of size, number and distribution. It was found that the melt cleanliness plays a significant role on the product quality. The melt quality was increased by optimization of the nitrogen gas flow rate with a refining flux application where the elimination of the splashing of the melt surface was found to be the critical parameter. Overall, it was found that the grain size had become finer, and the homogeneity rate was increased.

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B. Tunca

1 2

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D. Dışpınar

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ORCID:

L.C. Kumruoğlu

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R&D Department, Sistem Alüminyum San. ve Tic. A.Ş., Turkey
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iskenderun Technical University, Turkey
R&D Department, Foseco, Netherlands

20 Corrosion Studies of Selective Laser Melting Printed AlSi₁₀Mg Parts

Nagareddy Gadlegaonkar , Premendra J. Bansod , Avinash L , Krishnakant Bhole , Manjunath Patel G C , Nagaraja C. Reddy , Srilatha Rao

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155367

Keywords: AlSi10Mg SLM Process Taguchi analysis Corrosion SEM

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Abstract

AlSi₁₀Mg alloy is widely used in marine, nuclear, petrochemicals, and food processing application parts operated in corrosive environments. A selective laser melting technique is used to print the AlSi₁₀Mg parts. The printed specimen quality is influenced by laser power (LP), scan speed (SS), and hatch distance (HD). Taguchi L₉ orthogonal array is used for experimental planning, analysis, and optimising printed parts' corrosion resistance. LP is the most dominating factor, followed by hatch distance and scan speed on the corrosion current (corrosion resistance of sample). Taguchi method determined optimal conditions (LP: 270 W; SS: 1000 mm/s; HD: 0.10 mm) improve the corrosion resistance by 16.1%. The microstructure under optimal conditions exhibits minimal corrosion and oxidation on the sample surface compared to sub-optimal conditions examined with scanning electron micrographs. Any novice user can use the results of the optimal conditions for reduced corrosion current in the printed parts.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nagareddy Gadlegaonkar

Premendra J. Bansod

Avinash L

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krishnakant Bhole

Manjunath Patel G C

e-mail:

ORCID:

Nagaraja C. Reddy

Srilatha Rao

Department of Mechanical Engineering, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering & Management, Wagholi, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology (NMIT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bengaluru, 560064, India
School of Design, Presidency University, Bangalore – 560064, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sahyadri College of Engineering & Management, Mangaluru, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi 590018, Karnataka, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru – 560004, Karnataka, India
Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology (NMIT), Department of Chemistry, Bengaluru, 560064, India

21 Effect of Fe Amount on Microstructure and Fluidity of A356 Alloy

M. Durmus , D. Dispinar , M. Gavgali , M. Colak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.153797

Keywords: A356 Fe content Intermetallic Fluidity Fluidity index

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Abstract

The most important factor affecting the production of quality parts with aluminum alloys is the quality of molten metal. One of the determining factors in molten metal quality is the minimization of trace impurity elements in the alloy. One of the most harmful impurities among these elements is Fe, and its amount is a determining factor in its negative effect. It is known that Fe negatively affects the quality of aluminum, causing a decrease in mechanical properties. Most of the Fe in the alloy forms intermetallic from needle-like to complex Chinese-script structures. In this study, carbon steel and stainless-steel rods were immersed in the liquid metal at casting temperatures of 700°C and 750°C in A356 aluminum casting alloy and were subjected to diffusion for 1, 2 and 5 hours. Subsequently, a 4-channel flow test mold with various section thicknesses was used. All samples were measured by measuring the liquid metal advance distances of all sections in mm. Then, microstructure analyses were performed on the obtained sections. As a result, it is observed that as Fe diffusion increases, liquid metal advancement distances decrease and Fe intermetallics form in the microstructure.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Durmus

D. Dispinar

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

M. Gavgali

M. Colak

Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
SINTEF Industri, Metal Production and Processing, Trondheim, 7034, Norway
Bayburt University, Turkey

22 Influence of Chemical Composition on Concentration Undercooling of Structural Steels

Y. Aftandiliants , S. Gnyloskurenko , H. Meniailo , V. Khrychikov

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155368

Keywords: Steel Chemical composition Melt Concentration undercooling Distribution coefficient Diffusion Crystallization rate Temperature gradient

