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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

  • Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
  • Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
  • Civil Engineering,
  • Control, Informatics and Robotics,
  • Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
  • Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
  • Material Science and Nanotechnology,
  • Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:
JCR Impact Factor 2023: 1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022: 1.1
CiteScore 2023: 2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023: 0.573
Ministry of Education and Science: 100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.
ISSN
ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access

1 Enhancing Mobile Eye-Tracking in Extreme Urban Lighting Conditions
Marta Rusnak , Zofia Koszewicz , Franciszek Hackemer , Izabela Garaszczuk , Andrew T. Duchowski , Rafał Karnicki
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152709 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152709
Keywords: outdoor eye-tracking smart city data quality calibration sunlight
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Abstract

One of the methods for understanding residents' needs and socially improving urban spaces in terms of transportation, safety, landscape protection, and managing tourist traffic load is eye-tracking (ET). Researchers using mobile ET for outdoor studies face significant challenges, particularly due to sunlight affecting data quality. Existing solutions often overlook participant comfort. This article introduces a novel accessory designed for extreme lighting conditions, such as bright days, sunsets, and snowy or water-filled environments. The goal is to eliminate disruptions caused by uncontrolled sunlight on participants' eyes and enables studies in urban environments. A custom sun shield, designed for ETs based on spectacle frames, prioritizes both physical and psychological comfort. The lightweight shield is easy to install, minimally restricts the field of view, and does not interfere with eye-tracking components. It is cost-effective and suitable for DIY 3D printing. Control studies and field research confirmed its effectiveness, with feedback from over 100 users improving the final design. The shield enhances eye-tracking research credibility in sunny conditions, supports efficient calibration, and improves participant recruitment and well-being. Jakość danych znacząco wzrosła co obrazuje porównanie danych dotyczących sposobu detekcji źrenicy. Thanks to this solution, it will be possible to conduct research aimed at better understanding the behavior of city users, while ensuring their comfort and safety. It will also be possible to conduct research within the framework of so-called living labs. Importantly, studies show that the approach to designing subsequent mobile ETs based on IR should undergo significant modification.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Rusnak
Zofia Koszewicz
Franciszek Hackemer
Izabela Garaszczuk
Andrew T. Duchowski
Rafał Karnicki
2 Study and Design of a Coaxial Magnetic Gear with a High Torque Density in Telescopic Camera Cranes
Piotr Warmuzek , Janusz Kołodziej , Marcin Kowol
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154203 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154203
Keywords: telescopic camera cranes magnetic gear magnetic torque torque ripple radial forces
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Abstract

Magnetic gears are slowly becoming a natural alternative to mechanical gears. Providing contactless, frictionless, and low-noise torque conversion, they are finding applications in renewable energy sources and electric vehicles, among others. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis with numerical calculations of a magnetic gear (MG) design for novel applications in telescopic camera cranes. Based on numerical simulations of selected MG variants, a potential transducer configuration was chosen that would meet the requirements of the drive transmission system - supporting the movement of the telescopic camera crane arm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Warmuzek
Janusz Kołodziej
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kowol
ORCID: ORCID
3 Numerical Simulation of Transient Start-up Characteristics in Pump-Driven Two-Phase Flow Systems
Nianyong Zhou , Jing Li , Jixiang Liu , Kaiming Liu , Feifei Wang , Lianghui Liu
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154202 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154202
Keywords: pump two-phase flow heat transfer evaporative cold plate startup characteristic
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Abstract

The pump-driven two-phase flow system is widely used in electronic cooling due to its high heat transfer efficiency and stable temperature control. However, transient startup behaviors, crucial for reliability in dynamic thermal environments, remain poorly understood. This study addresses this gap by developing a simulation model using AMESim software with R134a as the working fluid, investigating the effects of heat load, pump speed, and cooling water temperature on startup dynamics. Results reveal three distinct startup types: Type I rising startup, Type II rising startup, and Type I falling startup. As the heat load increases from 2 kW to 5 kW, the system transitions from Type I to Type II, with the cold plate wall temperature decreasing by up to 27%. At 2 kW and 5 kW, the system exhibits Type I upward and Type II upward startup behaviors, respectively. Type II startup demonstrates reduced overshoot, enabling a quicker approach to quasi-steady state. At 2 kW, the system exhibits both single-phase and two-phase heat transfer, with the latter lowering the temperature by 2.26℃. Excessive subcooling can induce temperature oscillations within the evaporator. At a pump speed of 200 r/min, Type I upward startup is observed; however, increased speeds result in wall temperature overshoot. Furthermore, raising the cooling medium temperature from 10℃ to 40℃ elevates the evaporator wall temperature by 51.67%. By integrating quantitative metrics for overshoot, response time, and subcooling effects, this work provides actionable insights for optimizing pump-driven two-phase systems in high-heat-flux electronic cooling applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nianyong Zhou
ORCID: ORCID
Jing Li
Jixiang Liu
Kaiming Liu
Feifei Wang
Lianghui Liu
4 Analytical Solution of Atangana-Baleanu Fractional Viscoelastic Relaxation Model - Laplacian Approach
Muhammad Sabeel Khan , Ayesha Sagheer , Zarafshan Azeem
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154145 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154145
Keywords: viscoelasticity relaxation time fractional derivative analytical solution Laplace transform
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Abstract

In this contribution, a new novel approach based on the Atangana-Baleanu fractional in conjunction with the Laplacian approach is utilized to obtain an analytical solution of a fractional time relaxation viscoelastic model. The fractional time relaxation model is based on the upper convected Maxwell constitutive relaxation equation. Results for the existence and uniqueness of the solution are presented. Analytical expressions of the solutions are obtained for the underlying physical time relaxation viscoelastic model. Two test model problems with prescribed initial conditions are used to investigate the intricate behavior of the viscoelastic two-dimensional fluid. The influence of key parameters such as relaxation time, Reynolds number and the order of the fractional derivative on fluid flow characteristics is analyzed and discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Sabeel Khan
Ayesha Sagheer
Zarafshan Azeem
5 Tribological properties of plasma sprayed NiAlAg-Ta-Cr2O3 composite lubrication coatings from room temperature to 750 C
Chengqi Yan , Xiaopeng Miao , Zhuying Jia , Fei Zhao , Yong Zhang
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154275 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154275
Keywords: lubricating coatings plasma spraying silver tantalate wide temperature range
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Abstract

With the rapid advances in science and technology, the core parts and techniques in tribo-systems rely on the solidlubricating materials at wide-temperature range for durability, especially for designing and producing materials with low friction coefficient and high wear resistance over a wide temperature ranges. In this paper, a series of NiAl-Ag-Ta-Cr2O3 composite coatings with different contents of Ta and Ag were deposited by plasma spraying, their tribological properties at RT-750 C under dry sliding conditions were investigated by a ball-on-disk tribometer. The friction products and compositions of worn surface at different temperature were investigated. The deposited NiAl-Ag-Ta-Cr2O3 composite coatings exhibited excellent wear resistance at RT (10-7 mm3 /N m), while the friction coefficients lower than 0.5 at RT to 750 C. The contents of Ta and Ag decided mechanical properties of coatings, and greatly affected the tribological properties by creating an tribo-film (lubricant film and glaze layer). NiAl-10Ag-5Ta-20Cr2O3 coating shows better tribological properties over all temperature, while the wear rate reduces to 5 58×10-6 mm3 /N m at 750 C and the friction coefficient reduces to 0.21 at 600 C. The excellent lubrication and wear resistance of composite coatings at high temperatures are mainly attributed to the Ag acted as lubrication phase, and the top surface of wear track was covered with a smooth glaze layer, which consisted of Ag, Ta2O5, Cr2O3 and AgTaO3. In addition, the lubrication mechanism of silver tantalate was also briefly discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chengqi Yan
Xiaopeng Miao
Zhuying Jia
Fei Zhao
Yong Zhang
6 Flower Pollination Algorithm Optimization Applied for Lyapunov-based Fuzzy Logic Speed Controller of a Complex Drive System
Grzegorz Kaczmarczyk , Radosław Stanisławski , Łukasz Knypiński , Danton Diego Ferreira , Marcin Kamiński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154205 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154205
Keywords: flower pollination algorithm fuzzy logic controller two-mass system electric drives
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Abstract

With the current trends in manipulator design, plentiful examples of machines with flexible links and joints can be instantiated. Lighter construction that allows bending and torsion offers multitude of advantages, such as lower energy consumption and better operation safety when collision is possible in the working environment. However, precise control of applications with such mechanical constructions is very challenging. The state variables might be affected by torsional vibrations, and identification of controller parameters is more difficult, which makes the controller tuning complicated. Therefore, this work focuses on tackling the issues related to speed control of electric drives with sophisticated, and elastic couplings. The robustness against parameter uncertainty is provided through the use of a fuzzy logic system. The speed controller design process incorporates the selection of the rule base, designation of membership functions, as well as controller gain optimization using a nature-inspired technique - the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA). Increased damping of torsional vibrations, as well as decreased sensitivity to inertia changes is expected compared to other conventional control solutions, such as PI control. In this study both numerical and experimental studies are conducted.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Kaczmarczyk
ORCID: ORCID
Radosław Stanisławski
Łukasz Knypiński
ORCID: ORCID
Danton Diego Ferreira
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kamiński
ORCID: ORCID
7 Integrating AI-Driven DeepFake Generation with IoT Surveillance Systems: A Structured Framework for Synthetic Media Creation
Revathi Lavanya Baggam , Vatsavayi Valli Kumari
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154066 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154066
Keywords: artificial intelligence machine learning deep learning
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Abstract

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has revolutionized surveillance systems, enabling the collection and analysis of vast amounts of visual data. In this context, the emergence of Deep-Fake technology presents both opportunities and challenges for enhancing surveillance capabilities. This paper proposes a structured framework for integrating AI-driven DeepFake generation with IoT surveillance systems, aiming to create synthetic media for diverse applications such as training, testing, and augmenting surveillance datasets. The framework encompasses data acquisition, pre-processing, model training, and deployment stages, leveraging deep learning techniques to synthesize hyper-realistic images and videos. Key components include the utilization of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for feature extraction, generative adversarial networks (GANs) for realistic media synthesis, and IoT sensors for realtime data collection. Ethical considerations regarding privacy, consent, and data security are carefully addressed throughout the framework. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach in generating synthetic media that closely resemble real-world surveillance footage. Overall, this framework represents a significant step towards leveraging AI-driven DeepFake technology to enhance thecapabilities of IoT surveillance systems while ensuring ethical and responsible deployment in practice. Subsequently, we employ a Deep Q Learning process for continuous updating and results processing within the structured framework.
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Authors and Affiliations

Revathi Lavanya Baggam
Vatsavayi Valli Kumari
8 Transient Analysis of Electrodynamic Forces in Low-voltage Compact Busbar
Michał Szulborski , Sebastian Łapczyński , Łukasz Kolimas , P Berowski , M. Owsiński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154204 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154204
Keywords: electrodyamic forces transient analysis experimental tests FEA busbars
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Abstract

The paper concerns the effects of electrodynamic forces that act on the current paths of the industrial low-voltage busbar. This work is composed of experimental and simulation sections. In the experimental section, the short circuit tests were presented and the occurrence of electrodynamic forces has been shown visibly. The formation of electrodynamic forces in the current circuits of electrical energy distribution systems is related to the flow of high currents, mostly short circuit currents. To highlight those phenomena the detailed specification of parameters during tests was displayed. In the simulation section, the physical phenomenon of electrodynamic forces is captured by employing a detailed real-scale model of a commercial busbar. Therefore, the authors proposed the employment of FEA (Finite Element Analysis) to obtain values of electrodynamic forces acting on the current paths by executing the detailed 3D coupled simulation. The analysis of the results and aftermath effects of their interactions brought interesting conclusions that concerned the operation of such power distribution circuits under shortcircuit conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Szulborski
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Łapczyński
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kolimas
ORCID: ORCID
P Berowski
M. Owsiński
9 The Fractional, Multi Order, Reduced Model of the One Dimensional Heat Transfer Process
Krzysztof Oprzędkiewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154282 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154282
Keywords: multi order fractional system heat transfer process multi order fractional state equation stability controllability observability
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Abstract

In the paper a new, fractional, reduced, multi order model of a one dimensional heat transfer process is addressed. The proposed model is the generalization of state space models using single fractional order. The use of various orders for each mode of state equation allows to better describe a behaviour of a thermal system. In addition, the analysis of controllability and observability allows to reduce the dimension of the model without loss of its accuracy. Such a model has not been proposed yet. Theoretical considerations are validated using experimental data obtained from the real laboratory system. Results of analysis supported by experiments show that the use of variouos orders together with eliminating of non controllable and non observable modes of the model allows to obtain the accurate and relatively low order model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Oprzędkiewicz
ORCID: ORCID
10 An innovative pendulum-based absorber exploiting time-varying mass dynamics for vibration damping
Bogumił Chiliński , Rafał Kwiatkowski , Anna Mackojć
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154285 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154285
Keywords: tuned mass damper (TMD) semi-active damper variable mass system dynamics control sweeps frequency response pendulatory motion control
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Abstract

Research concerns an innovative semi-active pendulatory absorber utilising a varying mass as a way of controlling mechanical systems’ dynamics. An objective of the study is to propose the attenuator concept and its mathematical model - an attachable device mounted to a vibrating system in order to eliminate its pendulatory motion. The main advantage of the novel pendulatory tuned mass damper (PTMD) is combining features of widely known vibrational energy absorber (TMD), improving and expanding its capability through allowing for adaptable changes to the system characteristics and extending its basic operational range through varying its mass realised by transferring the fluid between the main system and the absorber. The article provides research comparing the results of computer simulations with empirical experiments. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of mass transfer in process of vibrations mitigating. Various factors were analyzed, including the influence of changes in a natural frequency of the structure, the activation time of a tuned mass damper (TMD), and the fluid flow rate within the system. The findings demonstrate that mass transfer is a promising approach to reduce vibrations in both, mechanical systems and civil engineering structures. Presented approach enhances the performance of conventional TMDs by incorporating variable parameters, leading to more effective vibration damping compared to traditional fixed-parameter designs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bogumił Chiliński
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Kwiatkowski
Anna Mackojć
ORCID: ORCID
11 On optimising the solution for evaluation of scientific quality in Polish higher education system using a 2D cutting problem representation
Dariusz Horla
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154283 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154283
Keywords: evaluation of scientific quality higher education 2D cutting optimalisation
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Abstract

This paper discusses the problem of optimising the solution to find the possibly best estimate of the value of C1 criterion in the evaluation process of scientific quality in higher education in Poland, which has been exercised by its author during the evaluation of Polish universities in 2022 as a vice dean for scientific evaluation and teaching quality at his faculty. The second edition of evaluation in Poland is expected to start in 2026 again, making this task an interesting problem, again. On the basis of the approach described in the paper, it was possible to ensure continuous monitoring and estimation of the effectiveness of the publication policy to make decisions along the way. An adopted strategy used a simple formulation of the problem, allowing one to obtain the close-to-optimal solution in a matter of seconds, in comparison with a tedious computational campaign to adopt, when presenting the precise value for C1 criterion, actually disabling not only the on-demand monitoring capacity, but also making alteration of the result in a close to online manner virtually impossible. The paper actually deploys a 2D cutting problem in strip tasks solver to mimic the steps to be taken to pursue with the scientific evaluation process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Horla
ORCID: ORCID
12 Influence of rivet material and squeeze force on the riveting process and residual stresses in riveted joints used in aircraft structures
Adam Korbel , Valeria Manitcaia , Tomasz Machniewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154721 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154721
Keywords: riveting process rivet material finite element analysis (FEA) residual stress fatigue crack initiation site
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of experimental research and finite element analyses (FEA) on the impact of the aircraft rivet installation process and the type of rivet material on the geometric parameters of the driven rivet head, rivet hole expansion (relative interference), residual stresses in sheets, clamping stress and clamping force between sheets in three-row riveted lap joints, as well as linking the obtained results with observations of fatigue crack initiation sites in real riveted joints. Research was carried out for universal head rivets (MS20470AD5-5 and MS20615-5M5) with a shank diameter of 3.96 mm and a length of 7.94 mm, made of two materials, namely aluminium alloy (2117-T4) and nickel-copper alloy (Monel 400), used to join two AA2024-T3 sheets with a thickness of 1.0 mm and 1.6 mm. The experimental tests focused on determining the mechanical properties of sheet and rivet materials (using the digital image correlation DIC technique), geometric parameters of driven rivet heads, and rivet hole expansion, depending on the rivet material and the riveting force level. The results obtained from the numerical models revealed that at the same degree of rivet squeezing, rivets made of Monel 400 generate significantly higher negative residual stresses and residual clamping than rivets made of AA2117-T4, which will affect the contribution of friction to load transfer by a given rivet row and the fretting phenomenon in real riveted joints. The region of compressive residual hoop stress in sheets and the clamping force influence the fatigue crack initiation site and the crack path.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Korbel
Valeria Manitcaia
Tomasz Machniewicz
13 Usability of microstructural investigations of concrete-like composites; aggressive factors monitoring
Filip Chyliński , Lech Czarnecki , Thomas Mathia
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154284 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154284
Keywords: microstructure concrete like composites SEM concrete corrosion usability function
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Abstract

The microstructure of a material is a key factor in determining its properties and durability. This article highlights key findings from microstructural investigations of concrete-like composites, focusing on their practical applicability. A usability function and trends of its classification are proposed in order to demonstrate the potential of various microscopic techniques in addressing research questions within the field of building materials. In this part of the analysis, various investigations have focused on aggressive factors that affect the microstructures and might cause corrosion of concrete-like composites. The findings of this study highlight that the impact of corrosive agents on Portland cement composites cannot be comprehensively assessed without a detailed investigation of their microstructure. This underscores the pivotal role of microscopic techniques in the evaluation of concrete-based materials.. Furthermore, the significant progress is expected in the near future as image analysis becomes increasingly supported by Artificial Intelligence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Chyliński
ORCID: ORCID
Lech Czarnecki
Thomas Mathia
14 Pile-base resistance formation in natural-scale field conditions
Paweł Siemaszko
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154720 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154720
Keywords: static load test pile base resistance load-settlement curve pile-bearing capacity
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Abstract

Field testing is the most relevant method for verifying pile foundation design calculations. The ultimate static load test allows the pile load to reach the maximum bearing capacity; however, the high cost of this method limits its use. The theory presented in this paper is based on static load test results performed in a specifically designed chamber that closely resembles natural soil conditions and pile dimensions. This study utilizes the Meyer–Kowalow theory and past works of the author on this topic to streamline the design process and reduce costs without compromising safety and reliability. It was concluded that the relationship between the toe and skin of the pile remained constant, and this was depicted using graphs showing the results under field conditions. This conclusion will be verified in future research by the author using more static load test results. The primary focus of this study was to develop a method for estimating pile-toe bearing capacities, which represents the most complex measurement method to solve. The previous works of the author focused on developing the calculus required to estimate the pile-skin bearing capacity, which was the first step in describing the pile–soil interaction. This study focused on verifying a mathematical model describing pile-toe behavior and calculations based on this model. This study provides practical equations for estimating pile-toe and skin resistance, which can improve the design process when using the proposed method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Siemaszko
15 Levitation of Permanent Magnet Ball
Dariusz Spałek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154719 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154719
Keywords: permanent magnet levitation force material force
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Abstract

The paper presents approaches to levitation of permanent magnet levitation in a forced inhomogeneous magnetostatic field. For a permanent magnet ball, the magnetic field distribution is derived in analytical forms using the separation of variables separation method. Distribution is given by power functions and Legendre polynomials. The force (i.e. material force) is caused by the vertical magnetization of a permanent magnet and reluctivity change at the magnet boundary. The levitation force is evaluated using the generalized Maxwell stress tensor, coenergy, material force density, and equivalent magnetic dipole methods. The levitation forces are presented in terms of both magnetic permeabilities. The stability of equilibrium point is investigated. The frequencies of free and damped oscillations are evaluated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Spałek
ORCID: ORCID
16 Potential of Quantum Machine Learning for Processing Multispectral Earth Observation Data
Manish K. Gupta , Michał Romaszewski , Piotr Gawron
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154279 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154279
Keywords: quantum computing quantum machine learning projected quantum kernel multispectral image earth observation Sentinel-2 land use and land cover classification remote sensing
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Abstract

Quantum computers with hundreds of noisy qubits are already available for the research community. They have the potential to run complex quantum computations well beyond the computational capacity of any classical device. It is natural to ask the question, what application these devices could be useful for? Land Use and Land Cover classification of multispectral Earth observation data collected from the earth observation satellite mission is one such problem that is hard for classical methods due to its unique characteristics. In this work, we compare the performance of several classical machine learning algorithms on the stilted re-labeled dataset of the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission, when the algorithm has access to Projected Quantum Kernel (PQK) features. We show that the classification accuracy increases drastically when the model has access to PQK features. We then naively study the performance of these algorithms with and without access to PQK features on the original Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission data set. This study provides key evidence that shows the potential of quantum machine learning methods for Earth Observation data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Manish K. Gupta
Michał Romaszewski
Piotr Gawron
17 Direct Speed Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control for PMSM Drive - Robustness Analysis
H. Lisiński , T. Tarczewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154722 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154722
Keywords: model predictive control PMSM drive metaheuristic optiamalization algorithm robustness
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Abstract

Currently, high-performance electrical drives with advanced control schemes are presented in the literature. Many of them will not be used in the industry because of implementation issues or difficulties in the optimal selection of control parameters. In this paper, two different Model Predictive Control (MPC) schemes are developed for PMSM drive and compared in experimental tests both in time and frequency domains. To provide high-performance operation of the drive, a complex cost function is constructed, and a metaheuristic optimization algorithm is utilized for the automatic selection of weighting factors. Developed control schemes were implemented in a microprocessor-based prototype drive and examined in terms of robustness for three different moments of inertia. Trajectory tracking ability for step and ramp reference angular velocity, as well as load torque compensation, have also been investigated. The study makes an important contribution as a reliable and robust model predictive control scheme for PMSM drive with potential for industrial applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Lisiński
T. Tarczewski
18 Synthetic Urban Agglomeration Modelling to Enable Big Data Applications in Transportation Systems
Michał Zawodny , Piotr Mackiewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154723 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154723
Keywords: simulation agglomeration Monte Carlo
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Abstract

The paper proposes a new usage of Monte Carlo simulation in the field of transportation. The method allows to overcome problems connected to data availability in big data research, and make the research independent of biases connected to usage of existing cities and agglomerations. Urban development trends and emerging disruptive technologies, such as autonomous vehicles, can change the urban system. Simulations will be needed to ensure that urban agglomerations develop low-carbon emission transportation systems, by simulating non-existent characteristics of smart cities. In the paper, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to simulate the numbers of residents in each group in the city agglomeration. On the basis of that and the assumptions described in the paper, the OD (Origin-Destination) matrix of the simulated agglomeration was made. The simulation result is presented with the PTV Visum model and the simulated origin-destination matrix heatmap. However, the model and OD matrix presented is an example. The method allows to simulate city agglomeration of any size, depending on conducted research needs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Zawodny
Piotr Mackiewicz
19 Investigation of the ability to manipulate light polarization properties in a liquid crystal cell filled with ferronematic material through electric and magnetic fields
Joanna Korec-Kosturek , Michał Niewczas , Jerzy Dziaduszek , Przemysław Kula , Rafał Zbonikowski , Jan Paczesny , Karol A. Stasiewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154724
Keywords: magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 NPs liquid crystal ferronematic polarization measurement in-line sensor
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Abstract

This research investigates the integration of liquid crystals doped with magnetic nanoparticles into optical fiber systems to examine changes in light propagation parameters, particularly polarization. The study leverages the unique anisotropic properties of LCs and the tunable characteristics introduced by MNPs for novel sensor applications. Various concentrations of MNPs (from 0.1 to 0.5 wt%) are introduced into the 6CHBT liquid crystal matrix, and the effects of electric and magnetic fields on polarization parameters such as azimuth and ellipticity are analyzed. Results show that at a doping concentration of 0.1 wt%, significant exponential changes in these parameters occur, stabilizing above 120 V, while higher concentrations yield smaller linear changes. The polarization direction shifts from left- to right-handed with increasing concentrations of MNPs, and applying a magnetic field intensifies these effects. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of the developed system for applications such as tunable optical filters and sensors for temperature, magnetic, and electric fields.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Korec-Kosturek
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Niewczas
Jerzy Dziaduszek
Przemysław Kula
Rafał Zbonikowski
Jan Paczesny
Karol A. Stasiewicz
ORCID: ORCID
20 Funicular shaping method in the iterative design of reinforced concrete arches with variable cross-section in urban areas
Tomasz Stęplowski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154288
Keywords: funicular polygon force polygon general method nonlinear analysis urban areas
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Abstract

This article presents the application of the funicular design method in an iterative process for reinforced concrete arches with variable cross-sections in urban environments. The study aimed to develop an optimal arch shape through multicriteria optimization that minimizes tensile stresses, structural deflections, and material volume. The geometry adapts to the internal force flow by aligning the spatial configuration and ensuring structural efficiency. The method builds on Hooke’s observation: “As hangs the flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch.” It is further supported by nonlinear numerical analysis conducted using the Finite Element Method that considers second-order effects, creep, concrete shrinkage, and geometric imperfections. The results show that the designed arch requires only structural reinforcement, confirming the method's effectiveness. Various modes of arch stability loss were also evaluated. Such structures are commonly used in urban environments, serving both functional and aesthetic purposes. In the context of rapidly developing cities, this article emphasizes the role of digital transformation in structural design. It presents how graphic statics can be integrated with advanced computational tools to streamline workflows and enhance the design process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Stęplowski
21 A Convolutional Neural Network Based on MSCAM for Intelligent Diagnosis of Ball Screws
Qin Wu , Jianxiong Li , Xinglian Wang
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154733 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154733
Keywords: complex working conditions ball screw S transform convolutional neural network attention mechanism
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Abstract

In response to the challenge of identifying fault types in ball screws of CNC machine tools, particularly under complex operating conditions where classification accuracy is often low, we propose a convolutional neural network fault diagnosis model that incorporates multi-scale convolution and an attention mechanism (MSCAM). First, we collect fault data corresponding to various fault types of the ball screw and establish a comprehensive fault dataset. Next, we apply the S-transform to the original data to generate time-frequency diagrams, which serve as input for the two-dimensional neural network. In this paper, we present a multi-scale convolutional layer integrated with an attention mechanism, designed to highlight key features in fault information and extract more comprehensive characteristics. Ultimately, the model's superior recognition and classification capabilities are validated through experimental datasets, and its robustness is thoroughly analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Qin Wu
Jianxiong Li
Xinglian Wang
22 Lossless Image Compression Method Using Vector Quantization Based on Minimizing Mean Absolute Error
Małgorzata Frydrychowicz , Grzegorz Ulacha
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e1554734 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154734
Keywords: entropy coding lossless data compression predictive models vector quantization Iterative Reweighted Least Squares
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Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel lossless image compression method. During the prediction stage for each block of 8×8 pixels, a mechanism for preselecting one of N linear predictors from the dictionary is employed. The dictionary is determined individually for each encoded image using vector quantization (initially with a redundant number of vectors in the dictionary) and a fast algorithm that minimizes mean absolute error. In next steps, the prediction errors are encoded in a two-step manner using an adaptive Golomb code followed by an adaptive binary arithmetic coder. In this study, we demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution against other competitive codecs, including those based on deep learning. The proposed method offers high compression efficiency and is characterized by a short decoding time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Frydrychowicz
Grzegorz Ulacha
23 Multimodal drone swarm for search and rescue mission
Antoni Kopyt , Anna Czaplińska
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154731 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154731
Keywords: aerospace control autonomous aerial vehicles drones path planning swarm robotics search and rescue
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Abstract

A drone swarm is a large group of cooperating unmanned aerial vehicles, which exhibit some form of autonomy. This structure allows for an increase in the complexity of performed tasks while limiting the mental load put on the operator. One field where drone swarms can prove especially useful is search and rescue - they can reduce the mission time and improve personnel safety. This paper presents an offline mission planning module composed of a set of mission scenarios designed to aid rescuers in a disaster area: internet provision, area search, and patrol. The internet connection is provided by a hexagonal mesh of drones spanning over the area. A method for continuous drone replacement and charging is presented. The area search scenarios are based on a cooperative subarea search by groups of drones using a lawnmower pattern. The patrol scenarios feature continuous area patrol by an unstructured flock of drones, and formation boundary patrol (circle formation and V-shape). The developed solutions are an easy-to-implement base for multipurpose search and rescue drone swarm solutions. Their functionality can be expanded by the ground control station as desired.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Kopyt
Anna Czaplińska
24 Smart Parameterisation for Energy-Efficient Public Buildings
Beata Kluczberg , Marek Maj , Robert Geryło
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154727 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154727
Keywords: BMS system fan coil control primary energy smart building building management system energy efficiency sustainability energy monitoring optimization decarbonization of the building
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Abstract

Main goal of the research is effective BMS parameterization based on automatic evaluation systems, both manual and data-based decision generated by a central automation system. Building management systems accelerating historical data may be used as crucial tools to achieving high energy efficiency in a building of high heterogeneity with low cost. The study aims to test innovative mechanisms for automatic group changes in temperature parameters and control of air conditioning and ventilation systems without the involvement of large human resources. This is possible thanks to the use of HMI operator panels and freely programmable controllers, whose control can be changed by modifying comfort parameters (lowering the set temperature in the room, increasing the inertia of the system – hysteresis setting, distinguishing between seasons and weatherbased control, reducing the operation of HVAC systems according to a schedule based on building occupancy). Centralized control allows parameters to be applied with a single click, ensuring stability and speed of the applied settings. The tested public utility building with a heterogeneous purpose consists of many groups of rooms: approximately 700 office rooms, server rooms, conference rooms, meeting rooms with a director's room, archives, underground parking, VIP rooms, restaurants, technical rooms (heat nodes, gray water tanks, internal patio, monitored elevators, kitchens – 2 on each floor). Due to their geographical location and the system of opening (with reed switches) and non-opening window frames, the office rooms are the most complex in terms of thermal comfort control. This is due to the diverse needs of users and different heating and cooling requirements due to additional solar heat gain in some offices. Conducting research on such a diverse building ensures that the solutions developed can be applied to other buildings. This article will examine the possibility of zero-cost BMS parameterization using the example of a building with high functionality and safety requirements. The aim is to demonstrate that the parameterization of the building management system, based on historical data and analysis of a 13-storey building (even after 11 years of use, it shows certain design limitations), increases the comfort and energy efficiency of the building and it is first step to connect buildings in smart cities Increasing smartness of the building by integration of all installations, causes highest potential to reduce carbon footprint over the entire life cycle of a building an cities. Prediction of energy consumption, for each building based on historical data accumulated by BMS is the first step to conduct cloud-based building integration to energy cooperative of buildings, within the framework of a smart city.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Kluczberg
Marek Maj
Robert Geryło
ORCID: ORCID
25 Bridging Stakeholder Perspectives to Improve Residential Construction Quality in Growing Urban Environments
Joanna Iwko , Anna Dobrowolska , Agata Klaus-Rosińska , Dorota Kuchta , Karol Pochybełko , Dariusz Skorupka , Dominika Dudziak-Gajowiak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154726 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154726
Keywords: construction project management quality factors residential construction stakeholders
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to identify the most important quality factors in various phases of residential construction projects, as perceived by internal stakeholders—referred to in construction terminology as participants in the project implementation process—including construction engineers, site managers (construction site supervisors), contracting specialists, and company executives. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to consider the individual perceptions of various residential construction project stakeholders and to explore the differences among them. Quality is understood as the absence of defects identified in the final acceptance process of the residential building, which constitutes the final product of the project. The research was based on questionnaires administered to 56 internal participants of 8 residential construction projects. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of each of 33 proposed potential quality factors for attaining quality, as defined above. Most of the proposed factors were seen as significant by all or most project participant groups. However, several important differences among groups were identified. In some cases, they may be due to biases or emotions linked to a group's direct involvement in a factor and implicit criticism. The implications of the findings, including the identified differences, for the management of individual phases of residential construction projects were outlined. Study limitations were acknowledged, and directions for future research were proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Iwko
Anna Dobrowolska
Agata Klaus-Rosińska
Dorota Kuchta
Karol Pochybełko
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Skorupka
ORCID: ORCID
Dominika Dudziak-Gajowiak
ORCID: ORCID
26 Sustainable Rehabilitation of Urban Sewers Using In-Situ Lining Techniques
Tomasz Abel
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e155029 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155029
Keywords: pipeline rehabilitation trenchless technologies cured in place pipe CIPP ring stiffness
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Abstract

This article investigates the impact of service-induced imperfections in underground pipelines on the structural performance of pipelines rehabilitated using Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) technology. The novelty of the implemented research program is the expansion of knowledge regarding the safe use of pipelines, which in turn has a direct impact on the reduction of the number of failures of transport infrastructure. These irregularities in pipelines directly contribute to increased energy consumption in sewage treatment operations, higher exhaust emissions due to reduced vehicle speeds that are caused by infrastructure failures, and the elevated operational costs associated with road traffic disruptions. Therefore, maintaining underground pipelines in a proper technical condition is an extremely important issue that directly affects energy consumption. CIPP technology, which is the subject of this paper, can be classified as an eco-friendly urban solution that can reduce this consumption. Thanks to the data collected during the implementation of the laboratory tests described in this paper, it will be possible to precisely determine the effect of the geometric changes in the cross-section and the linear damage of the conduit undergoing renovation on the strength parameters of the combined “pipeline - CIPP lining” structure. The author's previous observations and experience gained during the design and implementation of repairs using sleeve technologies confirm the need for a thorough individual analysis of damage and changes in a pipeline’s geometry before it undergoes renovation. The results of the conducted original research contribute to the current understanding of the load-bearing capacity of pipes with deformed cross-sections that have been reconstructed using CIPP technology, which in turn has a fundamental impact on the safety of the operation of sewers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Abel
27 Geographic Information System Based Assessment of Cyclist Safety in Urban Environments
Kinga Romańczukiewicz , Justyna Górniak-Zimroz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e155028 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155028
Keywords: active bicycle transportation high-risk zones bicycle safety urban analytics sustainable transport
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Abstract

In recent years, cycling has become an important part of urban transport, providing a fast and convenient means of transport in densely populated and congested urban areas. The dynamic growth of cycling brings with it new challenges related to cyclist safety. This article presents a study aimed at identifying high-risk areas for cyclists in a medium-sized city in Central Europe, using spatial data analysis. The proposed methodology combines GIS-based spatial analysis techniques, in particular heat map visualisation and Getis-Ord Gi* hotspot detection, with a customised risk classification system that takes into account environmental and infrastructure variables affecting cyclist safety. A criteria assessment system was used, assigning points to conditions such as lighting, weather, road surface quality and infrastructure completeness. The locations with the highest risk scores were then examined in relation to areas with the highest traffic intensity to identify high-risk zones where infrastructure deficiencies coincide with increased exposure of cyclists, thus indicating increased vulnerability to hazards. A classification system was developed to assess environmental and infrastructure conditions based on their potential impact on cyclist safety. The results show that high-risk areas are concentrated in central districts, along major thoroughfares with heavy traffic, with incomplete infrastructure, and in densely populated districts in the south, north and west of the city. The results provide a basis for urban mobility planning, enabling targeted measures to improve cyclist safety. Furthermore, the proposed approach can be transferred to other medium-sized European cities with comparable infrastructure, demographic and transport dynamics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kinga Romańczukiewicz
Justyna Górniak-Zimroz
28 Metaheuristic Optimization for Efficient Construction Management of Building Projects
Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska , Agata Siemaszko , Maryna Poltavets
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e15030 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155030
Keywords: process optimization machine learning metaheuristic methods sustainable projects effectie management
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Abstract

Effective management of production systems in the construction industry requires a complex solution of organizational and technical problems related to the coordination of heterogeneous optimization criteria performance. The primary impediment to real estate development is the complexity of making informed management decisions. Conflicting interests among various stakeholders can lead to disruptions in production processes and potential crisis situations. The aim of article is to explore the potential for adapting metaheuristic optimization methods on step of earthworks enhance intelligent construction management technologies. This will result in improving decision-making processes, optimize production workflows, increase productivity, and achieve strategic objectives. This research is inspired by the mechanisms of biological systems in nature. The innovation of the study described in the article lies in the development of an automated control algorithm based on metaheuristics, which broadens the application of digital information technologies across the stages of design, modeling, implementation of construction projects, and quality management of building operations. The result of the research allows us to optimize worker productivity during building construction. The high reliability of the models obtained clearly shows that metaheuristics can successfully improve construction processes and digital transformation can be effectively implemented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Siemaszko
Maryna Poltavets
29 Acrylic resins for manufacturing dental prosthetic restorations – microstructural, micromechanical and tribological tests
Łukasz Bojko , Paweł Pałka , Anna M. Ryniewicz , Wojciech Ryniewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e154730 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154730
Keywords: removable dental prosthesis microstructure microhardness friction coefficient wear
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Abstract

When planning and manufacturing a removable dental prosthesis, efforts should be made to optimally distribute pressure without exceeding the threshold of physiological capacity of tissues, especially since this type of restoration often causes prosthetic stomatopathies and atrophy of the bone substrate. The aim is to evaluate acrylic prosthetic structures in terms of microstructure, micromechanical parameters, resistance to movement in sliding friction, and wear resistance in the environment of physiological saline and artificial saliva. The research material are removable prosthetic restorations made of acrylic resins manufactured in the Materials Science Laboratory at the Department of Dental Prosthetics of the Jagiellonian University Medical College. The clinical functionality of the restoration consists of adapting to individual biomechanical forces and creating the most favorable conditions for proper occlusion. Microstructure tests allowed the identification of the surface layer in wear defects and indicated the Vertex Rapid Simplified material as the least susceptible to internal defects and cracks, which may constitute potential places for the growth of fungi and bacteria. Micromechanical tests showed similar values of microhardness and longitudinal elastic moduli of the biomaterials tested. They may determine the strength and extent of the plate. Premacryl Plus had different and lower micromechanical parameters. Tribological tests allowed a positive assessment of the effect of saliva on friction coefficients and forces. Reducing its value protects the tissues of the prosthetic base against the irritating effects of forces generated by the restoration under chewing and occlusion conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Bojko
Paweł Pałka
ORCID: ORCID
Anna M. Ryniewicz
Wojciech Ryniewicz

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Articles submitted by December 31st, 2024: existing fee: 1500 PLN (and mandatory over-length charges of 230 PLN per page)
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