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Abstract

The article studies the undercooling of steel melt around the solid particles, which is one of the main factors determining the rates of nucleation and growth of crystallization centers. Particularly, the effect of chemical composition on this factor for two grades structural cast steels 20KhGSL and 40Kh3G3S3L mainly containing Cr, Mn, Si was in the focus. The established analytical dependence allowed to determine the development of maximum concentration undercooling over the moving crystallization front depending on the liquidus temperature, the content of elements in the melt, their distribution and diffusion coefficients, the crystallization rate and the temperature gradient in the melt ahead the crystallization front. The correlation of maximum concentration undercooling and width of the columnar dendrite zone was obtained. The effect of chemical composition on steels undercooling and crystallization process was revealed. The efficiency of the elements influence changes for steels 20KhGSL and 40Kh3G3S3L from 20.1 to 25.9% for C, from 31.2 to 25.9% for Si, from 3.8 to 18.0% for Mn, from 34.0 to 10.8% for Cr, from 6.6 to 5.6% for S, from 1.0 to 0.4% for P, from 3.3 to 6.2% for N, respectively. The results obtained give deep insight in obtaining high quality steels.

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Authors and Affiliations

Y. Aftandiliants

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Gnyloskurenko

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Meniailo

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Khrychikov

e-mail:

ORCID:

Physical and Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine

23 Influence of the Molding Technique on the Bell Casting Geometry

D. Bartocha , A. Dulska , I. Licha , P. Lichy , M. Kaźmierczak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155369

Keywords: Molding technique Casting geometry 3D scanning Bell design Bell sound

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Abstract

The influence of the technique used to make the casting mold on the geometry and sound of the bell has been analyzed. The starting point was a CAD model of a bell with a geometry designed to obtain the required overtone frequencies that determine the pitch tone of the bell. The frequency of the basic overtones was determined on the basis of the results of the numerical modal analysis. The geometry of the bell was shaped in order to obtain the frequency of natural vibrations, creating a classical bell harmonic system. The developed geometric model was used to make a casting pattern using 3D printing in the FDM technique and a stickle cut on a CNC plotter from steel sheet. The casting molds were made of the same furan molding sand in both cases and were prepared to be poured in the same way, the only difference being the method of making the mould. Both molds were poured during one melting, which almost completely excludes differences in the chemical composition and quality of the liquid alloy. The castings in the raw state were subjected to three-dimensional scanning, which in the next step enabled a precise comparative analysis of their geometry. A spectral analysis of the sound of the tested bells was also performed using the Fourier transform method to determine the frequency of the fundamental overtones. Comparing the results of the geometry analysis with the results of the sound analysis of real bells made it possible to draw conclusions regarding the adoption of assumptions in the design of bells appropriate to the technique of making the mold used in order to obtain the planned tone of the bell sound

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Bartocha

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Dulska

e-mail:

ORCID:

I. Licha

P. Lichy

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kaźmierczak

Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Department of Materials Engineering and Recycling, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
Department of Machine Technology, Silesian University of Technology, 18 Konarskiego Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

24 Computer Modeling of Layered Castings Solidification: Analysis and Optimization

A. Dulska , N. Przyszlak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2025.155370

Keywords: Layered casting Gray cast iron Simulation

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Abstract

The aim of the article was to explore the principles of surface layer solidification based on computer simulations. The process was observed through computer simulations using the MAGMASOFT program. The studied model sets were separately parameterized in the system according to the conditions present during the casting process. Boundary conditions for FEM and technological data, such as pouring temperature and material, were defined. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that the solidification process of the layered casting, consisting of a base part made of cast iron and a working part made of pure titanium, is the most stable in the case of using an insert with the thinnest connector wall thickness (2.25 mm - these are the inner diameter of the profile) due to temperature equalization. However, this did not favor mechanical conditions compared to, for example, an insert with a medium connector wall thickness (1.5 mm - these are the inner diameter of the profile). The thickness of the connector wall influences the temperature distribution on the insert's surface and in its immediate area near the connection with the casting.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Dulska

e-mail:

ORCID:

N. Przyszlak

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Foundry Engineering, Poland

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4. Confidentiality: The Editor in Chief and the members of the Editorial Board t ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential during the review process. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the publishing process i.e., authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
5. Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the Editor and the Editorial Board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.
6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure

Review Procedure

The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.

The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject

5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors

Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject

The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland